Factors of mothers' hesitation in discussing reproductive health

Reproductive health is always becoming an issue for adolescence. Lack of knowledge, permissive attitude, easy access to pornography and low parental supervision reported as a determinant of risky sexual behavior in adolescence. This study aimed to investigate mother’s perspectives in discussing reproductive health issues with their children aged 9-11 years old. The respondents were 8.046 mothers who had children aged 9-11 years old in Semarang, taken with a purposive sampling technique. Most mother (84.4%) were in adulthood, graduated from Senior High School (50.8%), unemployment (44%), and 47.2% was in low-middle income family. As much as 26.8% of mothers agreed that it is not necessary to inform their children about reproductive health. Talking about reproductive health is taboo for 41.9% of mothers and 38.5% felt awkward. Most of them (71.7%) encountered difficulties in starting reproductive health discussions with their children and 76.1% used other terms to name the genitals to feel more polite. A mother who perceived that delivering reproductive health information is unnecessary (OR 1.44), taboo (OR 1.82), awkward (OR 1.93), and giving courtship permission (OR 1.28) to their children significantly becoming risk factors in practicing reproductive health education. Health workers should help the mothers improve their communication skills, especially in discussing reproductive health with children aged 9-11 years old.

Determinants of Factors Causing Unwanted Pregnancy in Adolescents: A Literature Review

ABSTRACTBackground: The Phenomenon of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents is still rife in Indonesia. Results of interviews with the head of the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN), Hasto Wardoyo, explained in 2020 that there are not enough unwanted pregnancies in Indonesia which reach 17.5%.Objectives: Provide an overview of the determinants of unwanted pregnancy in adolescents in Indonesia.Methods: An article search was conducted using Google Scholar and Garuda Portal with the keywords "unwanted pregnancy", "unwanted pregnancy in adolescents aged 12-24 years", “unwanted” pregnancy factor in adolescents". Discussion: The total articles obtained were 157 articles, found 5 articles that met the inclusion criteria, namely articles with research conducted in Indonesia with publication years from 2015 to 2020, in the form of original articles, articles available in full text and free access, as well as factors causing pregnancy in adolescents. Lack of knowledge, permissive attitude of adolescents, easy access to pornographic media and parenting patterns are factors that cause pregnancy in adolescents.Conclusions: Lack of knowledge of adolescents about reproductive health and sexual health is the most dominant factor as a cause of unwanted pregnancy among adolescents, because knowledge can affect the attitudes and behavior. It is necessary to provide guidance and counseling related to knowledge andunderstanding to adolescents and parents regarding adolescent reproductive health.Keywords: Unwanted pregnancy, adolescents, unwanted pregnancy factors in Indonesia

Sexual Health Knowledge and Attitude among the Sexually Abused Adolescents: A Single Centre Study

Introduction: Sexual education is an important step to prevent unwanted pregnancy, abortions and sexual transmitted diseases (STDs) in adolescent. Assessment of the sexual health knowledge and the attitude towards premarital sexual activity are essential to fill in this gap of knowledge. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the knowledge on the sexual health and attitude towards premarital sexual activity among the sexually abused adolescent. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 88 female teenagers who were admitted to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia for sexual abuse. Using a self-administered validated Malay questionnaire, participants were guided to answer the question on knowledge and attitude. The attitude was categorized to a permissive and non-permissive attitude. Simple and multiple binary logistic regression were used to analyze the associated factors with the attitude. Result: The lowest percentage of correct responses included: penile discharge during ejaculation contains sperm (5.7%), pregnancy may not occur if having sexual intercourse once only (26.1%), having vaginal washing after sexual intercourse prevents pregnancies (19.3%). Forty-one (48.0%) of participants had a permissive attitude whereas forty-seven (53.4%) had a non-permissive attitude toward premarital sexual activity. Simple and multiple logistic regressions did not reveal any significant associated factors. Conclusion: The sexual health knowledge among sexually abused children was inadequate and they were at risk of permissive attitude toward premarital sexual activity. We could not identify any factors related to the permissive attitude in our study.

The Tradition of Tulak Breuh as a Fidyah of Prayer in Aceh Besar Society: A Study of Law Theology

Tulak Breuh is a customary practice related to Islamic law and theology in the social life of the Acehnese people. This article discusses the discourse on fidyah of prayer in fiqh, the practice of the tulak breuh tradition, and the analysis of law theology on the practice of tulak breuh tradition. The methods of study combine library research and field research simultaneously. Data collection techniques were conducted through interviews and literature studies. From the results of research conducted, it is found that there are two opinions of ulema regarding the fidyah of prayer. The first is the Hanafi madhab and some of the Shafi'iyah ulema who allow the practice of fidyah of prayer. The second is Maliki, Hanbali, and Shafi'i madhab (a strong mu'tamad) do not allow the practice of fidyah of prayer. The opinion that allows fidyah of prayer is based on the qiyas of the existence of fidyah for people who leave fasting and the fact that everyone must have left his prayer during his lifetime. Meanwhile, those who claim there is no fidyah for prayer are due to the strict prohibition against leaving prayer and there is unacceptable for a Muslim to leave a prayer. A special team, who is intentionally invited to pay fidyah when someone dies, organizes the implementation of tulak breuh tradition. The implementation of tulak breuh is done by handing over the amount of rice in turn as a substitute for the missed prayers by the deceased. However, theologically, the tulak breuh tradition can have implications for the emergence of a permissive attitude towards prayer as one of the pillars of Islam. Because this tradition provides opportunities and concerns, a lay believer can quickly leave prayer because he is sure that his heirs will redeem his missed prayers with fidyah when he dies.

Necessity and Proportionality and Armed Attacks by Non-State Actors

Chapter 4 builds on the analysis of the previous chapters by considering how necessity and proportionality are adapted to apply to defensive action against NSAs. With a particular focus on international terrorism, including the ongoing Global Coalition intervention in Syria against Daesh and other terrorist groups, the potential and limitations of necessity and proportionality are brought to the fore. In particular, this chapter examines the position of the ‘host state’ (being the state in whose territory military action is taken), which includes a review of the controversial ‘unwilling or unable’ doctrine. The duration and geographical scope of the right of self-defence are also considered in this context. A worrying trend is identified regarding how states appear to take a more permissive attitude towards anti-terrorist operations. This state practice has serious implications for the meaningful application of proportionality, whilst highlighting the potential for specific necessity to act as a restraint on state action.

16. Humanitarian Intervention and Political Self-Determination

This chapter argues that there is a just cause to intervene militarily in a state that systematically violates the human rights of its members. It rejects the views of those who contend that there is no justification for humanitarian intervention because there are no universal moral values. The chapter accepts that the value of political self-determination can explain what is wrong with humanitarian intervention in some cases. However, appeals to this value are decisive less often than many critics of intervention suppose. One concern with adopting a permissive attitude towards humanitarian intervention is that this might be open to misuse. The chapter then articulates a role for international law in authorizing intervention to minimize this risk. It concludes by clarifying how these arguments fit within a wider set of considerations pertinent to the justifiability of humanitarian intervention.

Predicting Sexual Intention to Engage in Premarital Sex Among Late Adolescent in Kuantan Government Secondary Schools: An Application of Theory of Planned Behaviour

Introduction: Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), sexual intention is determined by three main socio-cognitive factors which are permissive attitudes, social-norms and self-efficacy in performing premarital sexual activity. Premarital sex associated with increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases and detrimental social implications. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation of the socio-cognitive factors in predicting intention to engage in premarital sex amongst late adolescents in Kuantan government secondary schools. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 466 pre-university students aged 18-19 years from nine government secondary schools in Kuantan district. A self-administered validated Youth Sexual Intention Questionnaire (YSI-Q) was used. Statistical analyses were done using IBM SPSS version 22.0. Results: Permissive attitude (r=0.579, p<0.001), perception of social-norms (r=0.513, p<0.001) and perceived self-efficacy (r=0.253, p<0.001) were positively correlated with the sexual intention towards premarital sex. The higher the permissive attitude, social-norms and perceived self-efficacy, the higher the sexual intention score. There was a significant difference in the level of sexual intention between male (35.6%) and female (64.4%) with mean (SD) score of 10.54 (3.8) and 7.3 (2.9) respectively. Students with premarital sex experience (1.5%) showed significantly higher score in sexual intention than student without premarital sex experience (t=4.54, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study confirmed permissive attitude, perception of social-norms and perceived self-efficacy were positively correlated with sexual intention towards premarital sex among the late adolescents. Therefore, it is important to consider this TPB theoretical framework in designing sexual abstinence intervention to curb the unsafe sexual behaviour.

ANALISIS POLA PERILAKU PACARAN PADA REMAJA

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. A prominent feature of adolescents in adolescent development is the existence of feelings to love and be loved by others. The capacity to give to one another is equally important to receive love that is generally expressed by dating. The purpose of this study is to describe adolescent courtship behavior, influencing factors, and dating behavior patterns in adolescents. The method used in this research is exploratory qualitative with a data collection tool in the form of an open questionnaire and diary monitoring. Based on research results found that adolescent dating behavior is divided into two categories, namely dating behavior when with friends and dating behavior when together. Based on the results of the study found that dating in adolescents is still in the category of healthy dating. However, dating behavior in adolescents falls into the category of risky dating behavior. Dating status and never dating affect dating behavior. Factors that influence dating behavior in adolescents include internal factors, friend factors, family factors, and also permissive attitude factors. Adolescent dating patterns of behavior starts from the process of introduction, the process of approach, the process of fall in love, the process of expressing love, the process of going out dating, the process of problem arising, the process of problem solving, and the process of decision making for the continuation of relationships. adolescents tend to do emotion focus coping before solving problems. There are differences in problem solving between adolescent girls and boys.

Utilitarian Reasoning About Moral Problems of the COVID-19 Crisis

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised complex moral dilemmas such as deciding how to assign scarce medical resources, or whether it is acceptable to share sensitive private data to effectively trace the virus. Here, we aimed at unfolding the reasoning processes underlying people’s responses to these and other contemporary moral problems. We report data from a large-scale study (N=15,420) across 10 countries where the impact of the pandemic has been highly dissimilar. A dimensionality analysis of moral preferences revealed that two principal components explained most of the variance in the data. The first dimension is consistent with a concern about human life expectancy and the second dimension suggests an interest in equitable public health. Consistent with the predictions of a bi-dimensional theory of moral reasoning, we found that each of these two dimensions correlated with different aspects of utilitarian thinking. While maximizing human life expectancy correlated with a permissive attitude towards instrumental harm, focusing on equitable public health was associated with an impartial concern for the greater good. The data also suggests that, above and beyond the effects given by individual differences in moral, personality, and demographic variables, country-level variations in the severity of the pandemic modulated the projection onto both dimensions. These results suggest that the utilitarian prioritization of public health over other aspects of wellbeing is shaped by the intensity of the crisis.

7. Suicide and euthanasia

In 1963, the Vietnamese Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc burned himself alive to protest government abuses. ‘Suicide and euthanasia’ starts by looking at the impact of this public suicide, which directed Western attention towards Buddhism in the 1960s. Many Buddhists believe that one’s lifespan is determined by karma and so it is wrong to hasten one’s end through suicide in this way. Others believe that suicide may be justified in exceptional circumstances. While the classical position is clearly opposed to euthanasia, Buddhists are not unanimous in their position. While viewed with disapproval in most Asian societies given the respect in which elders are held, Western Buddhists who prioritize personal autonomy may take a more permissive attitude. Buddhism is generally more open about death and encourages its followers to prepare for it in practical ways. The Buddha’s calm, resigned death is the example most would seek to emulate.