The 1864 Invasion of Missouri

In the fall of 1864, Confederate Maj. Gen. Sterling Price led a raid into his beloved state of Missouri that combined the efforts of guerrilla forces with those of his own Army of Missouri. Although the campaign proved disastrous for the Confederacy, it demonstrated the strategic potential of guerrilla and “conventional” troops working in concert with one another, if only for an instant. Missouri’s Southern-sympathizing guerrillas created havoc and served to distract Union troops away from Price’s invasion force. Price, meanwhile, restored some measure of hope to the state’s Southern White populace. By the end, though, it was too little too late: Price was unable to retake St. Louis or any other population center before the presidential election in November of that year, and many of the most powerful guerrilla leaders who came out to support the raid were killed and their supporters’ supplies all but exhausted.

A Demographic and Regional Comparison of Opioid-Related Hospital Visits within Community Type in the United States

Background: The opioid epidemic is a complex national crisis in the United States with a 400% increase in related deaths over the past two decades with no signs of slowing. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of opioid use, based on the geographic and population characteristics. Methods: The opioid-related hospital inpatient stays and emergency department visits obtained from the 2010 to 2018 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and demographic confounders, including age, race, education, and income gathered from US Census data were analyzed through generalized linear mixed models and reported by community size and region. Results: Opioid use varies among population center sizes and the region analyzed. In general, opioid visits in the southwest region were greatest across the majority of population center sizes. Rural usage was greatest in the northeast, southeast, and southwest. Unemployment and diverse ethnicities were commonly associated with opioid use in the metro areas studied but these associations were not seen in rural areas. Conclusion: Opioid use remains significant among diverse populations across the United States. Understanding the unique dynamics associated with opioid usage in populations within the regions studied is important in guiding future interventions to fight this crisis.

Optimizing locations of waste transfer stations in rural areas

Many studies have considered the location of rural waste transfer stations, but most have omitted the impact of transportation network conditions. Traffic accessibility must be considered in optimizing the location of rural waste transfer stations, which is an important difference from the location of rural waste transfer stations. On the basis of previous studies, this study will consider the impact of traffic network on the optimization locations of waste transfer station in the rural areas. The objective of this study was to ensure the minimum Euclidean distance between the waste transfer station and the population center is the maximum, minimize the garbage transportation cost of each population center, construction costs for waste transfer stations, construction and upgrade costs for roads on a traffic network. A multi-objective facility location-network design model and an improved multi-objective simulated annealing algorithm was used to solve the problem. A detailed practical case study was used to illustrate the application of the proposed mathematical model. The results show that transportation network plays an important role in facility location optimization, and the improvement of traffic network conditions can greatly reduce waste transportation costs.

Spatiotemporal shifts of population and war under climate change in imperial China

Studies on the spatiotemporal relationship between historical climate change and the patterns of population and war are rare. In this research, statistical methods (such as correlation test and Granger causality analysis) and visualization technique are applied to demonstrate how temperature, in terms of long-term trend and cyclic mode, fundamentally affects the temporal-spatial variations of population center and war center during imperial China (5–1911 CE). Results show that (1) the consistent southward migration of population center and war center overall accords with the macro-trend of temperature cooling over the last two millennia. (2) The extent of the outward expansion of the Chinese Empire is measured by the population center–war center distance that lengthens during warm periods but shortens in cold phases, which correspond to the north/west/northwestward advancement and south/east/eastward retreatment of war center, respectively, while population center moves within a small range. (3) The shift of population latitude precedes that of war latitude, indicating the change from ecological-demographic to social-political sphere in space. We suggest that similar to population center, the temperature-influenced ancient Hu Line, which symbolizes the disparity of population density in different regions of China, may shift by several hundred kilometers; latitudinal rather than longitudinal variations of population center and war center are more robust in history. We also find that precipitation controls war center and population center on the multicentennial scale, but not the scale focused upon in this study. These findings provide new insights and theoretical implications into the in-depth understanding of the nature–human nexus.

Spatial Dislocation Analysis of Tourism Economy and Its Influencing Factors in Jiangsu Province

Taking 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu Province as the research object, based on the theory of spatial dislocation, the gravity model and two-dimensional composite matrix method are used to analyze the spatial dislocation between tourism resources, permanent population and other factors in Jiangsu Province and tourism revenue. The results show that the population center, the center of tourism resources, the center of tourist numbers, the center of economic development, and the center of tourism revenue of Jiangsu Province are all biased toward the southern part of Jiangsu Province. From the analysis of four sets of two-dimensional composite matrixes, 13 prefecture-level cities have synchronized coordination and also have positive and negative dislocation types. Southern Jiangsu has the best synchronization and coordination, and northern Jiangsu has a strong negative dislocation trend; the combination of tourist numbers and tourism revenue is the strongest, but the dislocation is weak; population and tourism revenue have a strong positive dislocation trend; there is a strong negative dislocation trend between economic development and tourism revenue; the matrix combination of Nanjing, Wuxi and Suzhou has good synchronization; the city of Xuzhou in northern Jiangsu has a strong negative dislocation. In view of the results of spatial dislocation analysis, suggestions for improvement and optimization are put forward to promote the high-quality development of tourism in Jiangsu Province.

PERSEPSI ANGGOTA TERHADAP UNIT USAHA SUSU KOPERASI UNIT DESA (KUD) CEPOGO KECAMATAN CEPOGO KABUPATEN BOYOLALI

Abstrak Kabupaten Boyolali merupakan pusat populasi sapi perah tertinggi di Jawa Tengah. Wilayah yang memiliki populasi sapi perah berada di Kecamatan Cepogo. Berdasarkan mutasi anggota KUD Cepogo tidak semua anggota KUD aktif dalam unit usaha susu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persepsi anggota terhadap unit usaha susu KUD Cepogo, menganalisis faktor-faktor pembentuk persepsi terhadap unit usaha susu KUD Cepogo, dan menganalisis pengaruh antara faktor-faktor pembentuk persepsi terhadap unit usaha susu KUD Cepogo. Analisis data menggunakan Regresi Linear Berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 67% anggota memiliki persepsi yang baik terhadap unit usaha KUD Cepogo. Faktor-faktor pembentuk persepsi anggota terhadap unit usaha susu KUD Cepogo meliputi: pendidikan formal, pendidikan non formal, pengalaman, pendapatan, dan motivasi. Faktor-faktor pembentuk persepsi secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap persepsi anggota unit usaha susu KUD Cepogo. Secara parsial variabel pengalaman, pendapatan, dan motivasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap persepsi anggota, sedangkan variabel pendidikan formal dan pendidikan non formal tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap persepsi anggota terhadap unit usaha susu KUD Cepogo.Kata kunci: Unit Usaha Susu, KUD Cepogo, PersepsiAbstract Boyolali Regency is the highest dairy population center in Central Java. The area that has a dairy population is in Cepogo Subdistrict. Based on cepogo kud member mutation, not all kud members are active in milk business unit. This study aims to analyze the perception of members of the cepogo kud milk business unit, analyze the factors that shape the perception of the cepogo kud milk business unit, and analyze the influence between the factors that shape the perception of the cepogo kud milk business unit. Data analysis using Multiple Linear Regression. The results showed that 67% of members have a good perception of cepogo kud business unit. Factors that shape members' perception of Cepogo's dairy business unit include: formal education, non-formal education, experience, income, and motivation. The perception-forming factors simultaneously have a significant effect on the perception of members of the Cepogo KUD dairy business unit. Partial variables of experience, income, and motivation have a significant effect on members' perceptions, while the variables of formal education and non-formal education have no significant effect on members' perception of cepogo's dairy business unit.Keywords: Dairy Business Unit, Kud Cepogo, Perception

Sanksi Pidana terhadap Perbuatan Pencemaran Lingkungan Hidup oleh Limbah Sablon dan Pencelupan di Kota Denpasar

Denpasar City is the center of government, population center, tourism center, trade center, economic activity and center for other activities so you can imagine how busy Denpasar City is in handling all aspects of people's increasingly complex life. An incident that looks easy but few people care about, one of which is waste, so many effects can be obtained from disposing of the residual use of fragrances and screen printing, which are often found, but without a clear response to allow the accumulation of waste. Even though the government has regulations and sanctions related to these problems, they are often ignored by owners or entrepreneurs engaged in screen printing. Environmental pollution, which has often occurred since a long time ago, is a community disease that is difficult to eliminate. The researcher has a problem formulation covering 1) How is the legal arrangement regarding criminal acts against environmental pollution by screen printing and dyeing waste in Denpasar City? 2) What are the criminal sanctions against the perpetrators of criminal acts of environmental pollution by screen printing and dyeing waste in Denpasar City? The research was carried out by reviewing books on law and not deviating from the problems studied and the current positive law as well as studies in the library, this research is often called normative research. The results of this study state that criminal sanctions against perpetrators of environmental pollution by screen printing and dyeing waste in Denpasar City are in the form of fines and imprisonment. The act of environmental pollution carried out by NHY by disposing of screen printing waste into the river has violated Article 58 paragraph (2) of the Regional Regulation on the City of Denpasar Number 1 of 2015.

A Council Circle at Etzanoa? Multi-sensor Drone Survey at an Ancestral Wichita Settlement in Southeastern Kansas

This article presents results of a multi-sensor drone survey at an ancestral Wichita archaeological site in southeastern Kansas, originally recorded in the 1930s and believed by some scholars to be the location of historical “Etzanoa,” a major settlement reportedly encountered by Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate in 1601. We used high-resolution, drone-acquired thermal and multispectral (color and near-infrared) imagery, alongside publicly available lidar data and satellite imagery, to prospect for archaeological features across a relatively undisturbed 18 ha area of the site. Results reveal a feature that is best interpreted as the remains of a large, circular earthwork, similar to so-called council circles documented at five other contemporary sites of the Great Bend aspect cultural assemblage. We also located several features that may be remains of house basins, the size and configuration of which conform with historical evidence. These findings point to major investment in the construction of large-scale ritual, elite, or defensive structures, lending support to the interpretation of the cluster of Great Bend aspect sites in the lower Walnut River as a single, sprawling population center, as well as demonstrating the potential for thermal and multispectral surveys to reveal archaeological landscape features in the Great Plains and beyond.

Near-Field Ground Motions from the July 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Sequence

The 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence, including an Mw 6.4 event on 4 July and an Mw 7.1 approximately 34 hr later, was recorded by 15 instruments within 55 km nearest-fault distance. To characterize and explore near-field ground motions from the Mw 6.4 foreshock and Mw 7.1 mainshock, we augment these records with available macroseismic information, including conventional intensities and displaced rocks. We conclude that near-field shaking intensities were generally below modified Mercalli intensity 9, with concentrations of locally high values toward the northern and southern termini of the mainshock rupture. We further show that, relative to near-field ground motions at hard-rock sites, instrumental ground motions at alluvial near-field sites for both the Mw 6.4 foreshock and Mw 7.1 mainshock were depleted in energy at frequencies higher than 2–3 Hz, as expected from ground-motion models. Both the macroseismic and instrumental observations suggest that sediments in the Indian Wells Valley experienced a pervasively nonlinear response, which helps explain why shaking intensities and damage in the closest population center, Ridgecrest, were relatively modest given its proximity to the earthquakes.

Impact of population center (PC) size on access to care in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

489 Background: To evaluate access to subspecialists, local therapies, treatment at a specialized HCC center, and survival in advanced HCC patients (pts) based on geographical distribution. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed on HCC pts who received sorafenib in British Columbia from 2008 to 2016. Pts were stratified by Statistics Canada PC size criteria: large urban PC (LUPC), medium urban PC (MUPC), and small urban PC (SUPC). Chi-square tests and Kaplan Meier were used to analyze the groups. Results: Of 288 pts, geographical distribution was: LUPC 75%, MUPC 16%, SUPC 8%, and rural 0.3%. Age, gender, and ECOG performance status were similar; a higher proportion of Asians (50 vs 9 vs 4%), Child Pugh A (93 vs 83 vs 83%), and hepatitis B (37 vs 15 vs 4%) was observed in LUPC vs MUPC and SUPC, respectively. SUPC pts were less likely to see a hepatologist (p=0.04, Table); access to other subspecialists was similar. Pts from LUPC were more likely to have transarterial chemoembolization compared to MUPC and SUPC (38 vs 20 vs 21%; p=0.04); receipt of other local therapies was similar. Sixty percent were treated at a specialized HCC center and were more likely to see a hepatologist (83 vs 19%), hepatobiliary surgeon (57 vs 42%), and/or interventional radiologist (32 vs 13%) (all p<0.01). Median OS was higher for pts treated at a HCC center (24.7 vs 13.2 mo, p<0.01), but similar when stratified by PC size (overall mOS 19.3 mo, p=0.59). Conclusions: Geography did not significantly impact access to care or survival, but pts treated at a specialized HCC center have improved survival. Further research is needed to better understand social and clinical factors that influence these findings. [Table: see text]