A Study on Establishment of Drought Index for Agricultural Disaster Prediction

This study aims to establish a drought index for disaster prediction in Gyeongsangnam-do, where the most agricultural drought damage occurred from 1965 to 2018. The drought index was analyzed for each duration (3, 6, 9, 12 months) targeting the SPI. Damage characteristics of the duration of agricultural drought were calculated. SPI for each duration of agricultural drought damage period in Gyeongsangnam-do was at least -2.0 or less, and the maximum was -1.0 or more, and weak and moderate drought were analyzed. However, due to the heavy rain effect during the rainy season, the average SPI12 was -1.06, and the impact of agricultural drought was negligible. It was analyzed that the correlation between the damage period of agricultural drought and the SPI by duration was high. However, there is not much difference in SPI for each duration to determine the occurrence of damage. In this study, the criterion for disaster prediction of agricultural drought was calculated as representative drought index by year as the minimum drought index of SPI for each duration of damage occurrence period of past agricultural drought. The Standard of drought index for disaster prediction was set to -1.64, the average of the SPI for each duration of year in which damage occurred in the past.

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A Study on the Estimation of the Occurrence Frequency of Mega-drought by the Characteristics of Drought Damage

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-11927 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Song Youngseok ◽

Kim Jinbok ◽

Park Jongun ◽

Park Moojong

Keyword(s):

Drought Index ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Development Program ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Drought Indices ◽

The Past ◽

Short Period ◽

Recent Climate ◽

The World ◽

Drought Damage

Unlike natural disasters such as typhoons, torrential rains and floods, drought is a disaster caused by long-term effects as well as short-term effects. The effect of drought is caused by damage from a short period of weeks to a long period of years, which causes extensive and enormous damage to agriculture, life, society and economy. In addition, the recent climate change has affected the frequency and scale of rainfall in the global temperature, so it is necessary to prepare measures against it.The past studies on drought have been conducted using drought indexes such as agricultural, meteorological, and hydrological methods to evaluate drought. The representative drought indexes for each drought are Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Agricultural drought is Crop Moisture Index (CMI), Crop Specific Drought Index (CSDI), Hydrological drought is Surface Drought Water Supply Index (SWSI), Reclamation Drought Index (RDI) and so on are used. However, these drought indices are only used as a method of predicting the depth of drought, and do not give the actual number of drought occurrences.In this study, we want to determine the frequency of Mega-drought occurrences in consideration of the drought damage characteristics that occurred worldwide from 1900 to 2018. The drought damages in the world were used by EM-DAT (the Emergency Events Database) which manages disaster data in CRED (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters). Drought damages occurred in the world from 1900 to 2018 occurred more than once/years in 146 countries. The duration of drought persistence occurred in the country continuously for at least one to 17 years. The purpose of this study is to propose the criteria for mega drought by using the past victim data in connection with the incidence frequency.Acknowledges : This research was supported by a grant(2019-MOIS31-010) from Fundamental Technology Development Program for Extreme Disaster Response funded by Korean Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS).<div>&#160;</div>

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An analysis of the evolution of hydrometeorological extremes in newspapers: the case of Catalonia, 1982–2006

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-9-1201-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1201-1212 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

M. C. Llasat ◽

M. Llasat-Botija ◽

M. Barnolas ◽

L. López ◽

V. Altava-Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Natural Hazards ◽

Drought Index ◽

News Item ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Spi Index ◽

The Past ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Measured Information ◽

Floods And Droughts ◽

The Impact

Abstract. This contribution analyzes the evolution of perception of certain natural hazards over the past 25 years in a Mediterranean region. Articles from newspapers have been used as indicator. To this end a specific Spanish journal has been considered and an ACCESS database has been created with the summarized information from each news item. The database includes data such as the location of each specific article in the newspaper, its length, the number of pictures and figures, the headlines and a summary of the published information, including all the instrumental data. The study focused on hydrometeorological extremes, mainly floods and droughts, in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The number of headlines per event, trends and other data have been analyzed and compared with "measured" information, in order to identify any bias that could lead to an erroneous perception of the phenomenon. The SPI index (a drought index based on standardized accumulated precipitation) has been calculated for the entire region, and has been used for the drought analysis, while a geodatabase implemented on a GIS built for all the floods recorded in Catalonia since 1900 (INUNGAMA) has been used to analyze flood evolution. Results from a questionnaire about the impact of natural hazards in two specific places have been also used to discuss the various perceptions between rural and urban settings. Results show a better correlation between the news about drought or water scarcity and SPI than between news on floods in Catalonia and the INUNGAMA database. A positive trend has been found for non-catastrophic floods, which is explained by decrease of the perception thresholds, the increase of population density in the most flood-prone areas and changes in land use.

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Next Generation Agricultural Stress Index System (ASIS) for Agricultural Drought Monitoring

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13050959 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 959

Author(s):

Oscar Rojas

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Index System ◽

Social Protection ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Drought Monitoring ◽

Stress Index ◽

Spatial Average ◽

Next Generation ◽

The Past ◽

The Impact

Over the past 40 years, drought has affected more people in the world than any other natural hazard, affecting large segments of the population and destroying the natural resource base, livestock and livelihoods. Recent projections show that drought events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change. According to studies conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 83% of all damages and losses caused globally by drought between 2006 and 2016 have been absorbed by agriculture, putting a large part of the world’s population at risk of food insecurity. This study shows the advantage of scaling-up FAO’s agricultural drought monitoring and early warning system (ASIS) and building the bridge with the anticipatory action, drought financial mechanisms, social protection and other initiatives for preventing the deterioration of food security and strengthening resilience. The results of the methodology that is based on and supported by the digital innovation, machine learning, matured knowledge and experiences accumulated over the past 10 years are illustrated with practical examples from different countries, ecological environments and crops. A fused time series of Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from Meteorological Operational satellite (METOP) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was used to produce a consistent time series of a vegetation health index (VHI) at 1 km spatial resolution from 1984 to present. VHI is multiplied by the crop coefficient (kc) to provide more responsiveness to the VHI anomaly that occurs during sensitive phenological phases to water stress such as a flowering and grain filling. The weighted VHI (wVHI) is integrated from the start of the season (SOS) up to the end of season (EOS). Once the temporal analysis of wVHI is completed, the spatial average is calculated using the values of pixels within a specific crop mask and administrative unit. The system proposed different vegetation indices to assess the impact of drought in agriculture; including an agricultural drought forecast that provide more time to the decision makers for implementing anticipatory actions to mitigate the drought in agriculture. Next generation agricultural stress index system (ASIS) offers full capabilities to support: parametric crop insurance, social protection schemes, early action, national drought management plans and to guide public investments.

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Development of satellite-based Surface water stress index considering surface water balance

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18800 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ye-Seul Yun ◽

Yang-Won Lee

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Balance ◽

Drought Index ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Stress Index ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Water Stress Index ◽

The Impact

The IPCC presented accelerated climate change and an increase in abnormal climate phenomena in the 21st century. This abnormal climate increases the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation, resulting in changes in the water balance, such as precipitation and evaporation. Droughts are caused by prolonged water shortages, and it usually occurs in areas with subaverage rainfall. Drought is difficult to point precisely at the start and end, so its monitoring and forecasting are important to prepare for damage and mitigate impact. And although various satellite-based drought indices are being developed and used, it is still difficult to define drought quantitatively and to select a drought index suitable for the local situation. Currently, the drought indices used in Republic of Korea include SPI, which deals only with the water supply, and SPEI using the simple difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration. However, no standardized system of drought monitoring suitable for agricultural drought situations, such as the supply, consumption and impact of vegetation, has been established. However, it does not have a standardized system for monitoring drought agricultural drought suitable for situations such as the supply and demand of water and the impact on vegetation. this study tried to shows a new drought index that best expresses the drought in Korean cropland using long-term satellite data.

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A new agricultural drought index considering the irrigation water demand and water supply availability

Natural Hazards ◽

10.1007/s11069-020-04278-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (3) ◽

pp. 2409-2429

Author(s):

Zikang Xing ◽

Miaomiao Ma ◽

Yongqiang Wei ◽

Xuejun Zhang ◽

Zhongbo Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Demand ◽

Drought Index ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Drought Event ◽

Moisture Condition ◽

Irrigation Water Demand ◽

Moisture Variation ◽

The Impact

Abstract Agricultural drought has a tremendous impact on crop yields and economic development under the context of global climate change. As an essential component of water balance in irrigated areas, artificial irrigation, which is not widely incorporated into agricultural drought indices in previous studies. Therefore, an irrigation water deficit index (IWDI) based on the estimation of irrigation water demand and supply is proposed. The performance of the new index was compared with the Soil Moisture Anomaly Percentage Index (SMAPI) over the upstream of the Zi River basin (UZRB). The results indicated the IWDI is highly correlated with precipitation, runoff, and potential evapotranspiration, combined with a more comprehensive moisture condition than the previous agricultural drought index. Due to the consideration of crop growth process and farmland spatial distribution, the proposed index showed a significant advantage in stressing drought conditions of agricultural concentration area and eliminating the impact of invalid soil moisture drought of non-growing seasons. Furthermore, the drought condition identified by the new index presented a good agreement with the historical drought event that occurred in 2013.7–8, which accurately reproduced the soil moisture variation and vegetation growth dynamics.

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Development of Agricultural Damage Estimation Technique Considering Regional Characteristics

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-12413 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lee Heesup ◽

Park moojong

Keyword(s):

Disaster Response ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Development Program ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Agricultural Drought ◽

Regional Characteristics ◽

The Past ◽

The Government ◽

Drought Damage

Due to the effects of extreme weather conditions, extreme disasters such as floods and droughts are becoming more frequent worldwide.In particular, drought is one of the long-term disasters unlike floods, with the greatest damage occurring in the agricultural sector in the event of a drought disaster.This study investigated and analyzed the history of drought damage in Korea in the past, how the government responded to drought, and how to calculate the amount of drought damage in agriculture.Based on the survey and analysis data, the methods for calculating agricultural drought damage in the past were supplemented, and realistic and practical methods for calculating agricultural drought damage were developed in consideration of regional characteristics in future drought disasters.This research was supported by a grant(2019-MOIS31-010) from Fundamental Technology Development Program for Extreme Disaster Response funded by Korean Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS).

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Fluorescent potentiometric dyes for membrane-potential imaging

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100168566 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 166-167

Author(s):

Leslie M. Loew

Keyword(s):

Membrane Potential ◽

Single Cells ◽

Quantitative Imaging ◽

Optical Recording ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Major Focus ◽

The Past ◽

Excitable Systems ◽

Major Application ◽

The Impact

A major application of potentiometric dyes has been the multisite optical recording of electrical activity in excitable systems. After being championed by L.B. Cohen and his colleagues for the past 20 years, the impact of this technology is rapidly being felt and is spreading to an increasing number of neuroscience laboratories. A second class of experiments involves using dyes to image membrane potential distributions in single cells by digital imaging microscopy - a major focus of this lab. These studies usually do not require the temporal resolution of multisite optical recording, being primarily focussed on slow cell biological processes, and therefore can achieve much higher spatial resolution. We have developed 2 methods for quantitative imaging of membrane potential. One method uses dual wavelength imaging of membrane-staining dyes and the other uses quantitative 3D imaging of a fluorescent lipophilic cation; the dyes used in each case were synthesized for this purpose in this laboratory.

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Perceived Burden of Informal Caregivers of a Chronically Ill Older Family Member

GeroPsych ◽

10.1024/1662-9647/a000042 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 143-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Elmar Gräßel ◽

Raffaela Adabbo

Keyword(s):

Family Member ◽

Informal Caregiver ◽

Chronically Ill ◽

Stress Model ◽

The Past ◽

Perceived Burden ◽

Hypothetical Construct ◽

Care Situation ◽

The Impact ◽

Further Development

The burden of caregivers has been intensively researched for the past 30 years and has resulted in a multitude of individual findings. This review illustrates the significance of the hypothetical construct of perceived burden for the further development and design of the homecare situation. Following explanations regarding the term informal caregiver, we derive the construct burden from its conceptual association with the transactional stress model of Lazarus and Folkman. Once the extent and characteristics of burden have been set forth, we then present the impact of perceived burden as the care situation. The question of predictors of burden will lead into the last section from which implications can be derived for homecare and relief of caregivers.

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Soziale Disziplinierung im flexiblen Kapitalismus

PROKLA Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft ◽

10.32387/prokla.v34i136.619 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 34 (136) ◽

pp. 339-356

Author(s):

Tobias Wölfle ◽

Oliver Schöller

Keyword(s):

Social Welfare ◽

Second Step ◽

Social Rights ◽

Federal Law ◽

Capitalist Development ◽

The Core ◽

The Past ◽

The Impact ◽

Municipal Level

Under the term “Hilfe zur Arbeit” (aid for work) the federal law of social welfare subsumes all kinds of labour disciplining instruments. First, the paper shows the historical connection of welfare and labour disciplining mechanisms in the context of different periods within capitalist development. In a second step, against the background of historical experiences, we will analyse the trends of “Hilfe zur Arbeit” during the past two decades. It will be shown that by the rise of unemployment, the impact of labour disciplining aspects of “Hilfe zur Arbeit” has increased both on the federal and on the municipal level. For this reason the leverage of the liberal paradigm would take place even in the core of social rights.

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Regulatory and sustainability initiatives lead to improved polyaminopolyamide epichlorohydrin (PAE) wet-strength resins and paper products

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj17.09.519 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (09) ◽

pp. 519-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark Crisp ◽

Richard Riehle

Keyword(s):

Health And Safety ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Worker Safety ◽

Regulatory Requirements ◽

Wet Strength ◽

The Past ◽

Consumer Safety ◽

Federal Institute ◽

Sustainability Initiatives ◽

The Impact

Polyaminopolyamide-epichlorohydrin (PAE) resins are the predominant commercial products used to manufacture wet-strengthened paper products for grades requiring wet-strength permanence. Since their development in the late 1950s, the first generation (G1) resins have proven to be one of the most cost-effective technologies available to provide wet strength to paper. Throughout the past three decades, regulatory directives and sustainability initiatives from various organizations have driven the development of cleaner and safer PAE resins and paper products. Early efforts in this area focused on improving worker safety and reducing the impact of PAE resins on the environment. These efforts led to the development of resins containing significantly reduced levels of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), potentially carcinogenic byproducts formed during the manufacturing process of PAE resins. As the levels of these byproducts decreased, the environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) profile of PAE resins and paper products improved. Recent initiatives from major retailers are focusing on product ingredient transparency and quality, thus encouraging the development of safer product formulations while maintaining performance. PAE resin research over the past 20 years has been directed toward regulatory requirements to improve consumer safety and minimize exposure to potentially carcinogenic materials found in various paper products. One of the best known regulatory requirements is the recommendations of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), which defines the levels of 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD that can be extracted by water from various food contact grades of paper. These criteria led to the development of third generation (G3) products that contain very low levels of 1,3-DCP (typically <10 parts per million in the as-received/delivered resin). This paper outlines the PAE resin chemical contributors to adsorbable organic halogens and 3-MCPD in paper and provides recommendations for the use of each PAE resin product generation (G1, G1.5, G2, G2.5, and G3).

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