Immediate recall as a secondary text: Referential parameters, pragmatics and propositions

Since the process of recalling combines comprehension and speech production, it is viewed as an extremely complex though understudied linguo-cognitive phenomenon. Recalls as secondary texts or text derivatives are also considered to be a good material to explore cognitive aspects of secondary texts production, information conversion procedures and types of transformations of primary texts. The notion of secondary texts also implies multiplicity, as an original text may be retranslated into numerous secondary texts different in quality and degree of completeness. The purpose of the study is to model the propositional secondary retold texts and to identify the specifics of the recipients interpretation of the main event in the text. It is aimed at discriminating the differences between the primary expository text and its 134 immediate recalls produced by 15-year old native Russian speakers. In order to reveal the specifics of the propositional content of a primary expository text and its recalls, their recipients used the following methodological operations: the description and interpretation of the semantic roles of the first and second arguments aligned to predicates on the basis of the verbs semantic properties; the employment of the psycholinguistic model of the utterances generation; the characteristic of memory as a complex of cognitive and mnemic processes; the definition of cognitive-semantic discourse structures; and the understanding of a proposition as a stable component of an utterance independent of the surface grammar. The comparison of the original text and its recalls with the use of innovative denotative maps enabled us to define successful and unsuccessful expression of propositional structures and the main idea of the original text. The classification of texts includes four groups based on the number of the reproduced propositions and types (weak or successful) of the reflection of the primary text denotative card. The authors designed and successfully implemented an innovative 11 stage-algorithm of revealing patterns of a printed text comprehension and its immediate recalls including the primary visual perception of the text, its primary interpretation, reading, encoding, reflection, preparation for an oral presentation, desobjectivation (distribution of semantic roles), interpretation, reflection, oral implementation and text. The work fills in certain gaps in the research, such as the specifics of immediate recalls production, identification of changes in propositional structures of immediate recalls, and expanding the corpus of semantic roles similar to Frame Net. The findings can be successfully applied in natural language processing and linguistic didactics.

WORLDVIEW OF MEDICINE FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF SPECIAL VERBS

Введение. Терминология является средством, позволяющим представить картину мира, поскольку каждая лексическая единица закрепляет опыт отдельной нации и всего человечества, а результат их взаимодействия проявляется в целостном восприятии и представлении окружающего мира. Глагольная лексика, обозначающая специальные понятия, является вербальной репрезентацией прагматически переработанного научного знания, отражающего менталитет, основы мыслительной деятельности, профессиональный опыт и лингвокультурную компетенцию специалистов. Цель – изучить глагольную лексику, обозначающую специальные понятия медицины, и представить ее как универсальное средство репрезентации картины мира данной отрасли знания, как средство выявления направления развития и функционирования научной мысли. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования служат однословные и многословные глагольные единицы, репрезентирующие различные действия и процессы, имеющие большое значение в различных отраслях медицины. Глагольные единицы исследуются посредством анализа этимологии, словообразования и дефиниции. Результаты и обсуждение. Универсальность, свойственная картине мира медицины, отражается в употреблении греко-латинских терминоэлементов в структуре глагольной единицы. Национальные черты проявляются в использовании соответствующих морфологических элементов и лексико-семантических способах словообразования. Историческое развитие понятий и терминов отражается в явлениях терминологизации и детерминологизации, которым подвергаются и глаголы, функционирующие в языке медицины. История развития специальной медицинской глагольной лексики демонстрирует активное взаимодействие обыденной и научной картин мира, что подтверждается этимологическим анализом глаголов, а также существованием внутриотраслевой и межотраслевой полисемии глаголов. Лексические единицы, обозначающие различные медицинские процессы, являются пропозициональными структурами, способными представлять обозначаемый процесс как когнитивный сценарий, имплицитно репрезентируя упорядоченную последовательность действий, метонимически представляя весь процесс, обозначенный глагольной единицей. Заключение. Таким образом, глагол представляет собой средство, позволяющее интерпретировать картину мира той или иной отрасли знания. В сфере медицины глагол позволяет выявить закономерность развития семантического объема лексической единицы, проследить развитие и становление медицины как научной отрасли знания в синхронии и дахронии. Introduction. Terminology contributes to the representation of the world picture because each lexical unit fixes the experience of both a separate nation and the whole mankind. The result of their interaction can be found in the perceptual unity and uniform representation of the world. Verbs, designating special notions, are the verbal representation of pragmatically revised scholary insight, which reflect the pattern of thoughtway, bases of mental activity, professional background, cultural and linguistic competence of specialists. Aim and objectives. The aim of the article is to study verbs, which designate special medical notions, and to show that they are a universal means to represent the world picture of medicine, and as a means which help to reveal the tramline and functioning of scientific thought. Material and methods. The material of the investigation includes one- and multiword verbs and verb phrases which represent various medical processes. Etymological, word-building and definitional analyses are used. Results and discussion. Universality which is characteristic of the world picture of medicine is reflected in the use of Greek and Latin terminological elements in the structure of a verb. National characteristics appear in the use of morphological elements and lexical and semantic principles of word-building. The world pictures of sciences also reflect historical evolution of notions and terms which can be revealed in the processes of terminologization and determinologization of verbs which are used in the language of medicine. The history of the development of special medical verbs demonstrates the interaction of the everyday and scientific world pictures. It is proved by etymology of verbs and polysemy of verbs within the medical discourse and with the verbs functioning in other branches of science. Lexical units which represent various medical processes are a kind of propositional structures which show a definite area of the world picture in its entirety. Thus, they can demonstrate the process as a cognitive script, which demonstrates implicitly the array of actions. It is a kind of metonymical representation of the process which is put into verbs. Conclusion. A verb can be considered as a means to interpret the world picture of this or that field of science. In regards to language of medicine the verbs allow to reveal the pattern and volume of semantic development of a word, to trace the scientific history of medicine in synchrony and diachrony.

Reflection of Family Relations in the Russian and Chinese Languages (Based on Frames husband's mother – daughter-in-law, wife’s mother – son-in-law, husband's sister – sister-in-law)

Propositional frame-based modeling is one of the most effective methods of cognitive linguistics. This method considers the interaction between the semantic and cognitive aspects of units of two typologically different languages, e. g. Russian and Chinese, in order to study the way language structures and reflects human knowledge and experience. Propositional structures are the same for all languages, but they are implemented differently in every language. The authors used the propositional frame-based analysis to identify universal and specific aspects in the semantics of proverbs based on frames husband's mother – daughter-in-law, wife's mother – son-in-law and husband's sister – sister-in-law, which are important fragments of the Russian and Chinese linguistic world view. The cognitive potential of paroemiological units is enormous: proverbs reflect historical, cultural, linguistic, and extralinguistic cognitive experience. The propositional-frame analysis of the semantics of Chinese and Russian proverbs made it possible to distinguish the following logical-thematic classification: 1) features of the character and behavior of each relative; 2) the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, mother-in-law and son-in-law, between sisters-in-law; 3) the family status of the mother-in-law, daughter-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, and sister-in-law; 4) family traditions, way of life; 5) sources of family conflicts; 6) ways of solving conflict situations.

Propositional Frame-Based Analysis of the Semantics of Proverbs of the Russian and Chinese Languages (Based on Frame Father – Son)

Propositional frame-based modeling is one of the most effective methods of cognitive linguistics. This method considers the interaction between the semantic and cognitive aspects of units of two typologically different languages, e.g. Russian and Chinese, in order to study the way language structures and reflects human knowledge and experience. Propositional structures are the same for all languages, but they are implemented differently in every language. The authors used the propositional frame-based analysis to identify universal and specific aspects in the semantics of proverbs based on frame father – son, which is an important fragment of the Russian and Chinese linguistic world view. The cognitive potential of paroemiological units is enormous: proverbs reflect historical, cultural, linguistic, and extralinguistic cognitive experience. Cognitivists define experience as one’s knowledge about stereotypical situations, stored in one’s mind as frames. A frame is a collection of vertex ("top") and terminal ("low") components. Vertex components are formed by concepts that are valid in relation to the stereotypical situation of the frame. As a result, they are clearly structured and constant. The "low level" is not constant, and its terminals are variable. The semantics of the proverbs in question were represented by frames. The meanings of their components formed a common and complex situation. Knowledge about this situation made it possible to perceive the meaning of each proverb in a holistic way. The proverbs could be interpreted as units that activate a certain cognitive context about the content and structure of the concepts father and son in Russian and Chinese.

Linguistic World View of the Indigenous Peoples of Siberia: Cognitive Modelling (Exemplified by Frame “Mushrooms”)

The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the propositional analysis of frames on the material of the languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia in a comparative aspect is carried out. The frame "mushrooms" is studied in the article on the material of the languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia (Altai, Buryat, Khakass, Shor) in comparison with the Russian language. The research is based on the frame modelling technique, which implies the analysis of underlying structures of knowledge, i.e. propositional structures. Within the framework of propositional structures, a unique way of world conceptualization by a specific nation is displayed in particular linguistic forms, in realization of proposition the influence of ethnic and cultural view of natural world is shown. The propositional analysis undertaken by the authors has enabled them to state that the frame "mushrooms" in the languages under consideration is characterized by a basic set of propositions (i.e. a mushroom is nominated according to its colour, vegetation place and time, the resemblance of another object based on a particular feature, and according to the type and result of action over it), indicates a tendency to categorize objects of natural origin based on a common family attribute. The cases of word-building and propositional synonymy relations realization have been revealed and described. The conclusion states that there are distinctions in a set of propositions, which reveal the unique approach to understanding the world by a particular nation. The obtained data can be applied to teaching the languages of the indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Can There Be Ineffable Propositional Structures?

Is it possible for there to be facts about reality with a logical structure that is in principle unrepresentable by us? I outline the main motivations for thinking that this question should receive a positive answer. I then argue that, upon inspection, the view that such structurally ineffable facts are possible is self-defeating and thus incoherent. My argument is based on considerations about the fundamental role that the purely formal concept of an object plays in our propositional representations and its intimate connection with subject-predicate structure.

Semantic and Cognitive Communicative Aspects of Abbreviation in the Modern English Discourse Varieties

The paper focuses on the integrated approach to investigation of abbreviations that are referred to the units of secondary nomination. Abbreviations facilitate the communication process due to the principle of economy in language. Abbreviation that goes back to ancient times is one of the most actively performed and intensive processes in the English language. The use of abbreviations is connected with both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that to a great extent determine a variety of discourse under consideration and ways of decoding certain linguistic units of abbreviated form, where context plays the most important role. There exists a number of structural types or models, according to which abbreviations are created in order to function as separate linguistic units used in the communicative process, where in the course of time they tend to acquire new independent and sometimes unique semantic properties. In socially determined professional registers certain regularities of abbreviations constructing and functioning are observed. In this paper most of the examples refer to such discursive varieties as politics, public relations, business and to a less extent medicine. Interdiscursivity that in this particular context means actualisation of the same abbreviated form within different discursive varieties seems to be one of the basic features of the abbreviation process under analysis. From the cognitive point of view, the study of abbreviated forms is based on the theory of propositional structures in the human mind manifestation. The cognitive approach correlates with linguistic semiotic and general semiotic issues, as at the iconic level of representation an abbreviation can be considered a starting point for creation of new entities and images, based on the results of perception, and the object for subsequent interpretation. This involves operation with fragments of reality, subject to reflection in the domain of human consciousness. Cognitive communicative approach takes into account different formats of knowledge that present the foundation for abbreviations active use and distribution. The Internet as a new medium for the language existence, as well as application and formation of human thought, plays an important role in optimizing messages as well as the communication process as a whole due to abbreviation techniques.

The Method of the Propositional Frame Modeling in Teaching a Foreign Language

The article describes the method of the propositional frame modeling and its application in teaching a foreign language, including the languages of the indigenous minorities of Russia. The material of the frame "berry" offers guidelines for its use in the classroom for studying foreign languages. The use of this method in teaching foreign languages helps pupils to more accurately and more deeply understand the structural, substantive and functional patterns that dominate them, helps students develop language guessing based on word formation, which is a universal way of expanding their potential vocabulary. Derived and non-derivative words are built according to the same deep structural-logical schemes – propositional structures, on the basis of which propositions are created. Propositional structures have a universal nature for all natural languages, but they are implemented quite specifically in sentences in a given language under the influence of territory, climate, life experience, and established cultural traditions of a people. Recognition of propositional structures and propositions within the frames in the semantics of derivatives of the native language and a foreign language makes it possible to see what is common in the knowledge of the world of all nations and to reveal the unique "world" of the language.

Vedantic applications of augmented reality for strategic social marketing campaigns in India

Purpose Social outreach campaigns such as mainstream commercial marketing campaigns are drawn to digital communication practices for increased visibility, speed and recall. This paper aims to highlight the usefulness and application of augmented reality (AR) technologies and proposes a change-driven usage of the AR environments for social marketing. Design/methodology/approach Paradigmatic structural analysis is used to extract the underlying schematic forms. A multimodal analytic approach is used to propose the conceptual framework. Findings AR is defined vis-à-vis conceptualizations of reality and hyper-reality from the Vedantic philosophical texts and treatises. The study examines and demonstrates an earlier version of AR expression in ancient times in the use of spatio-temporal constructs and their degrees of modality. It derives a conceptual schema based on AR resonant applications in narratives from the Vedantic literature. Based on these, the study highlights the persuasive appeal and co-creative potential of these illustrative examples to recommend marketing communication strategies for social outreach campaigns. Research limitations/implications The analysis recognizes a conceptual bridge between human extra-sensory/transcendental ability and contemporary technology. This study identifies five propositional structures (PS). It opens up the field of social marketing research to alternative methodologies such as multimodal analysis. Practical implications While most of contemporary AR usage is in commercial marketing, this study has derived specific guiding principles/propositional structures. These can be applied to create specific virtual environments that can simulate and demonstrate desirable societal outcomes and behaviours. As newer technologies permit further and more futuristic design interventions, developers could experiment with transitional states to impact behaviours, with implications for experimental layering of information. Originality/value This study responds to a call for innovative design interventions in the field of social marketing. Its originality lies in its use of the Vedantic framework which has not been explored in this direction elsewhere.

Reflection of national and cultural specifics in the text of advertising (on material of texts of advertising of the Chinese and Russian building companies)

The purpose of article is detection of the general and specific advertising texts of real estate development companies in slogans in the Russian and Chinese languages. Any advertising is designed for the consumer who will buy the advertised goods. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time a propositional analysis of the “advertisement” frame in Chinese, which is an isolating one, is carried out. This approach is based on the technique of frame modeling, where the main components are the deep structures of knowledge propositional schemes and verbal propositions. Advertising efficiency is caused by the accounting of the traditions which developed in a certain nation, stereotypes and those associations which invisibly are present at texts. The phraseological units functioning in this or that culture are created on the basis of these traditions, cultural stereotypes; reflect features of a world view of the nation. The conducted research allows revealing that at the heart of phraseological units there are same propositional structures which are invisibly sending a thought of the person to propositions. The person learns the world, comparing one to another. It is propositional organized phraseological units allow to reveal the associations, general and unique for the nation. On the one hand, to understand that, at the most abstract level all languages are arranged equally what Humboldt wrote about, and, with another – to see an originality of each language.