An Overview of Bacterial and Viral Inhibitors Involved in Gene Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hcc)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a form of cancer that is very widespread around the world and has a high mortality rate. Extensive evidence suggests that, HCC is a multifactorial disease. Hepatic cirrhosis is present, along with systemic inflammation and viral infections such as hepatitis B or C. Thus, giving rise to genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. Researchers have found that bacterial and viral inhibitors can be used to silence targeted genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Many bacterial species such as; Salmonella, Listeria, and Escherichia, proved to have anti-tumor properties. Up till now, adenoviral, retroviral, herpes-simplex viral and adeno-associated viral vectors have been modified and are being used for HCC gene therapy. In patients, up regulation of TLR signaling have also been observed showing an interesting influence on HCC’s microenvironment. TLR 4 and TLR 9 have positive relationship with tumor whereas, TLR3 is associated with anti-tumor influence. TLRs can cause an inflammatory response in the presence of foreign pathogens including bacteria and fungi. This review reflects an insight into the biology of HCC suggesting that certain signaling pathways and molecular alterations plays a very significant role in HCC development. As well as new experimental approaches, including; anti-angiogenesis, cancer therapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and suppressing the function of oncogenes, leading to apoptosis are successively being applied. The current challenge for the researchers is to identify a medicament which is selective for tumors specific cells only, having minimal noxiousness and harmless to normal tissue. We have scrutinized research articles based on how to merge viral and bacterial anticancer therapies into a single treatment for HCC.

Prioritization of Covid-19 Vaccination in Patients with Cancer

In patients with cancer, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) can contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality and decreased survival was found in patients with hematological and intrathoracic malignancies, poor performance status, comorbidities, and increased age. Patients with hematological malignancies who were treated with stem cell transplantation and anti-CD-20 antibody demonstrated lower rates of seroconversion, compared to COVID-19-infected-cancer patients. Patients with hematological malignancies might have substantially compromised B-cell and T-cell responses.

Breast Cancer as a Possible Complication of Some Types of Covid.19 Vaccines

Quick development of COVID.19 vaccines, trigger a big question about validity of clinical trials conducted on it. We observed several short-term consequences of this artificial method of immunization, but no one knows the long-term outcomes of it, I regarded that exogenous estrogen constituent of it as probable cause of breast cancer, specifically among older women.

Xiaojin Pill with natural musk in the treatment of plasma cell mastitis

Introduction: Plasma cell mastitis is a rare benign suppurative disease of the breast based on the dilatation of mammary ducts and infiltration of plasma cells. Modern medicine focuses on surgical treatment. It is easy to recur after operation. Xiaojin Pill with natural musk is a oral traditional Chinese medicine and plays a role in benign breast diseases. There are very few reports on the use of Xiaojin Pill with natural musk in treating plasma cell mastitis yet. Cases: This paper reports 3 cases of plasma cell mastitis who received Xiaojin Pill with natural musk treatment. Patients were successfully treated after accepting Xiaojin Pill with natural musk for several weeks.

Asco annual meeting 2021 Some news to use in our oncological practice

Every year, ASCO Annual Meeting provides new options for the treatment of our patients What are the news this year about breast cancer? I would initially highlight the presentation made in the plenary, results that modify our decisions in daily practice.

Mucinous Cystic Lesions of the Pancreas an EUS-FNA-based Study with ClinicoPathological Follow Up

Background: Mucinous cystic lesions of pancreas harbor a pre-malignant potential thus necessitating their distinction from the non-mucinous ones. To make this distinction, EUS-FNA cytology along with cyst fluid CEA and amylase levels are utilized in addition to endoscopic and radiological findings. Evaluation of K-ras mutations has emerged as a useful adjunct for the evaluation of mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Aim: We aimed to study mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas diagnosed on EUS-FNA cytology, in conjunction with cyst fluid CEA and amylase levels and the frequency of K-ras mutation in a cohort of patients seen at the largest cancer hospital in our country. Materials and Methods: After approval from the institutional review board, all the cases of mucinous cystic lesions of pancreas evaluated between July 2005 and August 2019 were reviewed. Patient data, including age, gender, endoscopic and radiological findings, cytological and/or histological diagnosis, cyst fluid CEA, and amylase levels were collected. Results: Twenty-three patients enrolled in the study demonstrated an equal gender distribution with a mean age of 67.4 years. The sensitivity of EUS-FNA for mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas was 84.6%. Cyst fluid CEA levels were elevated in some MCNs but not IPMNs resulting in a sensitivity of 37.5%. The specificity of cyst fluid amylase was 90%. K-ras mutation was found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 100% respectively, for mucinous lesions of the pancreas. Conclusion: EUS-FNA is a useful technique for evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesions, especially since cytological diagnosis can be augmented by cyst fluid CEA and amylase levels. K-ras analysis can add further to the diagnostic utility of EUS-FNA

Survival and quality of life following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) most commonly affects the head of the pancreas. This condition has a dismal prognosis. Patients with early disease may be candidates for pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This is a high-risk operation which is associated with considerable morbidity. Whilst perioperative mortality rates have fallen in recent times, the risk remains significant and long-term survival is poor, even in those who make an uncomplicated recovery. Furthermore, PD is known to affect quality of life (QoL) negatively. Most studies suggest it takes up to six months before a patient’s QoL returns to baseline. This is a considerable amount of time for a patient who is unlikely to achieve long-term survival. This short review discusses the recent literature surrounding mortality rates, long-term survival and QoL following PD for PDAC. A comprehensive understanding of these topics will allow clinicians and patients to consider the risks and benefits before surgical resection is considered.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from a surgical perspective

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for more than 90% of pancreatic cancers. Whilst most patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease, a minority are candidates for curative-intent resection. This review covers the aspects of PDAC which are relevant to the surgeon. Firstly, an up-to-date overview of epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis are provided. Secondly, presentation, diagnosis and staging are covered, including a summary of the most recent staging guidelines. The review will then focus on the historical background of the pancreatico-duodenectomy (PD), the modern procedure and post-operative care. Finally, short sections provide the reader with an update on histological staging and adjuvant treatment.

Tamoxifen for Five Years

Tamoxifen is an effective anti-cancer drug in breast cancer treatment. However, very few women could do the complete 5-year treatment due to the side effects of the medication. The irregular bleeding, osteoporosis, and hormonal imbalance symptoms always cut the time short. Since every woman is different in body weight, genetic compose, reproductive history, and personal habits, the treatment with tamoxifen should also be different. Moreover, since estrogen has the similar positive effects as Vitamin K2 in bone formation tamoxifen, as a estrogen blocker, should be used with proper vitamin K2 supplement, to which, current medical world has not paid enough attention.

Clinical Significance and Potential Function of S100a10 in Lung Adenocarcinoma

Objective To investigate the clinical significance and potential function of S100A10 in lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: The RNAseq data of lung adenocarcinoma tissues and normal lung tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project were obtained from the UCSC Xena. The correlation between S100A10 expression and clinic pathological features in patients with lung adenocarcinoma was analyzed. The Metascape database was used for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of S100A10-related genes. Another 32 pairs of lung adenocarcinoma and matched lung tissues were selected to verify the expression of S100A10 protein by immunohistochemistry. Results: The expression of S100A10 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissues on RNA (P<0.001) and protein (P=0.009) levels, and the RNA expression level in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly correlated with tumor stage (P=0.004), lymph node metastasis (P=0.0002), overall survival (P=0.002) and disease-free survival (P=0.011). GO enrichment analysis showed that S100A10 related genes were significantly enriched in terms of cell adhesion, suggesting that S100A10 may be mainly involved in the process of cell adhesion in lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusion S100A10 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and is significantly correlated with some clinic pathological features, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) by Kaplan–Meier (K–M) analysis, indicating a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis for lung adenocarcinoma.