Fatty acid profile of an indigenous strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Basidiomycota)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the fatty acid composition of an indigenous strain of Lentinus sajor-caju collected in the wild and cultivated under laboratory conditions. This edible mushroom is widely consumed in different parts of the world. The study revealed the presence of 26 fatty acids, including saturated fatty acids (SFA-27.69%), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA-5.42%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-65.06%) in varying quantities ranging from 0.01% to 60.62%. Amongst the estimated fatty acids, linoleic acid (60.62%) was preponderantly present in comparison to all other fatty acids. Palmitic acid (17.6%) was found to be the second and oleic acid (3.95%) the third most abundant fatty acid in the fungus.

Propionic acid produced by Cutibacterium acnes fermentation ameliorates ultraviolet B-induced melanin synthesis

Ultraviolet irradiation induces melanin accumulation, which can be reduced by the use of chemical whitening products. However, the associated safety concerns of such products have prompted the search for natural and harmless alternatives. This study aimed to identify a natural acidic formulation to reduce skin pigmentation. The metabolite propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH, PA) was the most abundant fatty acid in the filtrate from Pluronic F68 (PF68) fermentation of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and reduced the DOPA-positive melanocytes by significantly inhibiting cellular tyrosinase activity via binding to the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2). Moreover, 4 mM PA treatment did not alter melanocyte proliferation, indicating that it is an effective solution for hyperpigmentation, causing no cellular damage. The reduced DOPA-positive melanocytes and tyrosinase activity were also observed in mice ear skin tissue injected with a mixture of C. acnes and PF68, supporting that the inhibition of melanogenesis is likely to be mediated through fermentation metabolites from C. acnes fermentation using PF68 as a carbon source. Additionally, PA did not affect the growth of its parent bacteria C. acnes, hence is a potent fermentation metabolite that does not disrupt the balance of the skin microbiome.

Characterization of Extra Early Spanish Clementine Varieties (Citrus clementina Hort ex Tan) as a Relevant Source of Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant Activity

The most relevant nutrients and bioactive compounds (soluble sugars, dietary fiber, ascorbic acid and organic acids, individual phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and tocopherols) as well as antioxidant activity have been characterized in three extra early varieties of clementine (Citrus clementina Hort ex Tan. Basol, Clemensoon and Clemenrubí) cultivated in Valencia (Spain). Clementines are a relevant source of bioactive compounds, such as vitamin C (values around 80 mg/100 g), allowing to satisfy the recommended daily intake with the consumption of a normal portion. Sucrose was the most abundant sugar, and potassium the main mineral while manganese was the least. Fat content was very low (<0.5 mg/100 g), with palmitic acid and α-tocopherol the most abundant fatty acid and vitamin E form, respectively. Flavonoids were the predominant phenolic compounds, with narirutin/naringin and (neo)hesperidin the best represented ones. The antioxidant capacity evaluated by reducing power, DPPH, and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assays was satisfactory with values similar to those reported in other citrus fruits. Thus, this fruit is a relevant source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties of interest for consumers and the food industry.

Influence of Farm Management for Calves on Growth Performance and Meat Quality Traits Duration Fattening of Simmental Bulls and Heifers

This study assessed the effects of farm management during rearing practices in the first months of a calf’s life on growth performance and meat quality traits during the fattening period. A total of 48 Simmental calves were divided into two groups at a commercial cattle feedlot. In the first group were calves from the same farm and herd (n = 12 male and n = 12 female). The second group included calves from several different herds and farms (n = 12 male and n= 12 female). Calves were transferred to a feedlot and fed with a commercial feedlot ration at three to four months of age. The aim was to determine if identical fattening conditions at feedlot can reduce initial calf rearing differences between cattle during the fattening period. Bulls grew faster than heifers reaching higher total gain and showed significantly higher slaughter weight than heifers. Meat samples of heifers from the same herd had the highest intramuscular fat content and reddest color with significant differences among cattle groups. The most abundant fatty acid was oleic acid (C18:1), followed by palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), linoleic (C18:2), and myristic acid (C14:0). Meat samples of heifers from different herds were darkest with highest content of iron (Fe) with significant differences among cattle groups.

Fatty Acids Produced by Neofusicoccum vitifusiforme and N. parvum, Fungi Associated with Grapevine Botryosphaeria Dieback

There is evidence that secondary metabolites are involved in the fungal pathogenicity and virulence of Neofusicoccum spp. Fatty acids may also influence the plant–pathogen interaction but, so far, no information is available on their production by species of Neofusicoccum associated with Botryosphaeria dieback, which is a well-known syndrome of several plants with a complex etiology. In the present paper, the production of fatty acids in liquid medium, by strains of N. vitifusiforme and N. parvum associated with declining Sicilian vine plants, was evaluated. Data, acquired via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), show the presence of linoleic acid as the most abundant fatty acid produced by both examined strains. In addition, the pathogenicity of N. vitifusiforme was tested on 2-year-old grapevine plants of cv. Inzolia.

ECUADORIAN QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD) FATTY ACIDS PROFILE

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the methyl esters fatty acids (FAMEs) profile of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) of a sample cultivated in Guaranda, Ecuador.Methods: Quinoa oil was obtained from quinoa seeds using the Soxhlet method. FAMEs identification and quantification were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometry (MS), using the database Library NIST14.L to identify the fatty acids present in quinoa oil.Results: Quinoa oil from Ecuador was analyzed by GC-MS, to obtain four majoritarian fatty acids, palmitic acid (10.66%), oleic acid (24.70%), linoleic acid (62.47%), and linolenic acid (2.19%). Omega 6 was the most abundant fatty acid in quinoa oil. Quinoa oil has a good proportion of oleic acid and linoleic acid.Conclusions: Quinoa seeds present a good proportion of fatty acids. These seeds can be used in the food industry for different purposes to enjoy their fatty acids composition. Regular consumption of quinoa can improve health.

YELLOW PITAYA (HYLOCEREUS MEGALANTHUS) FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FROM ECUADORIAN AMAZONIA

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the composition of methyl esters fatty acids (FAMEs) in yellow pitaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) seeds cultivated in the Palora, Ecuador Amazonian region.Methods: Yellow pitaya oil was obtained from yellow pitaya seeds using the Soxhlet technique. FAMEs identification and quantification were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) and the database Library NIST14.L to identify the FAMEs present in yellow pitaya oil.Results: Yellow pitaya oil from Ecuador Amazonian region was analyzed by GC-MS, to obtain the five main fatty acids, palmitic acid (11.52%), stearic acid (4.29%), oleic acid (11.09%), vaccenic acid (3.08%), and linoleic acid (69.98%). Omega 6 was the most abundant fatty acid, total content in yellow pitaya seeds oil.Conclusions: Yellow pitaya seeds content a good proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 6). For their fatty acid composition, yellow pitaya seeds can be considered as healthy food and can be used in the food industry for different purposes. Regular consumption of yellow pitaya can improve human health.

Body composition and sensory quality of wild and farmed brown-trout (Salmo trutta) and of farmed rainbow-trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

ABSTRACT: Body composition (total crude protein, lipid, ash, dry matter and moisture) and fatty acid profiles were compared between wild and farmed brown trout and between farmed rainbow trout. Farmed brown trout contained the highest amount of crude protein (18.39%), whereas farmed rainbow trout contained higher levels of crude lipid (2.35%). Thirty six fatty acids were found, including sixteen saturated fatty acids (SFA), nine monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and eleven polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The most abundant SFA in all fish were palmitic acid and stearic acid. However, the most abundant fatty acids in all trout samples were MUFA and PUFA. MUFA were the most abundant fatty acid in farmed brown trout because of high abundance of oleic acid in this samples (35.46g / 100g fatty acids). PUFA were predominating in the samples of wild brown trout and of rainbow trout 56.16 and 56.29g/100g fatty acids, respectively). Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid reported in the rainbow trout (47.17g/100g fatty acids). Significantly higher amounts of docosahexaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were observed in the wild trout samples. Wild brown trout contained significantly more docosahexaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acidArachidonic acid. Sensory quality evaluation, by a consumers’ panel, revealed all samples were equally well accepted.

Influence of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on crude oil and fatty acid composition of maize (Zea mays L.)

The effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on the crude oil and fatty acid composition of maize cultivars was studied. Three levels of irrigation (50, 75 and 100% of field capacity) and nitrogen (100, 200 and 300 kg·ha-1) were used for treatment groups. After harvest, the crude oils were extracted and fatty acid profiles were determined by Gas Chromatography system. The study was repeated for two years and the interaction effects of fertilizer and irrigation were determined. Our results show that the crude oil content was affected positively by the fertilizer and the irrigation applications. As expected, the most abundant fatty acid was linoleic and the harvest year did not alter it. The highest linoleic acid content value was obtained with a 50% field capacity and 300 kg·ha-1 fertilizer treatment combination. In addition, fatty acid contents varied with the changing of interaction effects except for myristic and palmitic acid. Oleic acid was the second abundant fatty acid in the oil samples and the lowest oleic acid value was obtained with a 50% field capacity and 300 kg·ha-1 fertilizer treatment combination. Oleic acid content tended to increase with 75% field capacity but 100% field capacity treatment decreased in it.

Nutritional Value of the Chilean Seaweeds Cryptonemia Obovata and Rhodymenia Corallina

Some nutritional components of the edible seaweeds Cryptonemia obovata and Rhodymenia corallina were determined. The amino acid content ranged from 1.0 ± 0.3 to 4174.2 ± 14.2 mg 100g−1 dry wt in C. obovata and between 0.9 ± 0.3 and 2657.0 ± 13.5 mg 100g−1 dry wt in R. corallina. The most abundant fatty acid in C. obovata was palmitic acid, reaching a value of 36.5 ± 0.2%, while in Rhodymenia corallina the main fatty acid was oleic acid, reaching a value of 24.7 ± 0.07%. Both seaweeds showed an important content of EPA (C20:5ω3). In C. obovata,α-tocopherol was the principal tocol (138.5 ± 4.9 mg kg−1 lipid), while in R. corallina, it was γ-tocotrienol (850.3 ± 9.4 mg kg−1 lipid). Furthermore, β-carotene was the main carotenoid pigment found in C. obovata.