COMPARISON OF APICAL LEAKAGE VALUE BETWEEN EUCALYPTOL AND ORANGE OIL AS GUTTA PERCA SOLVENT

Background: The success or failure of root canal treatment is influenced by anatomical factors of the root canal, bacterial infection that causes inadequate hygiene, formation and filling of root canals, iatrogenic factors and several other factors. The average success of root canal treatment is 86-95%, while the failure of canal treatment ranges from 5-14%. Root canal re-treatment can be performed in the event of failure of root canal treatment. The method that can be used is gutta percha solvent. The gutta percha solvents used were Chloroform, Eucalyptol, Orange Oil, and Xylene, but chloroform has been categorized as a carcinogenic substance. Guta percha solvent can cause the intercrystalline distance to be larger, so that it can damage the apical density at obturation. This can create a gap between the gutta percha and the sealer which can cause apical leakage. Objective: To compare the value of apical leakage after root canal re-treatment between gutta percha solvent eucalyptol and orange oil. Method: The research method used is True Experimental with post-test only with control group design. A minimum sample of 8 teeth in a group. Total samples from all groups were 24 teeth. The teeth were stained using methylene blue and measured using stereomycroscopes. Results: the highest mean apical leakage was eucalyptol (4.55±2.59), xylene (2.77±1.94), and the lowest was citrus oil (2.20 ±1.06). The results of One-Way ANOVA test showed that there were no significant differences between orange oil, eucalyptol, and xylene (positive control). Conclusion: Eucalyptol has a higher average apical leakage value compared to orange oil and Xylene after root canal re-treatment as a gutta percha solvent. There was no significant difference between orange oil, Eucalyptol, and Xylene.Keywords: Apical leakage, eucalyptol, orange oil

PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN MENGENAI BAHAYA ROKOK ELEKTRIK DENGAN METODE CERAMAH DI DESA UWUNG GIRANG, KECAMATAN CIBODAS, TANGERANG

ABSTRAKJumlah perokok di Indonesia adalah nomer satu di dunia. Kenaikan tarif Cukai Hasil Tembakau (CHT) atau cukai rokok menjadi alasan bagi para perokok untuk beralih ke rokok elektrik. Rokok elektrik merupakan penghantar nikotin elektronik. Kandungan di dalamnya adalah nikotin, zat karsinogenik, dan bahan toksik yang dapat menyebabkan inflamasi dan iritatif, serta mempengaruhi otak pada remaja. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman remaja mengenai bahaya rokok elektrik. Metode dalam pengabdian masyarakat ini menggunakan metode ceramah dengan media audio visual. Hasil dalam pengabdian masyarakat sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan kepada remaja mengenai bahaya rokok elektrik mempunyai tingkat pengetahuan baik sebanyak 12 responden (40%) dan 18 responden (60%) tingkat pengetahuannya kurang baik. Setelah dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan seluruh responden menjadi mempunyai pengetahuan yang baik. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa perlunya dilakukan pengabdian masyarakat agar masyarakat mengerti bahaya rokok elektrik. Kata Kunci : rokok elektrik; penyuluhan kesehatan; remaja ABSTRACTBackground: The number of smokers in Indonesia is number one in the world. The increasing product of tobacco excise rates (CHT) or cigarette excise is a reason for smokers to switch to e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes are electronic nicotine conductors. The content in it is nicotine, a carcinogenic substance, and toxic substances that can cause inflammation and irritation, and affect adolescent brain. The aim of this community dedication is to increase the knowledge and understanding of adolescent about the dangers of e-cigarettes. Method of community dedication used the lecture method with audio-visual media. Result of community dedication before got health education to adolescents regarding the dangers of e-cigarettes had a good level 12 respondents (40%) and 18 respondents (60%) had a poor level of knowledge. After health education was carried out, all respondents (100%) had good knowledge. This shows that needed for community dedication, so they would understand the dangers of e-cigarettes. Keywords: e-cigarette; health education; adolescent.

Comprehensive Study on the Acrylamide Content of High Thermally Processed Foods

Acrylamide (AA) formation in starch-based processed foods at elevated temperatures is a serious health issue as it is a toxic and carcinogenic substance. However, the formation of more AA entangles with modern-day fast food industries, and a considerable amount of this ingredient is being consumed by fast food eaters inadvertently throughout the world. This article reviews the factors responsible for AA formation pathways, investigation techniques of AA, toxicity, and health-related issues followed by mitigation methods that have been studied in the past few decades comprehensively. Predominantly, AA and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are produced via the Maillard reaction and can be highlighted as the major heat-induced toxins formulated in bread and bakery products. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is a strong relationship between AA accumulation in the body and the increased risk of cancers. The scientific community is still in a dearth of technology in producing AA-free starch-protein-fat-based thermally processed food products. Therefore, this paper may facilitate the food scientists to their endeavor in developing mitigation techniques pertaining to the formation of AA and HMF in baked foods in the future.

Ochratoxin A Levels in Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Northern Italy

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, capable of contaminating several foodstuffs. OTA damages primarily the kidneys, and is suspected to be a carcinogenic substance, thus maximum levels for OTA in foodstuffs have been established in the EU. Italian Ministry of Health suggested a maximum level of 1 μg/kg OTA in pork meat and derived products. In this study, OTA concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle of 64 wild boars (Sus scrofa) killed in two areas (area A and B) of Parma province (northern Italy), characterized by different habitat types, were assessed by HPLC-FLD technique. OTA was detected in 54% liver, 52% kidney, and 16% muscle samples. OTA levels were significantly higher in liver and kidney compared with muscle, and were above 1 μg/kg in 19 liver, 17 kidney, and 4 muscle samples. OTA levels in wild boars from area A resulted significantly higher with respect to those from area B, suggesting an environmental influence on OTA contamination in wild boars. This study seems to confirm that wild boar meat is a potential source of OTA, thus monitoring the presence of this mycotoxin in game meat might be recommended to prevent risks for human health.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Cyperus rotundus Extract on 7,12 Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) Exposed BALB/c Mice

Background: The carcinogenic substance 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was commonly used to induce tumor formation in rodents. The development of tumor may trigger higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn supports tumor progression. In this study, we examined the efficacy of Cyperus rotundus extract (CRE) that was reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. We focused on investigating the levels of activated T lymphocytes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines expressed by macrophages. Methods: Female BALB/c were injected with DMBA subcutaneously. The DMBA exposed mice were given CRE orally in three different doses; 63.33, 158.4, and 316.8 mg/kg. After 14 days, the levels of activated T lymphocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed using flow cytometry. Graphical analysis was done with FlowJo v10 and followed by statistical analysis. Results: The treatment of CRE reduced the population of CD4 and CD8 T cells. The number of activated CD4 and CD8 T cells were also significantly suppressed. The population of macrophages marked by CD11b cells was significantly reduced. Finally, the CRE treatment suppressed the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressed by macrophages. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CRE could be a potential agent useful in therapeutic approaches for curing the disease caused by aberrant cells.

Anti-Mutagenicity and Apoptotic Effects of Teucrium polium L. Essential Oil in HT29 Cell Line

Objectives: Regarding the high prevalence of cancer in Iran and the cytotoxic properties of T. polium, the current study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and anti-mutagenicity effect of T. polium essential oil (TpEO) on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29). Methods: HT29 cells were cultured in L-glutamine, RPMI Sigma (1640), with 10% of FBS (fetal bovine serum). Then, the cultures were incubated with 5% CO2 at 37°C, and MTT assay was used to recognize cell proliferation under the inhibitory influence of TpEO. The cell cycle progression was monitored by Sub-G1 apoptosis assay using flow cytometry. Eventually, the anti-mutagenicity property was evaluated using the Ames test employing TA100 and exposure to sodium azide as the carcinogenic substance. Results: The cytotoxic effect of TpEO on HT29 cells was 66.867 ± 1.37 µg/mL. Cultured HT29 cells treated with TpEO exhibited morphological features of apoptosis. TpEO preventive effect was about 78.18%. Conclusions: This study showed that TpEO may be useful for treating colon cancer.

Effect of Microwave Heating on the Acrylamide Formation in Foods

Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic substance that has recently been discovered in food. One of the factors affecting its formation is the heat treatment method. This review discusses the microwave heating as one of the methods of thermal food processing and the influence of microwave radiation on the acrylamide formation in food. In addition, conventional and microwave heating were compared, especially the way they affect the AA formation in food. Available studies demonstrate differences in the mechanisms of microwave and conventional heating. These differences may be beneficial or detrimental depending on different processes. The published studies showed that microwave heating at a high power level can cause greater AA formation in products than conventional food heat treatment. The higher content of acrylamide in microwave-heated foods may be due to differences in its formation during microwave heating and conventional methods. At the same time, short exposure to microwaves (during blanching and thawing) at low power may even limit the formation of acrylamide during the final heat treatment. Considering the possible harmful effects of microwave heating on food quality (e.g., intensive formation of acrylamide), further research in this direction should be carried out.

Aflatoxin AFM1, safety and milk quality

Summary. Mycotoxins exert a negative effect on large horned cattle through a decrease in feed intake. Extreme drought conditions during the cultivation and harvest of crops included in the diet of cows can lead to a dangerous increase in the concentration of aflatoxin B1, a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance from the group of mycotoxins from microscopic fungi Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillusflavus and Aspergillusparasiticus. As a result, milk will be contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In LLC AF Khutorok Timashevsky District Krasnodar Territory in an experiment on dairy cows with the inclusion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated feed in the diet, established the minimum dose of aflatoxin B1 in feed in the amount of 2 mg / head per day. The minimum amount of aflatoxin B1 in the diet caused the appearance of a secondary metabolite - aflatoxin M1 in cow's milk. Aflatoxin M1, formed in the body of dairy cows by a metabolic route from aflatoxin B1 introduced with food, was excreted in milk for 72 hours. It was found that with the addition of a broad spectrum mycotoxin adsorbent based on glucans of the cell wall of yeast and algae to the diet, the AFM1 content in milk decreased (on average by 60%). In addition, when this adsorbent was added to diets, the average level of AFM1 in milk was 3 times lower compared to the control. The rate of excretion of AFM1 from the body of cows was determined. Its maximum amount of 0.15800 mcg / kg was excreted in milk during the third day from the last summer AFV1. When storing grain fodder, the content of mycotoxins should be determined and a constant analysis should be carried out according to microbiological safety indicators.