Quantifying Mesophotic Fish Assemblages of Hawai‘i’s Au‘au Channel: Associations With Benthic Habitats and Depth

Mesophotic reefs (30–150 m) occur in the tropics and subtropics at depths beyond most scientific diving, thereby making conventional surveys challenging. Towed cameras, submersibles, and mixed-gas divers were used to survey the mesophotic reef fish assemblages and benthic substrates of the Au‘au Channel, between the Hawaiian Islands of Maui and Lāna‘i. Non-parametric multivariate analysis: Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP), and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) were used to determine the association of mesophotic reef fish species with benthic substrates and depth. Between 53 and 115-m depths, 82 species and 10 genera of fish were observed together with 10 types of benthic substrate. Eight species of fish (Apolemichthys arcuatus, Centropyge potteri, Chaetodon kleinii, Chromis leucura, Chromis verater, Forcipiger sp., Naso hexacanthus, and Parupeneus multifasciatus) were positively associated with increasing depth, Leptoseris sp. coral cover, and hard-bottom cover, and one species (Oxycheilinus bimaculatus) of fish was positively associated with increasing Halimeda sp. algae cover. Fish assemblages associated with rubble were not significantly different from those associated with sand, Montipora coral beds and Leptoseris coral beds, but were distinct from fish assemblages associated with hard bottom. The patterns in the data suggested two depth assemblages, one “upper mesophotic” between 53 and 95 m and the other deeper, possibly part of a “lower mesophotic” assemblage between 96 and 115 m at the edge of the rariphotic and bottomfish complex.

Baikal endemic sponge disease and anthropogenic factor

This article presents the results of observations of the state of the Baikal endemic sponge fauna (Fam. Lubomirskiidae) in the five-year dynamics against the background of their mass mortality. We indicate the change in the projective bottom cover with healthy and diseased sponges at two sites that are radically different from each other in the level of anthropogenic pressure. We also analyse the types of diseases and sponge species exposed to these at the study sites. We observe a significant decrease in the area of the projective bottom cover with healthy sponges both at the site experiencing heavy anthropogenic pressure and at the site where it is almost absent. However, our data have indicated great influence of the anthropogenic factor on the course of the disease and death of sponges. Degradation of sponges at the anthropogenically unfavourable site began much earlier than that at the site with the minimum anthropogenic impact. The most common species are the most susceptible to all types of diseases. At the same time, there is a catastrophic decrease in the abundance of the only branching species in Lake Baikal, Lubomirskia baikalensis.

Damaged Hospital Mattresses and Bed Frames Are Common in Acute-Care Hospitals

Background: Hospital beds are now high-tech, reprocessable, medical devices. The surface of the mattress (cover) is manufactured using polyurethane-coated fabric to ensure moisture-vapor transmission to prevent pressure ulcers. In recent years, due to multidrug-resistant organisms, healthcare organizations have used increasingly harsh chemicals to clean these mattresses. None of these chemicals are approved for use on polyurethane-coated fabric. Previous research has shown that many mattresses in hospitals are damaged. The US Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ECRI, and manufacturers recommend routine mattress inspection and replacement of mattresses with any visible signs of stains, wear, or damage. Damaged mattresses have been linked to fluid leakage, resulting in patient exposure and outbreaks of healthcare-acquired infections. Methods: Four hospitals of a midwestern hospital system had all of their mattresses inspected for damage and staining to the mattress. After external examination, each mattress was opened, and the mattress core was evaluated for damage. The cover of each mattress was examined using the naked eye and then using an LED light to demonstrate smaller holes. Each bed frame was examined for evidence of rust, and the amount of rust was recorded. If available, the age of the mattress was determined based on a label on the mattress. Results: In total, 727 beds and mattresses were inspected. Of these mattresses, 523 (72%) were damaged. Also, 340 (47%) required replacement of the mattress cover, and 183 (25%) required replacement of the entire mattress (cover and core). For the 209 damaged mattresses (40%) with the date of manufacture label, 156 (75%) were <4 years old. Damage to the mattress included 428 (59%) with holes in the cover: 113 (16%) were visible to the naked eye and 315 (43%) small holes only detected by using an LED light. Also 173 mattresses (24%) had stains on the exterior cover, 215 (30%) had stains on the interior of the top cover, and 192 (26%) had stains on the interior of the bottom cover. Bed-frame rust was identified on 175 (24%) beds, of which 65 (9%) had widespread rust. Conclusions: These findings confirm previous reports that damaged mattresses are common in hospitals and potentially place patients at risk. Most of these failed mattresses are <4 years old, which is much less than the expected life of a mattress and bed deck.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

SHALLOW WATER DEPTH MAPPING USING SINGLE BAND AND BAND RATIO ON HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGERY

One of the availabilities of remote sensing satellite imagery can be used as a provider of shallow sea depth information using the Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) technique. This technique's main problem is the variation in the bottom cover of waters such as coral reefs and seagrass, which distorts the spectral values. The use of band ratios can normalize variations in bottom water cover. This study compares the single band algorithm's accuracy with the band ratio depth data obtained by field survey around the port of Karimunjawa Islands, Central Java. The image used in this study is high-resolution imagery, Worldview 3. Preprocessing includes Sunglint correction to reduce the effect of sunglint in the waters and correction of depth data so that the data are free from tides' influence. The bands used are red, green, blue, and Near-Infrared, which results in 10 combinations. This study indicates that the band ratio method produces a smaller RMSE value than the single band. The blue/green ratio makes the best depth values with an RMSE of 1.669 meters at a depth of 0-5 meters. In comparison, single-band use shows that the best estimation result is with an RMSE of 2.373 meters in the green band. This study shows that the band ratio method produces better depth estimates than the single band method.

A Design and Analysis of Two Plate Injection Mould Tool For Wi-Fi RouterThermoplastic Product

This A Wi-Fi router is a device that performs the function of a wireless access point, it is used to provide access to the internet or a private computer. It is the hardware device that provide basic infrastructure for a home or small office network.Proposed to make a single impression semi-automatic family mould to design top and bottom cover for Wi-Fi router to make it more aesthetic, to reduce material cost, better heat dissipation, and to reduce the tooling cost, to make the product more competitive in the market.It is proposed select the suitable plastic material, to modify the existing plastic product design and to develop a suitable two plate family mould of one impression each using SIEMENS NX software. It is also proposed to make detailing of mould parts and its assembly for manufacturing using SIEMENS NX software. The analysis was done in AUTODESK MOLDFLOW. The mould cost, raw material cost and processing cost per component are to be estimated to find the cost per component and to compare it with the existing component part.

Relationship Performance of Cylindrical Detention Pond (CDP) as Depression Storage and Runoff Reduction Under Fully Saturated Condition

Permeable pavements are a key Storm water management measure employed both to attenuate surface runoff in urban areas and to filter urban storm water pollutants. Existing permeable pavements (PP) are design with the specific percentage porosity whereby enabling excess rainwater to infiltrate through the system and acting as a depression storage at the same time. Depression storage basically refers to the volume of water trapped in the depression when the precipitation of a storm reaches the ground and filled up all the depression before it can flow over the surface. Cylindrical Detention Pond (CDP) is an alternative paving material that may alleviate many of the hydrological problems caused by urban runoff from developed areas. CDP consist of three basic component; top cover, bottom cover and hollow cylindrical at centre (300 mm thickness). The hollow cylindrical has approximate 50 percent porosity from the total solid of component, which is every 1 inch (25 mm) of pavement depth can hold 0.5 inches (12.5 mm) of rain in theoretical. In this study, the depression storage rate of CDP was investigated under three different rainfall intensity scenarios which are 77 mm/hr (low), 153 mm/hr (medium), and 230 mm/hr (heavy) respectively whereby it function to monitoring the analytical trend line. The experiment was conducted in model box in the laboratory under fully saturated condition. It found that the CDP can performed to detent the water until 180 min of excess rainfall for all 2 year ARI, 5 year ARI, 10 year ARI, 20 year ARI, 50 year ARI and 100 year ARI with different rates. CDP’s able to reduce the runoff up to 77% of the total rainfall volume. The result was proved the hollow cylindrical at centre of CDP very effective in runoff volume reduction according to the different ARI trend line projection.

On heat transfer mechanism in coolant layer on bottom cover of a two-phase closed thermosyphon

The authors hypothesize that the intensity of all thermophysical and hydrodynamic processes in a thermosyphon depends, first of all, on the intensity of heat transfer in the coolant layer on the bottom cover and on the free surface of this layer. Based on the experimentally obtained temperature fields in a two phase closed thermosyphon, the authors have formulated a mathematical model of heat transfer in such heat exchangers which differs from the known models by accounting for conduction and convection only in the coolant layer on the bottom cover and conduction in the evaporation section of the thermosyphon. The calculated temperatures in characteristic points of the coolant layer comply with the readings of thermocouples. The results of numerical simulation provide grounds for concluding that the thermogravitational convection in the coolant layer on the bottom cover plays a dominant role in controlling the intensity of heat transfer in the thermosyphon.

The influence of belt cover thickness on conveyor belt indentation rolling resistance

One of the methods for lowering of energy consumption in the drive mechanisms of long horizontal belt conveyors is to reduce belt indentation rolling resistances. These resistances depend on a number of factors: bottom cover properties, bottom cover thickness, belt design, idler diameter, load, speed and frequency at which the belt passes on the idler (indentation frequency), as well as on temperature. Determining how these factors influence indentation rolling resistances of various conveyor belt types is of great importance. The article describes a small-scale method for testing indentation rolling resistance. The method allows analysis of the influence of various factors on indentation rolling resistances. The article presents the results of tests on how belt indentation rolling resistance is influenced by thickness of the belt bottom cover. The tests were performed on belts with various core types.