The Popular Army of the Republic, Fall 1936–39

Desertion ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 114-140
Author(s):  
Théodore McLauchlin
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Costly Signals ◽  
Military Discipline

This chapter investigates the militia summer of 1936, which had been a summer of both chaos and valor in the defense of the Republic. It describes the militias that arose to fight the rebels, which varied widely in their insistence that combatants send costly signals of commitment to fight. It also clarifies how the Republic transformed its armed forces to regularize them and put power back in the hands of the state by imposing military discipline and a single command structure on its militia forces. The chapter argues that the new discipline rules imposed costly signals of commitment on volunteers, requiring that they sign on to more demanding forms of warfare. It discusses the Republic's recruitment of less-committed troops by imposing conscription at the same time.

INFLUENCE OF THE REFORM OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, CONDUCTED IN THE YEARS 2009-2016, ON THE SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY IN THE OPINION OF CITIZENS

2020 ◽  
Vol XIII ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Justyna Lipińska
Keyword(s):  
Military Training ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Social Opinions ◽  
The Impact

The conflict in Ukraine in 2014 raised questions in Poland about the legitimacy and effectiveness of the reform of the Polish army, which began in 2009. The abandonment of universal conscription and professionalization of the army resulted in a decrease in the number of people who underwent military training. And this began to raise concerns about the security of the state and its citizens. Research on the professionalization of the army and the impact of this decision on the increase or decrease of threats is important for Polish citizens. The article presents social opinions on this topic

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF STATE AND MILITARY MANAGEMENT TO COUNTER TERRORISM IN MODERN KAZAKHSTAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Baurzhan ABZHANOV
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Military Security ◽  
The Republic

The article examines the specifics of the activities of the state and military management bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan to counter terrorism at the present stage. The necessity of using the Armed Forces in countering terrorism in the context of military security has been substantiated. The interaction of various state structures, power structures and civil society institutions is analyzed.

scholarly journals DELOVANJE SLOVENSKE VOJSKE V ČASU EPIDEMIJE COVIDA-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
TANJA KREMŽAR KOVAČ
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Medical Unit ◽  
International Operations ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
The Military ◽  
Epidemiological Situation ◽  
At Home

V prispevku je predstavljen pojav epidemije covida-19 v Republiki Sloveniji, s poudarkom na delovanju Slovenske vojske. Opisujemo odziv Slovenske vojske na epidemijo in postopke ter procese, ki jih je izvajala na svojih nalogah tako doma kot v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah v tujini, ter omogočila dodatno podporo državi in državljanom pri spoprijemanju z novim virusom. Poudarek je na postopkih in procesih, vodenih v Vojaški zdravstveni enoti, za spremljanje epidemioloških razmer. Delovanje Slovenske vojske, ki se navezuje na delovanje njihovih zdravstvenih enot med epidemijo covid-19, primerjamo z nekaterimi drugimi oboroženimi silami. Ključne besede covid-19, epidemija, virus, Slovenska vojska, Vojaška zdravstvena enota. Abstract The article presents the phenomenon of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Republic of Slovenia with focus on the activities of the Slovenian Armed Forces. It describes the response of the Slovenian Armed Forces to the epidemic, and the procedures and processes applied as part of its missions at home and in international operations and missions abroad. These activities provided additional support to the state and its citizens in dealing with the new virus. The emphasis is put on the procedures and processes of the Military Medical Unit aimed at monitoring the epidemiological situation. Additionally, the epidemic-related activities of the Slovenian Armed Forces and its medical units are compared to the activities of several other armed forces. Key words COVID-19, epidemic, virus, Slovenian Armed Forces, Military Medical Unit

scholarly journals Cooperation and collaboration between the Polish Police and Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland in terms of ensuring security and public order

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 200-210
Author(s):  
Dominika Rozborska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
State And Society ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Vast Area

Ensuring security and public order is one of the most important, constitutional objectives of the State and at the same time the task of many public authorities. The Police is leading, uniformed and armed formation in a system of public safety authorities whose overriding operating objective, determined by the legislator is to serve the society by protecting people’s safety and maintaining security and public order. However, in carrying out tasks related to such vast area of activity, the Police does not have to be unassisted. Natural partner for the Police is the army, despite the fact that the main task of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland is to protect the State and society from external military threat. This study aims to characterize formal foundations and scope of cooperation between Polish Police and Armed Forces in terms of ensuring security and public order. For this purpose, legal basis for providing support for the Police by the Polish Armed Forces under the laws on: state of emergency, natural disaster, crisis management, the Police, counter-terrorism actions and general obligation to defend the Republic of Poland and issued regulations based on them were examined. This article also refers to the issue of cooperation of the Police with the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland on the basis of concluded agreements.

The Indonesian Military and Economic Policy

1976 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
New Order ◽  
Institutional Failure ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ancien Régime

Nothing foments institutional change so much as a sense of past institutional failure. The New Order that came into being as a result of the October 1965 assumption of power by the ABRI (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) inherited a crisis situation in economic policy. Decades of economic decay and capital dis-investment had brought the Indonesian economy to the brink of catastrophe. However, just as all revolutions are born in an ancien régime, so the heritage of the bygone Sukarno era left control of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy at the disposal of the state and thereby eased the institutional transformation.

Theoretical Aspects of Support for Institutions Responsible for the Internal Security of the State by the Armed Forces

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Bernard Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Theoretical Issues

This article presents the basic theoretical issues related to the use of armed forces to support the actions of institutions responsible for the internal security of the state. The reflections presented are based on an analysis of the literature on security sciences, generally applicable laws and directives of a strategic nature related to national security issues of the Republic of Poland. The basis for the discussion was a presentation of the significance of the effectiveness of the internal security system — the vision and the state security strategy. This served to illustrate the basic areas of support that have been identified on the basis of the common use of the term “internal security”. It is assumed that these are public safety and general security, understood as the components of the internal security of the state. An important issue in this part of the article is an overview of these types of security, which allows the relationships between them to be indicated. This range of considerations has consequently enabled the presentation of the rules of support for institutions responsible for the internal security of the state by the armed forces. Rules that have scientific justification, unmatchable practical value and that are systematically improved in the course of the day-to-day activity of the entities mentioned. In the final part of the work a summary, along with an indication of the specific scope of support, has been made using the conclusions of the provisions of generally applicable law.

scholarly journals Assessment of nutritional knowledge of soldiers of the Territorial Defense Force of the Polish Armed Forces

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Kler ◽  
Bartosz Szczesniak ◽  
Anna Anyzewska ◽  
Jerzy Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Military Training ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Systematic Training ◽  
The Republic

AbstractIntroductionAmong all types of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, the name of the Territorial Defense Force reflects its character and purpose to the greatest extent. The goals and tasks set for it depend on the specific defense needs of the state. In the light of current nutritional knowledge, rational nutrition is one of the basic conditions for the proper functioning of the human body and maintaining its good health. Particularly important is the state of nutrition in the case of soldiers performing combat tasks. The aim of the study was to assess the level of nutritional knowledge of soldiers in the context of the implementation of training tasks.Material and methodsThe nutritional knowledge of soldiers was verified on the basis of an open survey, with the use of a proprietary questionnaire containing 20 closed-ended questions. The study covered 106 soldiers of the Territorial Defense Force, undergoing military training. The questions included in the questionnaire concerned the principles of rational nutrition and the sources of some of the nutrients in a daily diet. In addition, the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for each respondent based on the height and body weight values. The results of the survey were prepared using Excel and Statistica software.Results and discussionThe applied BMI classification showed this may be evidenced by over 40% of the respondents being overweight, while 17% demonstrated first degree obesity, and 1% — second degree obesity. The results of the survey indicated the areas in which the nutritional knowledge of the examined group of soldiers was insufficient. One of the reasons for this is the source of information on rational nutrition. Content provided by friends or obtained from the Internet may mislead soldiers, and incorrect application of nutrition guidelines may cause them to eat unbalanced food rations, which is likely to reduce a soldier's physical capacity, concentration, responsiveness, and the possibility of intense physical activity during the performance of official tasks. Taking into account the BMI results and the low level of nutritional knowledge, it can be concluded that the nutrition safety of the Territorial Defense Force soldiers is at risk, which may stimulate the emergence and development of a number of diet-related civilization diseases. It is purposeful to conduct systematic training of Territorial Defense Force soldiers in the field of rational nutrition. This will help to improve their nutritional knowledge and maintain good health.

scholarly journals The budget control in the function of the civil and democratic control of the armed forces in the Republic of Serbia

Vojno delo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Milena Knežević ◽  
Srboljub Nikolić ◽  
Aleksandar Neševski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
External Control ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Democratic Control ◽  
Military Expenditures ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

One of the important indicators of democratization of each society is the constitutional and legal definition of the role of the military and the possibility of its control. The civil and democratic control of the Serbian Armed Forces primarily includes control of the use and development of the Serbian Armed Forces, internal and external control of the expenditures for the military needs, monitoring and informing the public about the state of preparations of the Armed Forces, providing free access to information of public importance and defining responsibilities for performing the military duties in accordance with the law. The instrument for financing the military expenditures in the Republic of Serbia is the state budget. During the drafting of the Law on Budget, the costs for the military needs are planned for the budget year and the following two years. Having in mind that the Law on Budget is passed by the highest legislative body - the National Assembly, the main principle of the democratic control of the military expenditure planning is provided. However, the budget execution implies the control over the use of the budget funds, whereby the Law on Budget System provides for several levels of control, organized as internal and external control. The internal control of the military expenditures, expressed in the budget of the Republic of Serbia, is carried out by the financial service bodies of the units and institutions of the Serbian Armed Forces, the Accounting Centre of the Budget and Finance Sector of the Ministry of Defence, the Defence Inspectorate, the Military Security Agency, the Criminal Investigation Group and the Internal Audit of the Ministry of Defence. The external control of the budget intended for the military needs is performed by the State Audit Institution and the Budget Inspection. The objective of the control is to determine whether the actions of the Serbian Armed Forces are in accordance with the position stipulated by the Constitution, as well as with the policy that the mentioned representative and executive authorities define in their acts.

scholarly journals Pembaharuan Hukum: Peran Tentara Nasional Indonesia Dalam Penanggulangan Aksi Terorisme (Kajian Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arief Fahmi Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Face ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
The Republic

The Involvement of the Indonesian National Army in countering terrorism, that is in article 7 paragraph (1) law of Republic of Indonesia number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesia National Army  which reads; The main task of the Indonesian National Army is to uphold the sovereignty of the state, maintain the territorial integrity of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 constitution and protect the entire nation and Indonesia’s blooshed from threats and assumptions to the integrity of the nation and state. We Consider that acts of terrorism are based on ideology which want to change the basis of the state, so it is very relevant to the presence of the Indonesian National Army involvement in counterterrorism. The Indonesian National Army authority on the elimination of terrorism is an on going debate. Authority is the making of decisions commanding and accountable to others. The Indonesia National Army authority is given on the grounds that terrorism is seen as a thereat to the integrity and defense of the state. In overcoming the act of terrorism as referred to in paragraph (1) shall be carried out in accordance with the main task and functions of the Indonesia National Army if seen in law number 34 of 2004 concerning the Indonesia National Army, the duties and functions of the Indonesian National Army have a too broad scope including the task of deterrence, repression dan recovery which in a legal perspective can be interpreted as acts of intelligence, investigation, even remdial action. However, the Indonesian Armed Forces crackdown on terrorism should continue to put  the Indonesia police force in the face of effort to avoid actions potentially in frined on human rights.Keyword : authority, the Indonesia Nastional Army, the countermeasure of terrorism and nastional sovereignty.  AbstrakKeterlibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme yaitu pada pasal 7 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 34 tahun 2004 tentang TNI yang berbunyi; Tugas pokok TNI adalah menegakkan kedaulatan negara, mempertahankan keutuhan wilayah negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang berdasarkan Pancasila, UUD tahun 1945 serta melindungi segenap bangsa dan tumpah darah Indonesia dari ancaman dan gangguan terhadap keutuhan bangsa dan negara. Kita ketahui bahwa aksi terorisme berbasis pada ideologi yang berkeinginan merubah dasar negara, sehingga sangat relevan hadirnya keterlibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme. Kewenangan TNI dalam pemberantasan terorisme merupakan sebuah hal yang masih menjadi perdebatan. Kewenangan merupakan kekuasaan membuat keputusan memerintah dan melimpahkan tanggung jawab kepada orang lain yang diatur oleh hukum. Kewenangan TNI diberikan dengan alasan terorisme dilihat sebagai sebuah tindakan yang mengancam keutuhan dan pertahanan negara. Dalam mengatasi aksi Terorisme sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilaksanakan sesuai dengan tugas pokok dan fungsi Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Jika dilihat dalam UU N0. 34 Tahun 2004 tentang TNI, tugas dan fungsi TNI memiliki ruang lingkup terlalu luas meliputi tugas penangkalan, penindakan dan pemulihan yang dalam perspektif hukum dapat dimaknai sebagai sebagai tindakan intelijen, penyelidikan, penyidikan, bahkan sampai dengan tindakan remedey (pemulihan). Namun demikian, pelibatan TNI dalam pemberantasan terorisme harus tetap mengedepankan profesionalitas Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia (Polri) dengan menghindari berbagai tindakan yang berpotensi melanggar hak asasi manusia (HAM).Kata Kunci: Kewenangan; Tentara Nasional Indonesia; Penanggulangan Terorisme dan Kedaulatan NKRI. 

scholarly journals Odrodzenie Wojska Polskiego 1918–1921

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 199-212
Author(s):  
Janusz Tomaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
The State ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
The Real ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
Regular Army ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Intensive Development ◽  
Independent Existence

The revival of the Polish Army 1918–1921The Polish Army began to form before the resurrection of the Polish state. After Józef Piłsudski took over the highest positions in the state and army, the pace of organization in the Polish Army quickened. The Chief of State treated this issue as a priority. He believed the strength of the army to be a decisive factor in the real possibilities of the state, and in Polish conditions necessary to win the righteous and safe borders and defend the independent existence of the Republic of Poland. The inflow of new volunteers meant that at the end of 1918 the number was already around 100,000 soldiers. Until then, 39 infantry regiments, 17 regiments and 3 artillery regiments were successfully formed. In 1919, the intensive development of the Polish Army continued. It was a time of dynamic development of its strength, creation of great units — brigades and divisions, unification of organizational structures of sub-units, units and tactical units. There was also a consolidation of all Polish military formations within the armed forces, and the Polish Army was transformed into a regular army. The highest strength of the Polish Army was reached just after the end of the battle in the outskirts of Warsaw, on 1 September 1920, as it numbered 943,976 soldiers. At that time, its composition included, among others: 22 infantry divisions, 3 independent infantry brigades, 9 motorized brigades, 20 field artillery brigades, a mountain artillery brigade, 20 air squadrons.

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