scholarly journals Third generation biofuels: Cultivation methods and technologies for processing of microalgal biofuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-261
Author(s):  
Milica Preradović ◽  
Saša Papuga
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Algal Oil ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Tubular Photobioreactors ◽  
Raceway Ponds

Energy production from biomass is gaining a lot of attention. Algal oil (microand macroalgae) can be used for biofuel production. Biofuels from this type of feedstock are called third generation biofuels or advanced biofuels. Focus of this paper is on the microalgal biofuels and on the available process technologies. Very important advantage of microalgal biofuels is that microalgae can be cultivated on any type of land, with the possibility of using wastewater streams. Microalgae can be cultivated in open systems, so called "raceway ponds" or in closed systems - photobioreactors: flat panel photobioreactors, horizontal tubular, vertical tubular photobioreactors with or without airlift. Also, basic information on cultivation conditions (photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic) are presented. Available technologies for microalgal biofuels production are: transesterification, fermentation, pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion and biomass to liquids (BtL). Additionally, basic information on life cycle assessment of microalgae cultivation and CO2 sequestration potential is given in the final chapter of this work.

scholarly journals Controlling of two destructive zooplanktonic predators in Chlorella mass culture with surfactants

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Wen ◽  
Aoqi Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhu ◽  
Lin Liang ◽  
Yan Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Mass Cultures ◽  
Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate ◽  
Raceway Ponds

Abstract Background Predatory flagellates and ciliates are two common bio-contaminants which frequently cause biomass losses in Chlorella mass culture. Efficient and targeted ways are required to control these contaminations in Chlorella mass cultivation aiming for biofuel production especially. Results Five surfactants were tested for its ability to control bio-contaminations in Chlorella culture. All five surfactants were able to eliminate the contaminants at a proper concentration. Particularly the minimal effective concentrations of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to completely eliminate Poterioochromonas sp. and Hemiurosomoida sp. were 8 and 10 mg L−1, respectively, yet the photosynthesis and viability of Chlorella was not significantly affected. These results were further validated in Chlorella mass cultures in 5, 20, and 200 m2 raceway ponds. Conclusions A chemical method using 10 mg L−1 SDBS as pesticide to control predatory flagellate or ciliate contamination in Chlorella mass culture was proposed. The method helps for a sustained microalgae biomass production and utilization, especially for biofuel production.

Expertise as a Form of Knowledge: A Response to Quast

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-442
Author(s):  
Steve Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Epistemic Standard ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Christian Quast has presented what he describes as a ‘role-functional’ account of expertise as a form of knowledge that purports to take into account prior discussions within recent analytic social epistemology and allied fields. I argue that his scrupulousness results in a confused version of the role-functional account, which I try to remedy by presenting a ‘clean’ account that clearly distinguishes such an account from what Quast calls a ‘competence-driven’ one. The key point of my account is that ‘competence’ pertains to knowledge in closed systems and ‘expertise’ in open systems. I observe that the invocation of ‘reliability’ as an epistemic standard simply serves to confuse the difference between the competence-driven and role-functional accounts.

6. Such quantities of sand

2014 ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Christopher Hall
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Human History ◽  
Material Flows ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Closed Systems

‘Such quantities of sand’ looks at sustainability and considers three features of the global materials system that need fixing: carbon dioxide emissions, world energy supply, and finite material resources. All societies, however diverse, are comprehensively and universally dependent on material artefacts. The scale of global material flows is enormous, and now greater than for all of human history. In a finite world, there are limits and so it is wise, on some timescale, to favour a circular economy of closed systems (repair, re-use, recycle) over open systems (extract, make, use, discard). Whatever else we do, it helps if we reduce the rate of flow of materials through the economy (use less, use longer).

Investigating the Mixing Efficiencies of Liquid-to-Liquid Chemical Injection Manifolds for Aquatic Invasive Species Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Zolper ◽  
Aaron R. Cupp ◽  
David L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aquatic Invasive Species ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Invasive Organisms ◽  
Closed Systems

Aquatic invasive species (AIS) have spread throughout the United States via major rivers and tributaries. Locks and dams positioned along affected waterways, specifically lock chambers, are being evaluated as potential management sites to prevent further expansion into new areas. Recent research has shown that infusion of chemicals (e.g., carbon dioxide) into water can block or kill several invasive organisms and could be a viable option at navigational structures such as lock chambers because chemical infusion would not interfere with vessel passage or lock operation. Chemical treatments near lock structures will require large-scale fluid-mechanic systems and significant energy. Mixing must extend to all stagnation regions within a lock structure to prevent the passage of an invasive fish. This work describes the performance of both wall- and floor-based CO2-infused-water to water injection manifolds targeted for lock structures in terms of mixing time, mixing homogeneity, injection efficiency, and operational power requirements. Both systems have strengths and weaknesses so selection recommendations are given for applications such as open systems and closed systems.

scholarly journals Open Prebiotic Environments Drive Emergent Phenomena and Complex Behavior

Life ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Wagner ◽  
David Hochberg ◽  
Enrique Peacock-Lopez ◽  
Indrajit Maity ◽  
Gonen Ashkenasy
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Emergent Phenomena ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
And Function

We have been studying simple prebiotic catalytic replicating networks as prototypes for modeling replication, complexification and Systems Chemistry. While living systems are always open and function far from equilibrium, these prebiotic networks may be open or closed, dynamic or static, divergent or convergent to a steady state. In this paper we review the properties of these simple replicating networks, and show, via four working models, how even though closed systems exhibit a wide range of emergent phenomena, many of the more interesting phenomena leading to complexification and emergence indeed require open systems.

Surface flow of granular materials: model and experiments in heap formation

2001 ◽  
Vol 441 ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. KHAKHAR ◽  
ASHISH V. ORPE ◽  
PETER ANDRESÉN ◽  
J. M. OTTINO
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Surface Flows ◽  
Industrial Practice ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Good Agreement

Granular surface flows are important in industrial practice and natural systems, but the understanding of such flows is at present incomplete. We present a combined theoretical and experimental study of quasi-two-dimensional heap formation by pouring particles continuously at a point. Two cases are considered: open systems and closed systems. Experimental results show that the shear rate in the flowing layer is nearly independent of the mass flow rate, and the angle of static friction at the bed–layer interface increases with flow rate. Predictions of the model for the flowing layer thickness and interface angles are in good agreement with experiments.

E-Cigarettes: Policy Options and Legal Issues Amidst Uncertainty

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (S1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Kaufman ◽  
Margaret Mahoney
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Closed Systems

E-cigarettes, sometimes referred to as ENDS (Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems), include a broad range of products that deliver nicotine via heating and aerosolization of the drug. ENDS come in a variety of forms, but regardless of form generally consist of a solution containing humectant (e.g., propylene glycol or glycerol), flavorings, and usually nicotine (some solutions do not contain nicotine); a battery-powered coil that heats the solution into an aerosol (usually referred to as vapor) in an atomizing chamber; and a mouthpiece through which the user draws the vapor into the mouth and lungs. The devices may be closed systems containing prefilled cartridges, or open systems, where the user manually refills a 1-2 ml. tank with solution. What started as closed-system cigarette-shaped devices marketed as an adjunct for smoking cessation, has transitioned rapidly to literally thousands of hip and funky-designed open-system hookah pens, vape pens, and modifiable devices. For younger people, these forms are the “in” thing, while traditional cigarette-shaped devices are “out.”

Volatility of Antioxidants and Antiozonants II. Effect on Rubber Testing

1965 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Spacht ◽  
W. S. Hollingshead ◽  
H. L. Bullard ◽  
D. C. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Oxygen Absorption ◽  
Accelerated Tests ◽  
Oxygen Bomb ◽  
Closed Systems

Abstract In the first paper of this series data were presented on the volatility and vapor pressure of eight antioxidants. The present work attempts to show how volatility-affects the performance of an antioxidant, particularly in accelerated aging tests. The usual accelerated tests are of two types: those using closed systems such as the air bomb, the oxygen bomb, and oxygen absorption, and those using open systems such as air oven aging and creep.

scholarly journals BIOFUELS FROM ALGAE AS A DIRECTION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE «GREEN» ECONOMY: THE CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-36
Author(s):  
Hanna SHEVCHUK
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Algae Biofuel ◽  
The Impact

The article describes environmental aspects of the impact of traditional energy sources on the environment. It is substantiated that energy needs and environmental problems lead to the search for alternative renewable fuels. A comparative analysis of the structure of general supply between traditional and alternative energy sources is done. The current state of production and use of traditional fuels and prospects for the production of biofuels in Ukraine are analyzed. The projected structure of the use of traditional and alternative fuels according to the Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035 «Safety, energy efficiency, competitiveness» is presented. The classification of biofuels is provided depending on raw materials: first, second and third generation. Unlike biofuels from crops such as sugar cane and corn (first-generation biofuels), as well as animal and vegetable wastes (second-generation), algae-derived fuels (third-generation biofuels) have many benefits. In particular, this is a greater potential for biofuel production compared to previous systems: a variety of possible fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas and even jet fuel); flexible production technologies. Algae cultivation technologies have been studied: especially cultivation in open reservoirs or in more advanced closed ponds and bioreactors. It is substantiated that algae are most often used for biodiesel production; a comparison of different technologies for its production is made. The foreign experience of algae biofuel production and its usage by various automobile companies and enterprises, as well as the prospects of algae biofuel production in Ukraine are presented. Despite the prospects for the production of the third-generation biofuels, there we think, that the issue of investigation has been not been studied properly by scientists and Ukrainian producers don’t have basic knowledge.

scholarly journals Selected Aspects of Biofuels Market and the Electromobility Development in Poland: Current Trends and Forecasting Changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kupczyk ◽  
Joanna Mączyńska ◽  
Grzegorz Redlarski ◽  
Karol Tucki ◽  
Anna Bączyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

This work presents basic information associated with markets of selected alternative fuels used in transport, such as methyl esters, conventional bioethanol and lignocellulosic bioethanol, and the market of electrical vehicles. Legal conditions, which stimulate development and regulate the mode of functioning of the liquid biofuel market until 2020 are discussed, based on provisions of EU directives. Data on biofuel production in Poland are presented, as well as biofuel consumption in the EU, the USA and Brazil in 2017. The most important conclusions of the proposal for a directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources in transport in EU member states in years 2021–2030 are discussed. The authors have also indicated the key legal and territorial conditions associated with the development of electromobility and present basic information on electric vehicles in Poland and Europe. The results of the research on the attractiveness of these sectors in 2018 are presented and compared with the results obtained in years 2007–2017. A score-based sector attractiveness method was used in the research.

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