PROCESS PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL USING A MINI PLANT

Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel to replace diesel. Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) is a raw material that has the potential to be processed into biodiesel because of its abundant availability and easy to obtain. The focus of this research is to carry out the biodiesel production process using a mini biodiesel plant with a capacity of 50 liters/batch, and the catalyst used is NaOH. The results showed that the portable factory can produce biodiesel with a yield of 90.86%. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced were analyzed and the following values were obtained: density 0.89 g/mL, viscosity 4.69 CSt, acid number 1.68 mg KOH/g, and saponification number 179.52 mg KOH/g.

CRUDE BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

Abstract-Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel made from oil containing triglycerides as well as rubber seed oil. This research aims to study how the extraction process of rubber seed oil, to know the effect of crude biodiesel manufacturing process by transesterification and esterification-transesterification and the addition of different catalysts on the transesterification process of crude biodiesel produced. Esterification process use H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification process use KOH and NaOH catalyst. The process of making crude biodiesel done by transesterification and can also by the merging of esterification-transesterification process. Based on this research, yield of crude biodiesel produced by transesterfication and esterification-transesterification by using NaOH catalyst is 38% and 75,6%, while yielded by KOH catalyst is 22,5% and 80%. While the acid number obtained from the transesterification process and esterification-transesterification using KOH catalyst is the same that is 1.33 and for the NaOH catalyst is 1,83 and 1,68. Saponification number obtained from both processes using KOH catalysts were 24,68 and 26,37 and for NaOH catalysts were 18,51 and 20,20. Keywords: Rubber seed oil, crude biodiesel, acid number, saponification number.

CHARASTERISTICS OF CURCAS BEAN BIODIESEL AFTER CATALYTIC CRACKING WITH H-ZEOLITE CATALYST

The development of curcas bean (Jatropha curcas Linn) as a raw material for biodiesel have a very promising potential, because in addition to producing oil with high productivity (40-45%). Curcas bean oil was transesterified at 60oC for 120 minutes to produce biodiesel. The produced biodiesel was the cracked with the H-zeolite catalyst at 70oC, 80oC, 90oC, 100oC, 110oC, and 120oC for 60, 90, and 120 minutes. This study was aimed to characterize the curcas bean biodiesel that had been cracked using H-zeolite catalyst. Characterization of the biodiesel from cracking process included viscosity, saponification number, iodine number, and cetane number. Results of the study indicated that the breakdown of carbon chain in the fatty acid of curcas bean biodiesel can be achieved by catalytic cracking. This was evidenced by the reduced viscosity and iodine number and increased saponification number and cetane number of the curcas bean biodiesel after cracking. Analysis of the curcas bean biodiesel product obtained indicated that the optimum temperature was 90oC and optimum reaction time was 180 minutes. Characteristics of the curcas bean biodiesel on these conditions included the viscosity of 3.850 cSt, saponification number of 206.332 mg KOH/g sample, iodine number of 60.11 mg Iodine/g sample, and cetane number of 68.83. GCMS test on the biodiesel composition indicated the presence of 0.798% of methyl laurate (C13H26O2), 44.527% of methyl palmitate (C17H34O2), 4.584% of methyl linoleic (C19H34O2), 46.506% of methyl oleic (C19H36O2) and 3.584% of methyl stearic (C19H36O2).

Study of the Use of Mamasa Natural Zeolite which is Activated by Acid as a Catalyst for Cracking Palm Oil Methyl Esters

A research has been conducted to activate natural zeolites from Mamasa, West Sulawesi with sulfuric acid and heating which is then used as a catalyst for cracking palm oil methyl esters. This type of research is preliminary research. The acidification process is carried out by mixing fine natural zeolites with 0.2 N H2SO4 solution, accompanied by heating at 110 °C. Then zeolite is calcined at 600 °C for 3 hours. The result of zeolite X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that Mamasa natural zeolite has mordenite. The crystallinity of natural zeolites is 60.8%, increasing to 68.6% after activation. Catalytic cracking is carried out by heating methyl esters (biodiesel) and active zeolite zeolite catalysts in a fixed bed reactor in several temperature variations (140, 160, and 180 °C), reaction time of 5 minutes. The results of the saponification number analysis show that cracking products have a greater saponification number (224.4 mg KOH/g oil) compared to biodiesel before cracking (220.2 mg KOH/g oil), so it is assumed that the carbon cracking carbon chain is shorter.

Karakteristik Biodiesel dari Minyak Jelantah menggunakan Katalis Abu Gosok dengan Variasi Penambahan Metanol

Biodiesel is the reaction esterification and transesterification between oil and alcohol. Biodiesel raw materials in the form of vegetable oil, one of which is Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). This study aims to obtain the addition of the best methanol in the manufacture of biodiesel from cooking oil. The research method used Randomized Complete Design (RAL) with M1 treatment (methanol 65 ml), M2 (methanol 75 ml), M3 (methanol 85 ml) and M4 (95 ml methanol). The best result was obtained with addition of 95 ml of methanol (M4) with 0.42 mg KOH / g, total glycerol 0,08%, flash point 227 ° C, saponification number 123,46 mg KOH / g and methyl ester 99 , 4%.

Analysis quality characteristics of virgin coconut oil (VCO): comparisons with cooking coconut oil (CCO)

This study aims to examine the quality of cooking coconut oil (CCO) and virgin coconut oil (VCO). The analysis was carried out as a physical parameter test including organoleptic and density while the chemical parameter test was: free fatty acid (FFA) peroxide number and test of saponification number. The sample oil used comes from coconut oil made traditionally by virgin coconut oil or commonly abbreviated as VCO, which is coconut oil which passes through a different extraction process with ordinary coconut oil so it is believed to have higher quality and provide more benefits. Samples derived from coconut oil traditionally processed in Beji Village, Boyolangu District with the brand "MALIKA". It was found that both oils had relatively the same physical parameters, the difference in density on VCO and CCO: 0.88 g / ml and 0.82 g / ml. As for the chemical parameters of free fatty acids, peroxide numbers, and saponification numbers of the VCO and CCO comparisons: 0.165: 0.207; 0.54: 0.68; 203: 321, so that the overall VCO has good quality, while CCO has an unfavorable saponification number.

Kajian Penggunaan Katalis KOH pada Pembuatan Biodiesel Menggunakan Reverse Flow Biodiesel Reactor secara Batch

Abstrak. Biodiesel terbuat dari minyak nabati melalui proses transesterifikasi. Salah satu faktor untuk memudahkan transesterifikasi adalah penggunaan katalis dalam proses reaksinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan konsentrasi katalis KOH (0,1%; 0,3%; 0,5%) pada suhu reaksi 450C dengan menggunakan reverse flow biodiesel reactor secara batch. Percobaan pada setiap konsentrasi dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali ulangan. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini meliputi kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan yang terdiri dari: kadar metil ester, angka penyabunan, angka asam, dan gliserol total. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan angka asam, gliserol total pada konsentrasi KOH 0,5% dan angka penyabunan metil ester (biodiesel) memenuhi syarat SNI biodiesel. Kadar metil ester pada masing-masing konsentrasi katalis KOH didapatkan berturut-turut adalah 96,6%, 96,6%, dan 97,5% sehingga memenuhi yang dipersyaratkan dalam SNI-04-7182-2015 yaitu sebesar 96,5%. Study of Using KOH Catalyst on Biodiesel Production Using Reverse Flow Biodiesel Batch Reactor Abstract. Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil through a transesterification process. Presence of catalyst is one of factor to succeed the transesterification process The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of KOH catalyst concentration (0.1%; 0.3%; 0.5%) with reaction temperature 450C by using reverse flow biodiesel batch reactor. Experiments at each concentration were carried out 3 times. The variables measured in this study include the resulting biodiesel quality which consist of: methyl ester content, saponification number, acid number, and total glycerol. Obtained data were then analyzed with descriptive analysis. The results showed the acid number, total glycerol at 0.5% KOH concentration and saponification number fulfilled the SNI biodiesel requirements. Methyl ester contents at each KOH catalyst concentration were obtained 96.6%, 96.6%, and 97.5% respectively, so that it fulfills what is required in SNI-04-7182-2015 which is equal to 96.5%.

Pembuatan Sabun Cair Dengan Alkali Kalium Abu Batang Pisang (Musa Paradisisaca)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi kalium dari abu limbah batang pisang sebagai sumber alkali untuk dijadikan sabun cair alami.Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengeringkan batang pisang dan dilakukan pembakaran untuk memperoleh abu batang pisang. Pembakaran dilakukan dengan menggunakan muffle furnace pada suhu 550 oC selama 3 jam. Kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi pada abu dengan menggunakan aquadest dengan perbandingan 4 : 25 (w/v) (gram/ml) untuk memperoleh alkali. Alkali ini direaksikan dengan minyak kelapa “Barco” pada proses saponifikasi dengan variabel tetap volume minyak 30 ml, kecepatan pengadukan 250 rpm dan waktu reaksi 3 jam. Sedangkan untuk variabel bebasnya suhu reaksi 60 oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, 90 oC, volume alkali 40 ml,50 ml, 60 ml, 70 ml.Respon yang diamati adalah Keasaman (pH), densitas, bilangan penyabunan dan alkali bebas. Hasil yang terbaik diperoleh pada suhu 80 oC dan volume alkali 70 ml dengan pH 10,1, densitas 1,064 gr/ml,bilangan penyabunan 198,939dan kadar alkali bebasnya 0,0840% This study aimed to determine the potential of potassium from the ashes of banana stem waste as a source of alkali to be used as natural liquid soap. This study was initiated by drying banana stems and burning to obtain banana stem ash. Burning was done by using a muffle furnace at a temperature of 550 oC for 3 hours. Then the extraction on ash using aquadest with a ratio of 4: 25 (w / v) (gram / ml) was conducted to obtain alkali. Alkali was reacted with coconut oil "Barco" in the saponification process with a variable constant oil volume of 30 ml, stirring speed of 250 rpm and reaction time of 3 hours. As for the independent variables the reaction temperature is 60oC, 70 oC, 80 oC, and 90 oC, the volume of alkaline 40 ml, 50 ml, 60 ml, and 70 ml. The response observed was acidity (pH), density, saponification and free alkali. The best results were obtained at 80 oC and the volume of 70 ml alkali with pH 10.1, density 1.064 gr/ml, saponification number 198.939 and free alkali content 0.0840%