The Antibacterial Activity of Erythrocytes From Goose (Anser domesticus) Can Be Associated With Phagocytosis and Respiratory Burst Generation

In the lumen of blood vessels, there are large numbers of erythrocytes, which are approximately 95% of the total blood cells. Although the function of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen in the organism, recent studies have shown that mammalian and teleost erythrocytes are involved in the immune response against bacterial infections. However, the immune mechanisms used by avian erythrocytes are not yet clear. Here, we demonstrated that erythrocytes from goose have the ability to phagocytose as well as conduct antimicrobial activity. Firstly, we revealed the phagocytosis or adhesion activity of goose erythrocytes for latex beads 0.1-1.0 μm in diameter by fluorescence microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The low cytometry results also proved that goose erythrocytes had a wide range of phagocytic or adhesion activity for different bacteria. Followed, the low cytometry analysis data further explored that the goose erythrocytes contain the ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to bacterial stimulation, and also up-regulated the expression of NOX family includes NOX1 and NOX5. Finally, we also found that goose erythrocytes showed a powerful antibacterial activity against all the three bacteria, meanwhile the stimulation of three kinds of bacteria up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors, and increased the production of antioxidant enzymes to protect the cells from oxidative damage. Herein, our results demonstrate that goose Erythrocytes possess a certain phagocytic capacity and antioxidant system, and that the antimicrobial activity of erythrocytes can occurred through the production of unique respiratory burst against foreign pathogenic bacteria, which provides new clues to the interaction between bacteria and avian erythrocytes.

Borneol: A Plant Sourced Terpene with a Variety of Promising Pharmacological Effects

Background: Borneol, a bicyclic monoterpene belonging to the class of camphene is sourced from Blumea balsamifera, Cinnamonum camphora (L.) Presl, Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertner, and the volatile oils extracted from various other plant sources. Chinese Traditional Medicine system documents almost 1000 years of clinical use of borneol as an adjuvant as well as an active in treating various diseases and disorders; mainly pertaining to the central nervous system. Objective: The review aims to provide the insights into the array of pharmacological activities elicited by borneol along with their underlying mechanisms. Methods: Apart from the promising permeation enhancing activity, the scientific database has established strong evidence of a variety of pharmacological effects for borneol. The current work involved critical evaluation of the published and patented literature revealing various pharmacodynamic activities of borneol alone and in combination with other actives. The mechanisms responsible for the same were also investigated. Results: A plethora of studies has revealed a promising antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial adhesion activity of borneol. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, and antiepileptic actions of borneol have been elucidated via a number of preclinical studies. Anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, and anticancer effects have also been explored for borneol. Conclusion: The array of pharmacological activities evaluated for borneol alone or in combination with other actives could be attributed to its specific molecular structure, excellent brain permeability, strong antioxidant property, and ability to modulate various inflammatory pathways and precursors. However, more extensive preclinical and mainly clinical studies are warranted before this bicyclic monoterpene can establish as an active pharmaceutical agent.

Interference of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the infected burns in Wistar rats

Burns are the most prevalent type of trauma in the world, and they have a high fatality rate. For cutaneous wound healing, modern and natural therapies, particularly probiotic supplements, have lately been considered. The goal of this study was to see how Lactiplantibacillus plantarum affected wound healing as well as the antibacterial activity of probiotic lactobacilli against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The glass slide method was used to assess anti-adhesion activity, and the HPLC method was used to quantify anti-adhesion chemicals in cell-free supernatant (CFS). MDR P. aeruginosa was administered subcutaneously directly on the burn after induction of second-degree wounds. Three groups of animals were created. Every day, the supernatants were sprayed for therapy, and the wound healing was monitored. Lactobacilli bacteria had good anti-adhesion effects on P. aeruginosa, according to our findings, and HPLC research revealed that their inhibitory effect could be attributable to four main organic acids: lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid. When the effect of treatments on fibroblastic cells was examined, it was discovered that the group treated with L. plantarum supernatants had the most fibroblastic cells when compared to the non-treated group. Furthermore, the bacteria increased the number of fibroblastic cells, re-epithelialization in the wound area, and the thickness of the epidermis and dermis layers. Lactobacilli bacteria's antimicrobial activity against MDR P. aeruginosa was determined by prevents infection. These findings revealed that L. plantarum can treat a P. aeruginosa infection in a second-degree burn and can significantly reduce inflammation.

STUDY THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIADHESIVE ACTIVITY OF PURIFIED BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCED FROM LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AGAINST PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

This study was aimed to purification the biosurfactant that produced from Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from clinical samples of iraqi healthy women by column chromatography through silica gel column (3.5 × 30 cm) using solvent system (chloroform : methanol, 2:1) and characterization the purified product by Thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas chromatography (GC) mass then evaluated its antibacterial and anti-adhesive activity. The results shown the higher emulsification activity (E24%= 63) and lower the surface tension to 23 mN/m in synthetic MSM, while the natural media gave (E24% =71) and lower surface tension to 19 mN/m. The using TLC technique indicated presence of lipopeptide in the biosurfactant with Rf value = 0.82. Antibacterial and antiadhesion activities were evaluated against some pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed a higher inhibitory effect of biosurfactant at concentration 200 mg/ml on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with the inhibition zone 27 mm and 33 mm respectively in BCDFTM media. While purified biosurfactant with concentration 200 mg/ml produced in MSM media had an effect on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with the inhibition zone 21 mm, and 18 mm respectively. The anti-adhesion activity of purified biosurfactant against p.aeruginosa ranging from (34.70 ± 5.256) to (11.7 ± 9.7) produced from natural media BCDFTM and was higher than the anti-adhesion activity of purified biosurfactant against the same pathogen ranging from (46.95 ± 7.37) to (20.15 ± 2.805) produced in MSM.

The Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Helichrysum odoratissimum Against Cutibacterium acnes Biofilms

The human skin is home to millions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses which form part of a unique microbiome. Commensal microbes, including Cutibacterium acnes can occasionally become opportunistic resulting in the onset of dermatological diseases such as acne. Acne is defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder based on its ability to persist for long periods throughout an individual’s life. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was performed using the bottom-up approach by reduction of a gold salt (HAuCl4.3H2O) by the methanol extract (HO-MeOH) and aqueous decoction prepared from the dried aerial parts of Helichrysum odoratissimum (HO-Powder). The HO-MeOH and HO-Powder AuNPs were prepared as unstabilised (−GA) or stabilized (+GA) by the omission or addition of Gum Arabic (GA) as the capping agent. The characterization of the AuNPs was performed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet-Visual spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Zeta-potential. The MBIC50 values for HO-MeOH − GA and HO-MeOH + GA were 1.79 ± 0.78% v/v and 0.22 ± 0.16% v/v, respectively. The HO-Powder AuNPs showed potent inhibition of C. acnes cell adhesion to the 96-well plates. The HO-MeOH − GA and HO-Powder + GA exhibited IC50 of 22.01 ± 6.13% v/v and 11.78 ± 1.78% v/v, respectively. The activity of the AuNPs validated the anti-adhesion activity of the methanol extract in the crude form. The study emphasizes the selectivity of H. odoratissimum AuNPs for the prevention of C. acnes cell adhesion and not antimicrobial activity, which may prevent the emergence of resistant strains of C. acnes through reduced bactericidal or bacteriostatic activity, while targeting mechanisms of pathogenesis.

Cell adhesion factors during adolescence support amygdalo-cortical connections and flexible action later in life

Adolescent brain development is characterized by dramatic neuronal remodeling in the prefrontal cortex. This plasticity is presumed to act in part to "set the stage" for prefrontal cortical function in adulthood, but causal relationships have largely not been verified. Integrins are cell adhesion factors that provide a link between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. We find that b1-integrin presence in the prelimbic subregion of the prefrontal cortex (PL) during adolescence, but not adulthood, is necessary for adult mice to select actions based on reward likelihood and value. These behaviors require coordinated limbic-frontal-striatal circuits. We identified projections from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to PL as being necessary for mice to express learned response strategies. We then visualized adolescent PL neurons receiving input from the BLA and projecting to the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a primary striatal output by which the PL controls reward-related behavior. These projection-defined neurons had a more "adult-like" morphology relative to a general population of layer V PL neurons. b1-integrin loss caused the overexpression of stubby-type dendritic spines at the expense of more mature spines, a phenotype not observed when b1-integrins were silenced before or after adolescence. Together, these experiments localize b1-integrin-mediated cell adhesion activity within a developing di-synaptic circuit that coordinates flexible action.

Molecular Characteristics and Adhesion Activity of a Novel Protein ADP1 of Arthrobotrys oligospora to Nematodes

Adhesion is a crucial step for nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) predating nematodes. To investigate the function of a novel protein ADP1 in nematode-trapping process, ADP1 gene of a representative NTF-Arthrobotrys oligospora was cloned and the molecular characteristics of this protein were analyzed. Then, the GFP chimeric ADP1 (ADP1-GFP) was generated in a GFP expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the recombinant ADP1-GFP (reADP1-GFP) was purified. Incubation of reADP1-GFP with J3 larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus showed that reADP1-GFP could adhere nematodes with the strongest adhesion ability at 25°C, while the reADP1-GFP treated by trypsin completely lost the adhesion ability. Furthermore, the numbers of captured nematodes of A. oligospora treated by anti-reADP1-GFP serum in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, which suggests that the nematode-trapping activity of A. oligospora is inhibited by anti-ADP1 serum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report confirming that ADP1 from A. oligospora can modulate the adherence to C. elegans and H. contortus. The exploration of interaction between ADP1 protein of A. oligospora and nematodes provides new insights into the process of invasion and molecular mechanisms of A. oligospora preying nematode. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

An Optimized Fluorometric Method to Test the Capacities of Cranberry Polyphenols and Metabolites to Inhibit the Adhesion of Type-P and Type-1 Fimbriated Uropathogenic E. coli

Objectives Adhesion of type-P and type-1 fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli to urinary tract epithelial cells initiates urinary tract infections. This research aimed to optimize and apply a fluorometric method to evaluate the capacities of cranberry polyphenols and metabolites to inhibit such adhesion in vitro. Methods BacLight Green labelled E. coli were incubated with cranberry polyphenols or microbial metabolites of cranberry polyphenols for 30 min at 37°C. Mixture was added to a 96-well microplate containing 1 × 105/well of human uroepithelial T24 cells and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. After incubation, E. coli not adhered were removed by phosphate buffer washing. Fluorescent intensity was measured on a microplate reader at 480 nm excitation and 516 nm emission. Results Stable and strong fluorescent readings were obtained with 800 μmol/L BacLight Green for E. coli labeling and an E. coli to T24 cells ratio of 400:1 for co-incubation. A standard curve was established using 0–63 μM myricetin. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of myricetin were 13.2 μM against type-P E. coli adhesion and 5.5 μM against type-1 E. coli adhesion. A fraction enriched with procyanidin polymers had IC50 of 57.6 μg/mL against type-P E. coli and 19.3 μg/mL against type-1 E. coli, respectively. Its anti-adhesion activities were more potent than those of cranberry fractions enriched with procyanidin oligomers, flavonols, or anthocyanin. Procyanidin A2 had a maximal inhibition about 35% at 17.3 μM against type-P E. coli, but no anti-adhesion activity was observed against type-1 E. coli. Procyanidin B2 showed a plateaued inhibition about 15% at 173–691 μM against type-P E. coli. Its maximal inhibition against type-1 E. coli was around 25% at 346 μM. Hippuric acid, a major metabolite of cranberry polyphenols, had a maximal inhibition about 20% at 558 μM against type-1 E. coli adhesion, whereas its anti-adhesion activity against type-P E. coli was not detected. Conclusions The optimized fluorometric method showed that both structure and composition of cranberry polyphenols and metabolites affected their abilities to inhibit E. coli adhesion in vitro. Anti-adhesion activities of cranberry polyphenols also depend on type of E. coli fimbriae. Funding Sources University of Florida Research Foundation Seed Fund.

The role of CD38 in HIV infection

The widely-expressed molecule CD38 is a single-stranded type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is mainly involved in regulating the differentiation and activation state of the cell. CD38 has broad and complex functions, including enzymatic activity, intercellular signal transduction, cell activation, cytokine production, receptor function and adhesion activity, and it plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. Many studies have shown that CD38 is related to the occurrence and development of HIV infection, and CD38 may regulate its progression through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of CD38 in HIV infection and the potential signaling pathways that are involved may provide a new perspective on potential treatments for HIV infection. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles CD38 plays in HIV infection are summarized. In addition, the specific role of CD38 in the process of HIV infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes is also discussed.