SUBTITLE FILMS AS A LINGUISTIC PROBLEM

The object of study is the series, which were shown on various Ukrainian TV channels: “Merezhivo Doli” (“Inter” TV channel), “Boronene kokhannya” (“Inter” TV channel), “Forget & Zgadai” (“Ukraine” TV channel), “Slid” ( TV channel "Ukraine"), "Bezsmertnik" (TV channel "Ukraine"). Subject of research: lack of subtitling as a way of audiovisual translation, as well as analysis recorded in Ukrainian subtitles, made in the course of working with Russian-language TV shows. Objective: to prove the need for more thorough and competent editing of Ukrainian subtitles, received in text form on the air of the leading domestic TV channels based on specific examples from subtitled films. During the work the following methods were used: observation, descriptive, comparative, analysis and synthesis, as well as generalizations. As a result of the research, it was established that it is the poor quality work of the editor that leads to the fact that Russian-language TV shows are superimposed on low-quality Ukrainian subtitles, and this plays an important role in shaping the general literacy of Ukrainians. The analysis of errors requiring the response of the professional community and recipients has a social and cultural significance. Visual perception of incorrectly written words or unedited sentences and phrases is one of the ways to popularize illiteracy among the population of our country. Today, representatives of the media community, having the necessary arsenal of knowledge and relevant technical equipment, are sometimes disregarding the performance of their professional duties, and this indicates a low level of their skills and special training. Conclusions: working on subtitles for an audiovisual product, the editor or subtitle covers not only all textual material, but also draws attention to other aspects of media art (working with monologues, dialogues, sound effects, images, and the general atmosphere of the frame). Professionalism involves not only creating a high-quality text product for the viewer / reader, but also an appropriate and adequate connection between non-verbal and verbal elements of the original and the translation.

CATEGORY OF FUTURALITY WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF MODUS CATEGORIES

The aim of the investigation under consideration is to study the nature of the category of futurality within the system of modus categories in the French language. The object of the work is the category of futurality in contemporary French, the subject is the study of the category of futurality in contemporary French within the system of modus categories of evidentiality, modality and persuasiveness. In the course of the study, the distinctions between modality and modus have been outlined, the place of the category of futurality within the modus categories has been identified, the peculiarity of the category of futurality as a modus category has been analysed. Conclusions: the peculiarity of futurality as a modus category is that it belongs to the modus categories denoting action/event, real in the future “in the speaker’s view”. In this sense the category of futurality is closer to the categories of modality (real information stated by the speaker) and predicativity (confidence in the information stated by the speaker) in meaning, whereas differing from them by the semantics of the stated temporality denoting the relation of consequence in reference to the moment of speaking. The category of futurality is connected with other modus categories: category of assertion with semantics of neutral prospection, category of persuasiveness with the seme of assurance in reference to the future and category of modality with the seme of reality in reference to the future. The major types of modal meanings forming the modus category of futurality are: 1) speaker’s estimation of the subject matter of the utterance from the perspective of reality/irreality in the future; 2) estimation of the environment of the utterance from the perspective of probability/necessity/desirability in the future; 3) speaker’s estimation of the level of assurance (persuasiveness) of the subject matter of the utterance from the perspective of the future; 4) communicative function of the utterance defined by the purpose of the speaker from the perspective of the future (wish, intention, preference); 5) confirmation/negation of objective relations between objects, phenomena, events of the future.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE REVIEWS ON UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY DICTIONARIES OF THE LATE XXth AND THE EARLY XXIst CENTURIES

The aim of the research is to determine the theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on natural sciences terminology dictionaries. The object of the research is a system of parametric measurements of terminology dictionaries, the subject is critical remarks on the structural parameters representation of terminology dictionaries. The research material is the texts of the reviews published during the late XXth and the early XXIst centuries. Тhe following methods were used: lexicographic analysis of the dictionary parameters, the quantitative analysis and the comparative one. As a result of the research, it is determined that throughout the analyzed period the experts focus on definition and translation dictionaries as well as reference dictionaries. Most remarks are made to the dictionaries of the early XXIst century. The potential importance of practical application of the results is to improve the theoretical and methodological principles and means of terminology dictionaries creation, as well as their use to develop new (combined) type that comprehensively represent the vocabulary of a particular branch of science. Conclusions: 1) the critical comments on professional definition dictionaries relate to such of their parameters as: ‘introduction / preface’, ‘encyclopedia information’, ‘dictionary register’, ‘definition’, ‘list of references’; 2) translation definition dictionaries have quantitative drawbacks regarding the representation of such structural parameters: ‘dictionary register’, ‘translation area’, ‘definition’; 3) to the parameters of reference dictionaries the following critical comments are made: to replace the title loan term by the normative term; to add the ‘accent characteristic’ parameter; to match the title terms with their definitions etc. Theoretical and practical significance of the reviews on terminology dictionaries gives the possibility to systematize the drawbacks revealed by critics in the representation of structural parameters of such publications, for the purpose to improve the fundamental theoretical and methodological foundations of metaterminography and the practical realization of high-quality works.

VERBALIZATION OF NON-VERBALS IN THE UKRAINIAN SPEECH: LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL ASPECT

Objective of the research is to determine wide contextual potential of linguistic units containing a verbalized non-verbal component. Object of the research is a non-verbal discourse of the modern Ukrainian oral speech; subject of the research is represented by lexical, word-forming, and semantic innovations representing live speech of the modern Ukrainians. Materials of the study include occasional and individual-author’s nominative units recorded in academic dictionaries and dictionaries of lexical as well as lexical and word-forming innovations of the 21st century. Methods of the research are the following: functional (a method of discourse and cognitive-onomasiological analysis), structural (in terms of transformational and component analysis), methods of associative analysis and statistic observation. The results are as follows: the paper has demonstrated that 1) application of morphological and syntactic word-forming mechanism is motivated by the system of communicative-pragmatic intentions of an addresser aimed at the increase in expressiveness or considerable modification of the communicative senses; and 2) increase in total volume of semantic structure of nominative patterns as a result of a) generalization of the initial meaning or widening in semantics; b) concretization or narrowing of the meaning of the initial unit; c) shifts in the meanings, in cases when semantically conventional forming basis is replaced by the basis being a non-verbal motivator, take place to determine communicative situation or modeling of communicative behaviour of an addresser. A methodology to design field structure (LSF) is proposed to study non-morphological methods of word formation; the methodology makes it possible to trace the processes of the formation of interpretational meanings of a lexeme – non-verbal motivator. Practical implication of the results and use of the proposed methods are possible in the process of further analysis of the mechanisms to verbalize non-verbals both at lexical and grammatical linguistic levels. Conclusions are drawn to emphasize the productivity of the process to verbalize non-verbals illustrated by the units of different linguistic levels; in this context, we can observe functional complexity of both word-forming and syntactic processes as well as efficiency of the inter-disciplinary approach which widens the boundaries of linguistic practice and may favour improvement of the linguistic and communicative competence of the native speakers.

DERIVATION AND LEXICAL SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ERGONOMIC REPERTOIRE OF PEREYASLAV KHMELNITSKY CITY

The target of this study is word building and lexical semantic characteristic of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytyskyi ergonimicon. The research material is modern ergonims of the town which have been the object of the study for the first time. Sources base was collected with different written materials, in particular telephone directories. The fact material was collected by personal observation, while learning companies’ advertisement leaflets during 2018. A descriptive method was used, the method of component analyses of words, the methods of analyses and synthesis, which enabled to form idea about ergonomic as integral subsystem, to analyze lexical and semantic as well as word building structure of ergonims. In the result of research main ways of ergonims derivation in town Pereiaslav-Khmelnytyskyi have been established; the eggonims classification has been proposed; ergonims lexical and semantic characteristic have been done. Conclusions: 1. Ergonims’ repertoire in town Pereiaslav-Khmelnytyskyi in its majority is built with metonymy and metaphor as a result of lexical and semantic onimisation. This dominant manner character is explained by language material economy, and by the fact, that metaphor and metonymy help nominator in building figurative, capacitative names which create positive associations and it could obviously attract the customer. 2. As types of lexical and semantic onimisation egronims which were built by metaphoric and metonymic meaning transfer have been analyzed as well. 3. Ergonimicons classification of the town has been done. 4. Ergonims built by other methods (lexical and semantic, variations of morphological, linguistically creative) and their combination have been analyzed. With the help of specific, linguistically creative word building ways nominators create unusual, original names due to the general tendency of the language of a modern town.

LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM AS THE INFLUENCING FACTOR ON THE STUDY PROCESS (using the material in English and Spanish)

The object of the research in this article is the features of teaching English and Spanish. The subject of the research is the influence of these features on the process of learning these languages. The considerable attention is paid to the problem of teaching foreign languages that are different from English and the demand for Spanish in the educational services market. The didactic features and difficulties of teaching pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the languages as well as the main impact factors of the system of language on the teacher’s activities are described in detail. The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of the systems of learning English and Spanish, the effect of these features on the organization of the educational process and on the actual process of learning these languages in its various aspects. The research method in this article is a contrastive-comparative analysis of the phonetics, vocabulary and grammar of English and Spanish languages as well as the analysis of their own experience in teaching these languages and the difficulties arisen in this process. The result of the study. This study has revealed the influence of the linguistic characteristics of foreign languages on the didactic features of their study and teaching. The practical importance is seen directly in applying the results in the educational process, namely in its organization, the choice of methods of teaching English and Spanish. The main author’s conclusions are as follows: 1) the issue of teaching and learning foreign languages other than English is not sufficiently covered in the methodology as English is taught mostly; 2) considering that the number of people who speak English is growing, there is a demand for other international languages, in particular, Spanish; 3) English and Spanish have common features, but significantly more differences in phonetics, vocabulary and grammar; 4) such differences affect not only the course of a particular lesson, but the organization of the course of study as a whole.

A PATH FROM LEXEME TO MORPHEME (on exit-derivatives in the present-day russian language)

Objective of the research – complex analysis of the words with -exit component. Object of the research – speech contexts representing use of exit-derivatives in Russian-language segment of the Internet; subject of the research – absorption of the brexit-model by the Russian language. Following methods have been applied: observation, comparison, classification, and description as well as semantic, morphological and word-forming, contextual analyses. The research has resulted in determining the peculiarities of reception of exit-derivatives in the Russian language in terms of morphemization of the exit-component. Practical implication of the results is possible while studying neogenesis in the Russian language. Conclusions: 1) world political importance of the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EU has stipulated the fact that not only term Brexit but the whole range of exit-derivatives have appeared in linguistic discourses of numerous countries; 2) having occupied initially “empty” semantic niche with “countrywise” meaning “withdrawal of a country-member from the EU”, exit-derivatives have turned to be involved rather fast into the process of metonymic expansion (“withdrawal of a country from any international commute” and “a process of the withdrawal of some part of the country from the whole state”) and metaphoric reinterpretation (“withdrawal/exit of some significant person (politician, state figure) from a big sphere of political (state) activity”); 3) along with brexit lexeme, exit-derivatives are going through the stage of phonetic-graphic adaptation generating certain phonetic-graphic variability; they are entering morphological system of the Russian language overcoming original indeclinability; 4) in terms of Internet mass-media discourse, brexit word implements actively a word-forming potential acquiring derivatives and forming its own family of words; 5) brexit lexeme is being involved actively into the language game being one of the conditions of not only its reception but morphemization of -exit component in the Russian language.

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF FINAL ETIQUETTE FORMULAS IN RUSSIAN LETTERS OF THE XVIII CENTURY

The purpose of the study is to define the lexical and grammatical features of the final etiquette formulas in Russian letters of the 18th century, to describe the functional and semantic types of formulas, to characterize their syntactic structure. The object of study is letters addressed to different persons by the outstanding Russian commander A. V. Suvorov and Princess E. R. Dashkova. The research material is 120 enclosed etiquette formulas extracted from letters with a continuous sampling method. The descriptive method of research has been used in the article. Practical application is possible in the process of teaching the stylistics of the Russian language. Conclusions: The final etiquette formulas are an important structural element of the ending of a letter, usually preceding the signature of the addressee. We have identified the following functional-semantic types of final etiquette formulas in Russian letters of the 18th century: 1) formulas of forgiveness; 2) formulas of wishes (wishes of physical and mental health, God's help and blessing); 3) parakinesthetic final etiquette formulas (verbal transmission of a gesture or an action); 4) honorific final etiquette formulas (direct or indirect indication by the addressor the addressee's positive qualities). The basis of the construction of the final etiquette formulas often lies in one or another speech cliche, however these cliches are spread by dependent syntactic components, as a result of which the final etiquette formulas in the letters under study are diverse in their syntactic structure. The perspective of the present study is in the research of the dynamics of the final etiquette formulas of writing in the epistolary of the 18th – 20th centuries, as well as in a more detailed explanation of the pragmatics and functioning of the etiquette formulas depending on the nature of the communicative situation.

ELECTRONIC LETTER IN THE ASPECT OF TEXT CATEGORIES

The purpose of the paper is to study the peculiarities of implementation of such textual categories as completeness, connectivity, dialogization in electronic letter. Object of study is electronic correspondence and the subject is the style, structure, syntax of letters. Material of the research includes published letters of the Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor R. G. Barantsev to colleagues and friends, as well as their response letters. Descriptive method, methods of contextual and communicative-pragmatical analysis are used in the research. Practical application of the research is possible while teaching the syntax and stylistics of Russian language. Conclusion: speech implementation of a number of textual categories in electronic letters has its own characteristics. Such boundary demarcators of the epistolary text as address, signature, etiquette formulas of greeting and farewell are reducing (in whole or in part) if the exchange of messages is frequent, thereby the formal completeness of the text is weakening. The dialogization in electronic correspondence is formed not only by the linguistic means typical for written messages (address, signature, pronouns and verb forms of the 2nd person), but also in other ways, such as direct quotation instead of transmitting someone else's speech as direct or indirect speech, language game as a stylistic device that forms a certain tone of communication. The widespread use of incomplete and one-compound sentences, pronouns that are not related to the antecedent, increases the importance of common apperception base of the participants in communication for understanding the text and continuing the epistolary dialogue. Specifying the subject of speech by pronouns with the absence of its introductory nomination in a letter, sending to previous texts of the correspondence by pronouns and particles, stylistic unity within the chain of letters exchanged between two correspondents are the means that enhance the coherence of the text, extend it beyond a separate letter and transform the exchange of monologue texts into a continuous epistolary discourse.

MODERN SLOVAK LANGUAGE AND PROBLEMS OF ANGLICISMS IN THE GLOBALIZED WORLD

Dictionary entries and speech context representing use / nonuse of anglicisms in the Internet language are objects of the research; original and borrowed resources to nominate new concepts are subjects of the research. Objective of the research is to demonstrate features of modern Slovak lexis in the context of worldwide globalization processes. The research involves methods of observation, comparison, and description. The research results in the identification of anglicisms and their national linguistic equivalents in the lexical and semantic system of the Slovak language. Practical implication of the research results is possible in terms of studying dynamic processes of lexical and semantic systems of the Slavic languages and practices of certain Slavic countries while solving the problems of anglicisms. Conclusions are as follows: 1) under the modern globalization conditions, lexical level of the language, being characterized by higher dynamics, demonstrates considerable influence of anglicisms; 2) borrowing process has both its advantages and disadvantages: on the one hand, it diversifies and enriches vocabulary of the speakers, on the other hand, it expels proper linguistic structures; 3) the Slovak language is rich with different linguistic tools to define various culture-bound items surrounding the speakers with the active use of both word-forming and semantic (including metaphoric transitions) resources for the process of nomination; 4) in terms of lexical and semantic system of the Slovak language, interaction of the original and borrowed resources is rather obvious, their parallel existence shows prospective and harmonic development of the Slovak vocabulary.