scholarly journals Toxicological Activity of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Sokoto Township and Environs

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Z. A. Shagari ◽  
M. Bello ◽  
U. K. Mohammed ◽  
A. I. Dabai ◽  
A. Mahmuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
Local Plants ◽  
Toxicological Activity

Inspite of the availability of different antiseptic and antibiotics in most localities in some parts of the world, there is still a number of information on the usage of some local plants in various kinds of treatments of different ill-health conditions. Leaves of Ocimum basilicum, Leptadania hastata and Momordica balsamina are locally used by traditional birth attendants at pre and post-partum periods. The present study investigates the phytochemical compositions and toxicity of the leaf extracts of the plants against isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. Standard microbiological techniques and polymerase chain reaction was used to isolate and identify the bacteria.  Phytochemical analysis was done and cytotoxicity of the extracts at different concentrations (MBC, OBC and LHC) were determined using human erythrocytes. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, terpinoids and glycosides in the studied extracts. Toxicity to erythrocytes, expressed as percentage hemolysis of only 17.27% (MBC1) was seen in one of the plants; M. balsamina. Similarly, the other extracts exhibited minimal toxicity to human erythrocytes (LHC1= 15.45%; OBC1= 7.6%). It was concluded that all the plant leaf extracts are safe for human consumption. Studies on the preparation, effective doses and side effects of these extracts in vivo are hereby recommended.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Phytochemical, Antimicrobial Activities and Toxicological Analysis of Scent Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum L.) Leaf Extracts

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
M. Umar ◽  
C. P. Nkemelu ◽  
M. R. Sagir ◽  
S. Y. Mohammed ◽  
G. K. Ajiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Toxicity ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum

Aim: The phytochemical screening, antibacterial activities and in vivo toxicity of extracts of the leaves of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum L.) were investigated. Methods: All the analyses were carried out using standard scientific procedures using Soxhlet extraction, well-diffusion agar antimicrobial testing and in vivo acute toxicity testing. Results: The phytochemical analysis according to standard screening tests using conventional protocols revealed the presence of anthraquinone, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and alkaloids, which were detected in methanol extract analyzed. But, flavonoids, glycosides, phlobatannins and steroids were not detected in the methanol extracts analyzed. While only flavonoids were detected in chloroform extract. All other phytochemicals were absent. The extract fractions generally exhibited slight antibacterial activities on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella Typhi and Escherichia coli. But, the extracts showed no effect against Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of O. gratissimum was determined with S. aureus and B. cereus recording MICs at the lowest concentration (12.5 mg/mL) of the methanol and chloroform extracts used. While methanol and chloroform extracts were found to have recorded moderate activity S. Typhi and E. coli at the MIC of 50mg/mL. The methanol and chloroform extract recorded MBC of 50 mg/mL on B. subtilis and S. Typhi. However, Salmonella Typhi was inhibited at the concentration of 100 mg/mL of chloroform scent leaf extract. The MICs of C. albicans were not determined in the methanol and chloroform scent leaf extracts analyzed. The in vivo toxicity of O. gratissimum extracts against albino rats revealed that the plant extracts were found to exhibit mild toxicity at higher doses, but the overall remark showed that the plant extract was safe at various concentrations. Conclusions: The plant can be used in the treatment of various diseases caused by the test microbes, and the plant has less toxicity when administered orally.

scholarly journals Mulberry extract as an ecofriendly anticoccidial agent: in vitro and in vivo application

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felwa Abdullah Thagfan ◽  
Wafa Abdullah Al-Megrin ◽  
Saleh Al-Quraishy ◽  
Mohamed Abdel Monem Dkhil
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
Anticoccidial Activity ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Anticoccidial Agent

Abstract Natural products are ecofriendly agents that can be used against parasitic diseases. Eimeria species cause eimeriosis in many birds and mammals and resistance to available medications used in the treatment of eimeriosis is emerging. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of Morus nigra leaf extracts (MNLE) against sporulation of oocysts and infection of mice with Eimeria papillata. Phytochemical analysis of MNLE showed the presence of seven compounds and the in vitro effects of MNLE, amprolium, DettolTM, formalin, ethanol, and phenol were studied after incubation with oocysts before sporulation. Furthermore, infection of mice with E. papillata induced an oocyst output of approximately 12 × 105 oocysts/g of feces. MNLE significantly decreased oocyst output to approximately 86% and the total number of parasitic stages in the jejunum by approximately 87%. In addition, the reduction in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice was increased after treatment. These findings suggest that mulberry exhibited powerful anticoccidial activity.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and In vivo Evaluation of Individual Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and Momordica balsamina against Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Adam Musa Bature ◽  
Karderam Bukar Dikwa ◽  
Abdullah Isyaku Alhaji ◽  
Deboral Madi Dibal
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
P Value ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Individual Activity ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
The Individual

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropics and subtropics region with Nigeria accounting for the highest proportions in Africa. This is accompanied with emerging resistance to available drugs, posing it a public health concern. This study is aimed at determining the invivo activity of the individual ethanolic leaf extracts of the Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and Momordica balsamina. The leaves of A. indica, S. occidentalis and M. balsamina were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Ethanolic extraction of leaves of plants was carried out and invivo evaluation of the individual activity of extracts determined using standard procedures. 55 mice were randomly divided into 11 groups lettered A – K; positive group, negative group and 9 extract groups. Results showed that M. balsamina had the highest yield of 7.6%, followed by A. indica with 6.5% and S. occidentalis with 5.7%. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presences of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenolics and tannin in all plants. The comparison of the individual study groups showed that Senna occidentalis is more effective at 600mg/kg dosage and prolonged survival of the mice in its group in the study period. This plant possessed significant (P-value <0.05) antiplasmodial activity, thus lowered parasitaemia in infected mice.

scholarly journals Analgesic potential of dichloromethane leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) and Senna didymobotrya (Fresenius) in mice models

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-399
Author(s):  
Joseph Kiambi Mworia ◽  
Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti ◽  
Joseph JN Ngeranwa ◽  
Mathew Piero Ngugi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Synthetic Drugs

Introduction: Pain is managed using conventional drugs like paracetamol, aspirin and diclofenac among others. Synthetic drugs have many side effects. This study aimed at evaluating the analgesic potential of the dichloromethane leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Senna didymobotrya in mice.Methods: The dichloromethane leaf extracts of E. globulus and S. didymobotrya were subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). In vivo analgesic evaluation comprised of nine groups of animals (Swiss albino mice): normal, positive, negative control and six experimental groups that received 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg body weight of each plant extract intraperitoneally. Thirty minutes later, they were injected with 0.01 mL of 2.5% formalin. The animals in positive control group were administered diclofenac (15 mg/kg) and formalin, the normal control mice received 3% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in normal saline, while the negative group received DMSO in normal saline and formalin. All the doses were administered intraperitoneally. The duration of shaking and licking of the injected paw was scored and analyzed.Results: The analysis revealed that E. globulus contained alpha-pinenes, endo-fenchol, α-eudesmol, myrcene, camphene, alpha-phellandrene, limonene, and camphor while S. dymobotrya possessed camphene, alpha-phellandrene, limonene, and camphor. In the late phase, E. globulus at the doses of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg reduced the paw licking time by 34.03%, 60.79%, 84.33 %, 90.65%, 94.49%, 98.52%, respectively while S. didymobotrya extract reduced the paw licking time by 26.48%, 32.96%, 87.04%, 91.27%, 93.40%, 90.97%, and 96.82%, respectively.Conclusion: The results of this study validate and support the traditional uses of these plants as analgesics.

Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Michael Russelle Alvarez ◽  
Paolo Robert Bueno ◽  
Raymond Oliver Cruz ◽  
Richard Macapulay ◽  
Francis Jayson Vallesfin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. ­Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested ­positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana

Tamarix articulata (T. articulata) - An Important Halophytic Medicinal Plant with Potential Pharmacological Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah M. Alnuqaydan ◽  
Bilal Rah
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Pharmacological Properties

Background:Tamarix Articulata (T. articulata), commonly known as Tamarisk or Athal in Arabic region, belongs to the Tamaricaece species. It is an important halophytic medicinal plant and a good source of polyphenolic phytochemical(s). In traditional medicines, T. articulata extract is commonly used, either singly or in combination with other plant extracts against different ailments since ancient times.Methods:Electronic database survey via Pubmed, Google Scholar, Researchgate, Scopus and Science Direct were used to review the scientific inputs until October 2018, by searching appropriate keywords. Literature related to pharmacological activities of T. articulata, Tamarix species, phytochemical analysis of T. articulata, biological activities of T. articulata extracts. All of these terms were used to search the scientific literature associated with T. articulata; the dosage of extract, route of administration, extract type, and in-vitro and in-vivo model.Results:Numerous reports revealed that T. articulata contains a wide spectrum of phytochemical(s), which enables it to have a wide window of biological properties. Owing to the presence of high content of phytochemical compounds like polyphenolics and flavonoids, T. articulata is a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. In view of these pharmacological properties, T. articulata could be a potential drug candidate to treat various clinical conditions including cancer in the near future.Conclusion:In this review, the spectrum of phytochemical(s) has been summarized for their pharmacological properties and the mechanisms of action, and the possible potential therapeutic applications of this plant against various diseases discussed.

A Review on Opuntia Species and its Chemistry, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology and Bioapplications

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1227-1244
Author(s):  
Dharmendra Kumar ◽  
Pramod K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Human Consumption ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Sugar Amino Acids ◽  
Opuntia Species ◽  
Therapeutic Uses ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Online Library ◽  
Different Parts

Background:: Opuntia species, locally known as prickly pear was used for various purposes as food, medicine, beverage, source of dye and animal food. Many studies have revealed its pharmacology activity from time to time. This review is a collection of chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacology and bioapplications of the cactus family. Methods: Many sources were used to collect information about Opuntia species such as Pub med, Google scholar, Agris, science direct, Embase, Merk index, Wiley online library, books and other reliable sources. This review contains studies from 1812 to 2019. Results: The plants from the cactus family offer various pharmacological active compounds including phenolic compounds, carotenoids, betalains, vitamins, steroids, sugar, amino acids, minerals and fibers. These bioactive compounds serve various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-diabetic, Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiulcer and alcohol hangover. According to various studies, Opuntia species offer many bioapplications such as fodder for animal, soil erosion, prevention, human consumption and waste water decontamination. Finally, different parts of plants are used in various formulations that offer many biotechnology applications. Conclusion: Different parts of Opuntia plant (fruits, seeds, flowers and cladodes) are used in various health problems which include wound healing, anti-inflammatory and urinary tract infection from ancient times. Nowadays, researches have extended several pharmacological and therapeutic uses of Opuntia species as discussed in this review. Many in-vitro and in-vivo models are also discussed in this review as the proofs of research findings. Various research gaps have been observed in current studies that require attention in the future.

Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extracts of Naringi crenulata (roxb.) Nicolson

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 5110
Author(s):  
Sartaj Ahmad Allayie ◽  
Mushtaq Ahmed Parray* ◽  
Bilal Ahmad Bhat ◽  
S. Hemalatha
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rf Values

The use of traditional medicines holds a great promise as an easily available source as effective medicinal agents to cure a wide range of ailments among the people particularly in tropical developing countries like India. The present study investigates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive constituents of N. crenulata leaf extracts. The extractive values of aqueous, acetone and chloroform extracts were found to be 11.34, 4.24 and 6.06 respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these three solvent extracts confirm the presence of Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds in all the three extracts; however, these phytochemicals were more significant in aqueous extract. Quantitative analysis was carried out using TLC method by different solvent system. Amongst various solvent systems, Butanol: acetic acid: water (9: 0.9: 0.1 v/v/v) shows maximum resolution and number of spots produced at long UV (365 nm) and under iodine vapours. The TLC chromatograms constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. It can be conveniently used to evaluate the quality of different area samples. This indicates that the leaves can be useful for treating different diseases because the therapeutic activity of a plant is due to the presence of particular class of compounds and thus can serve as potential sources of useful drugs in future.

scholarly journals The Phytochemical Analysis of Vinca L. Species Leaf Extracts Is Correlated with the Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antitumor Effects

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 3040
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ciorîță ◽  
Cezara Zăgrean-Tuza ◽  
Augustin C. Moț ◽  
Rahela Carpa ◽  
Marcel Pârvu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Release ◽  
Nitric Oxide Concentration

The phytochemical analysis of Vinca minor, V. herbacea, V. major, and V. major var. variegata leaf extracts showed species-dependent antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects correlated with the identified phytoconstituents. Vincamine was present in V. minor, V. major, and V. major var. variegata, while V. minor had the richest alkaloid content, followed by V. herbacea. V. major var. variegata was richest in flavonoids and the highest total phenolic content was found in V. herbacea which also had elevated levels of rutin. Consequently, V. herbacea had the highest antioxidant activity followed by V. major var. variegata. Whereas, the lowest one was of V. major. The V. minor extract showed the most efficient inhibitory effect against both Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. On the other hand, V. herbacea had a good anti-bacterial potential only against S. aureus, which was most affected at morphological levels, as indicated by scanning electron microscopy. The Vinca extracts acted in a dose-depended manner against HaCaT keratinocytes and A375 melanoma cells and moreover, with effects on the ultrastructure, nitric oxide concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase release. Therefore, the Vinca species could be exploited further for the development of alternative treatments in bacterial infections or as anticancer adjuvants.

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