scholarly journals Design Modification of an Indigenous Extruder

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
O. O. Koyenikan ◽  
O. J. Olukunle ◽  
A. P. Olalusi
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Torsional Moment ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Extruded Feed ◽  
Electrical Components

This research involved the design and modification of an existing fish feed extruder which was subjected to evaluation in order to produce floatable fish feeds. It was observed that the temperature of the extruded feed was on the average of 70°C with moisture content of 25% wet basis. The modifications incorporated into the existing extruder included the water pump, sprockets and chain, circuit box containing essential electrical components and temperature sensors.  The volume of hopper, weight of hopper, diameter of the screw auger, power required to drive the screw auger, volume of the extruding barrel, forces and weight acting on the chain, speed for driving the larger and smaller sprocket, length of the sprocket chain, weight of screw for each revolution, total load acting on the screw, torsional moment of the screw and diameter of shaft were designed. Another modification was the incorporation of a system that could raise the barrel`s internal temperature for five different temperatures between 90°C and 130°C. The functional efficiencies of the existing and modified extruder were 56.52 and 91.30% and their throughput capacities were 0.53 and 1.24 kg/hr respectively.

Nano humidity and temperature sensors activated water pump agricultural system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijjani Adam ◽  
U. Hashim ◽  
Yab Chee Thing ◽  
M. N. Afnan Uda ◽  
M. N. A. Uda
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensors ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Water Pump

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fungi and Fungal Toxins in Fish Feed during Storage

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 171
Author(s):  
Constanze Pietsch ◽  
Georg Müller ◽  
Sulayman Mourabit ◽  
Simon Carnal ◽  
Kasun Bandara
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Fungal Toxins ◽  
Fish Feeds

Periods of unfavorable storing conditions can lead to changes in the quality of fish feeds, as well as the development of relevant mycotoxins. In the present study, a commercial fish feed was stored under defined conditions for four weeks. The main findings indicate that even storing fish feeds under unsuitable conditions for a short duration leads to a deterioration in quality. Mycotoxin and fungal contamination were subsequently analyzed. These investigations confirmed that different storage conditions can influence the presence of fungi and mycotoxins on fish feed. Notably, ochratoxin A (OTA) was found in samples after warm (25 °C) and humid (>60% relative humidity) treatment. This confirms the importance of this compound as a typical contaminant of fish feed and reveals how fast this mycotoxin can be formed in fish feed during storage.

Genetically modified plants as fish feed ingredients

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nini Hedberg Sissener ◽  
Monica Sanden ◽  
Åshild Krogdahl ◽  
Anne-Marie Bakke ◽  
Lene Elisabeth Johannessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Current State ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Novel Protein

Genetically modified (GM) plants were first grown commercially more than 20 years ago, but their use is still controversial in some parts of the world. Many GM plant varieties are produced in large quantities globally and are approved for use in fish feeds both in Norway and the European Union. European consumers, however, are skeptical to fish produced by means of GM feed ingredients. Concerns have been raised regarding the safety of GM plants, including potential toxicity and (or) allergenicity of the novel protein, potential unintended effects, and risk of horizontal gene transfer to other species. This review will present the current state of knowledge regarding GM plants as fish feed ingredients, focusing on fish performance and health as well as the fate of the GM DNA fragments in the fish, identifying limitations of the current work and areas where further research is needed.

scholarly journals Assessment of growth performance of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed with feed produced from blend of pigeon pea (Cajanuscajan) bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea) and fish meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
C.N. Ishiwu ◽  
A.G. Opara ◽  
J.E. Obiegbuna ◽  
P.A. Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Bambara Groundnut ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Fish Feeds

A 3-factor -factorial experiment (2K) was designed to produce fish feeds from mixture of pigeon pea, bambara groundnut and fish meal as major ingredients, while maize, red palm oil, salt and micro nutrient pre-mix were added as minor ingredients. The raw materials were processed into flours. The ingredients were weighed out in various ratios and mixed. The mixture was extruded; sun-dried and packaged and labeled F1-F8 and a commercial feed labeled F9 served as control. The feeds were feed to juvenile Clariasgariepinus kept in 9 separate plastic bowels and fed for 42 days. The forty-five fish of uniform weight and age were grouped into 9 and stocked in the nine artificial ponds, each pond contained five fish. The feeds were analyzed for proximate composition, while the growth performance of the fish was evaluated at the end of the feeding period. Result showed that F3 (20g pigeon pea, 20g Bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) contains the highest protein (33.14 %) and F1(20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) the least (23.13 %). F3 exhibited the highest specific growth rate (1.14 %) followed by the F9 (control) which contains 1.09%. The highest weight gain (16 g) was observed in the fish fed the control feed. However, F3 and F4 (20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 18g fish meal) ranked next to the control with respect to growth performance. It is therefore possible to produce quality catfish feed from bend of pigeon pea, Bambara ground nut and fish meal. Keywords: catfish, fish feed, bambara groundnut, pigeon pea, fish meal

scholarly journals SMART AQUARIUM BASED MICROCONTROLLER

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Budi Prijo Sembodo ◽  
Novendra Geofanda Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Lighting System ◽  
Water Pump ◽  
Servo Motor ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Pump Output ◽  
Aquarium Water

Indonesia is an endemic area for the spread of one of the most popular ornamental fish, namely the largest betta fish in the world. In exploring their hobbies such as raising ornamental fish such as betta fish, efficient and automatic tools are more needed by betta fish farmers in aquariums today, when they have no free time or are drained by other work. This study aims to be a more automatic and efficient tool for everyone to feed fish, provide lighting, and drain aquarium water automatically, so that owners of ornamental fish do not have to worry about what ornamental fish need in the aquarium. The feeding system, in this case uses an Arduino-based control that controls the servo motor as an open and close system as the exit of fish feed into the aquarium. Aquarium lighting system, in this system uses a light sensor type LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). Automatic aquarium drain system, controlled by Arduino with water pump output. In the research, the LDR sensor will give a signal to the relay and give output to the 220 V lamp, that is, if the light intensity is below 028.7 Lux, which is above half past 6 pm and will turn off the 220 volt lamp if the light intensity is above 203.4 Lux, which is above 6 am. The servo motor will operate twice a day for feeding according to the betta fish feed needs, which is 2 times a day. The water pump will work every 4 days to drain the water automatically according to the turbidity of the water based on the time and number of betta fish in the aquarium.

scholarly journals Single-cell Protein and Single-cell Oil Production from Agro-industrial By-products

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Krišs Spalviņš
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Fish And Shellfish ◽  
By Products

The aquaculture industry has been the fastest growing food production industry in the world for the last 25 years. In turn, wild capture has been stagnant for the last 20 years. As a result, in 2014 the aquaculture industry outpaced wild capture and today most fish and shellfish products are farmed in aquaculture rather than caught. Although aquaculture has a number of advantages over wild capture, the rapid development of aquaculture has led to a shortage of fish feeds. The aquaculture industry has tried to solve the feed shortage by replacing traditional feed ingredients with ones derived from agriculture, but this solution is inappropriate because plant-based ingredients are not suitable for the intestinal tract of farmed carnivorous fish, they lack several essential amino acids, and vegetable fats do not contain Omega-3 fatty acids essential in human diet. Therefore, it is necessary to find new raw materials that are suitable for use in fish feed, do not create additional burdens on the environment as wild capture and agriculture do, and also ensure that fish products fed with new raw materials are healthy for human consumption. The most suitable ingredients for these requirements are single-cell proteins (SCP) and single-cell oils (SCO). SCP and SCO are derived from microorganisms that are able to produce large amounts of proteins or oils in their cells. Currently, SCP and SCO production technologies are already used to produce high value-added products, such as pharmaceuticals, building-block chemicals, baby food, etc. However, these technologies involve the cultivation of the relevant microorganisms using refined sugars, which are relatively expensive and the use of such raw materials in the production of fish feed is not competitive. Therefore, in order to implement SCP and SCO technologies in the production of fish feeds, it is necessary to find cheap raw materials for the cultivation of microorganisms. The most suitable raw materials for the cultivation of microorganisms are biodegradable by-products of various industries. The aim of the work is to analyse the most suitable by-products for the cultivation of SCP and SCO producing microorganisms. The analysis includes: (1) literature analysis on all suitable by-products, describing the characteristics, availability and reported SCP and SCO yields when using by-products as substrates; (2) the development of a by-product supply optimization model and a case study for one by-product using the developed model; (3) creation of a laboratory stand for practical experiments; (4) experiment where SCP is produced from a previously unexplored by-product and a microorganism strain combination. The dissertation is created as a set of publications, which combines parts of scientific publications written during doctoral studies. The introduction to the work describes the aims and tasks of the work, as well as a description of scientific and practical significance. The first chapter describes the current situation in the aquaculture industry, the causes of fish feed shortages, possible solutions and the rationale for the production of SCP and SCO from by-products as the best alternative for the production of fish feed ingredients. The second chapter reviews the by-products that are suitable for the production of SCP and SCO, as well as describes the development of a by-product procurement model and a case study. The third chapter describes the creation of a laboratory stand. The fourth chapter describes practical experiments for obtaining SCP from waste cooking oil. At the end of the work, conclusions are made and recommendations are given.

scholarly journals Rationale for the use of humats in aquaculture (a review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-71
Author(s):  
N. Polischuk ◽  
◽  
B. Коvаlеnkо ◽  
V. Коvаlеnkо ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Purpose. To prepare a justification for the use of sodium and potassium salts of humic and fulvic acids (humates) as substances with biologically active properties in fish feeds based on the analysis of sources of scientific and technical information and own experimental materials, Findings. A complex general characteristic of humic substances was provided, the mechanism of biologically active action of humates on living organisms was described. Examples of the use of humates in crop production, medicine, animal husbandry and aquaculture were given. The results of our own studies on the use of humates as a feed additive for valuable objects of aquaculture were presented. Prospects for the inclusion of micro-additives of sodium and potassium humates in the composition of fish feed in order to increase fish survival and digestibility of feed were outlined. Originality. To date, the introduction of humates into fish feed as micronutrients was experimental. The analysis of scientific sources and materials of own studies gave the basis for the conclusion about the need of complex detailed studying of mechanisms of effects of humates on fish. In particular, it is of interest to study the protective properties of humates from the accumulation of heavy metals in the body of fish for the use of micronutrients of these substances in fish feeds. Practical value. The use of humate feed additives in aquaculture will help to solve such urgent problems as the prevention of excessive losses of biological material of cultivated objects, reduction of feed costs, improvement of consumer characteristics of food products. Humates, as substances of natural origin with protective and immunomodulatory action, can become substitutes for some synthetic therapeutic and prophylactic drugs. Key words: aquaculture, humates, compound feed, feed additive, growth rate, survival, feed assimilation.

scholarly journals Aquafeed extrusion (review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (25) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
S.V. Braginets ◽  
◽  
O.N. Bakhchevnikov ◽  
V.F. Khlystunov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Plant Raw Materials ◽  
New Type ◽  
Extruded Feed

Extrusion is one of the most important technological operations in aquafeed production. Indeed, the digestibility of feed nutrients considerably increases as a result of extrusion. The review deals with the issues of vegetable and animal raw materials processing for aquafeed production through extrusion. The analysis of scientific publications discussing the monitoring subject showed that extrusion of multicomponent mixtures (compound feed) had been studied insufficiently. Research objectives were to generalize and analyze English-language scientific publications containing information on the technologies of compound fish feed extrusion, to clarify the information on the rational parameters of their implementation and the effects on the properties of finished extruded feed. Search, selection, as well as systematic review of highly cited English-language scientific articles on the research subject for the period 2000–2020, were carried out. In the course of the analysis of literary sources, it was detected that the properties of the finished extruded feed were mostly affected by the extrusion temperature, raw material moisture and screw speed. The regularities of changes in the properties of ready-extruded feed granules, as a result of changes in extrusion parameters, have been determined. The results of the analyzed scientific articles made it possible to establish the peculiarities of the extrusion of compound feed for aquaculture based on plant raw materials, in particular starch. We defined the regularities of compound fish feed extrusion containing raw materials with a considerable amount of protein of animal origin, in particular its new type: insects’ biomass. This new type of protein-containing raw materials of animal origin can successfully replace expensive fish meal in the fish feed composition. The essential factor, limiting the application of animal raw materials in fish feed, in particular insects, is its moisture, which should not exceed 30% so that the extrusion process was fully effective. Reducing the feed mixture moisture is possible when combining various types of animal and plant raw materials with high and low moisture. This will ensure the acceptable moisture of the mixture and get the high-quality extruded feed. Aquafeed extrusion is a promising trend. However, it requires additional research to determine the parameters of the extrusion process common to all types of both plant and animal raw materials and their mixtures.

PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS PROSES PRODUKSI PAKAN IKAN DENGAN MENERAPKAN QUALITY CONTROL PRODUKSI (QCP) DI PT CENTRAL PERTIWI BAHARI

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putri Endah Suwarni ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Control Chart ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Machine Productivity ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Product Defect ◽  
Major Defect

Abstract The research method used is P-Chart method, with diagram of upper and lower control chart, check sheet, pareto diagram, and cause and effect diagram. The result of analysis using Pareto Diagram can be seen that from 199,880 kg or 0.6097% defective product, it is dominant defect 0.4282% in Size, 0.0981% in Floating, 0.0633% in Moisture, 0.0150% in Belang, and Others 0.0051%. Occurrence of fish feeds product defect caused by material factors, machine, methods, and man. Based on these factors that affect the quality of fish feeds are lack of training and lack of skill, exhaustion and negligence, lack of socialization of SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) and techniques in improper mixing, poor quality materials and material storage is too long , decreased machine productivity and lack of maintenance or maintenance of machinery. Application of quality control of fish feed production process at PT Central Pertiwi Bahari has been running well, this is proved by the percentage of major defect that does not exceed the maximum standards specified by the company. Keywords: quality control, check sheet, pareto diagram, cause-effect diagram, control chart (p-chart).

Determination of Florfenicol in Fish Feeds at High Inclusion Rates by HPLC-UV

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Fish Feed ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Accuracy Data ◽  
Medicated Feeds ◽  
Validation Experiments

Abstract This paper presents a modification of the HPLC- UV method for the determination of florfenicol in fish feed to allow its use for medicated feeds with inclusion rates as high as 6 g/kg. The work was undertaken to make the method, previously validated over a range from 0.2 to 4 g/kg, applicable to higher concentration medicated feeds required for certain warmwater species. Method validation experiments confirmed that the modified method is suitable for quantitation of florfenicol in fish feed over an expanded 0.2–6 g/kg range. Accuracy was evaluated by two analysts over a range of 4–9 g/kg (up to 150% of the highest incorporation rate). The average accuracy was 100.1% (SD 0.4%). The accuracy data were used to evaluate repeatability and intermediate precision (interday and analyst). Proof of performance was conducted by replicate analysis of samples taken from commercial scale batches of salmonid and catfish feeds medicated at 4 g/kg and 6 g/kg.

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