INTRODUCING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL = FADING AWAY AN ETHNIC LANGUAGE AMONG FUTURE YOUNG GENERATION

The Indonesian government puts an English lesson at the primary school. On the other hand, it has an intention to preserve local languages. The presence of the two additional lessons in the same school invites a certain problem. Through the questionnaire distributed randomly to 26 primary school parents whose children learn English and Javanese at school in 4 different cities like Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Gresik, and Malang, it could be found out that many students got the competencies of lowering the usage of local language at home, switching codes, lowering competence in implementing Javanese script and constructing sentences, unwilling to watch Javanese news, lowering local culture appreciation, and lowering the usage of local language among peers. Furthermore, in the comparative in English and Javanese learning the students had a lower interest in competing for language, appreciating culture, and literacy in Javanese.

SOCIAL BUSINESS: GAINING STEAM FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

The world is faced with a multitude of pressing problems and needs such as hunger, poverty, disease, poor health care, homelessness, pollution, adverse climate conditions, and other environmental hazards, just to name a few. Volunteer work, charities, and donations and of course the traditional profit-making businesses with all the elegant economic theories surrounding them have not been able address these ills which are a serious plaque to the society. In a bid to satisfactorily reduce or put an end to these societal hazards, Muhammad Yunus, the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Winner and the practical genius who pioneered microcredit with his Grameen Bank, has initiated what is today known as social business. Social business is a new kind of business, not for profits, that is dedicated to solving a particular social, economic, or environmental problem that has plagued mankind since time immemorial. The whole idea about social business is to improve the lives of people by harnessing the energy of profit making to the objectives of fulfilling basic human needs. The resounding success stories of the Grameen Bank, the very first social business created by Muhammad Yunus has paved the way for other organizations to follow suit. This paper has demonstrated how social business has moved from a mere theory to a practice undertaken by several organizations that is transforming lives and having the potential to redeem the failed promise of the free-market enterprise.

ANALYZING THE DEGREE OF FREEDOM IN DECISION-MAKING IN THE MCDONALD’S FRANCHISE MODEL: THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FRANCHISEE

Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze the degree of freedom that the franchisee has in making business decisions compared to the corporate unit or, in other words, the degree of freedom that the franchiser grants the franchised establishment in managing its business. Methods: Franchising is one of the most widely used strategic alliances worldwide, mainly in two sectors: Retail and hospitality. This research is contextualized in the fast food industry, specifically in the McDonald’s restaurant chain. In order to reache the objective, five in-depth interviews have been carried out with franchisees of the well-known American company located in Spain. Results: The main findings show highly relevant information about the degree of freedom in the decision-making of McDonald’s franchisees which is scarce and limited since the decisions about the company are made and executed mostly by the franchiser. While the franchisees have a certain autonomy to hire their employees (human resources) and determine the marketing strategies (marketing), the supplies are managed and controlled by the franchiser. Conclusions: With regards to the results we can conclude that the corporate strategies are formulated and implemented by the franchiser itself due to its strategic nature. The competitive strategies are also the responsibility of the franchiser in the main, as he is in charge of building a certain competitive position. Nevertheless, it is the franchisees, encouraged by the franchisers, who incorporate technologies to their establishments to provide a better service. Finally, the functional strategies are those in which the franchisee has a greater degree of freedom. They focus on how to use and apply the resources and skills within each functional area.

A STUDY ON THE FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MIZO TRADITIONAL FESTIVALS

The traditional Mizo had various community feasts and celebrations, which were performed at specific time and period of the year. The three principle celebrations are Chapchar Kut (celebration of spring), Mim Kut (celebration performed when the yields other than paddy is first procured), and Pawl Kut (celebration of harvest). The Mizo adored social gathering and bustles, and likewise, Kut was a typical element of their public activity. Here we will look at into what the traditional Mizo had thought about fundamental components for festivity of their celebrations.

THE ROLE OF ZAKAT ON ADDRESSING POVERTY REDUCTION IN YOBE STATE

Poverty has become paramount, and it is been given much emphasis in different aspects since the declaration and introduction of the Zakat institutions in Yobe State Nigeria. The declaration focuses strongly on the reduction of state poverty within the recent activities of Islamic Financial Institutions as Islam provides an essential tool to completely prove in reducing poverty. The objective of the study is to assess the role of Zakat in addressing some levels of poverty reduction in Yobe State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted within 17 local governments of Yobe State, in which 20 questionnaires were served to each local government with total of 340. The study employed factor analysis for assessing the relation between the variables adopted, and descriptive and independent t-test analyses are considered for the analyses. The result shows that the Zakat has played a significant role in addressing poverty reductions in Yobe State, Nigeria.

WOMEN´S PERCEPTIONS OF MENOPAUSE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE MEANING OF LIFE AND THE CULTURE O FEAR

In this article, an analysis of the results found in a research whose objective was to know the perceptions of women about menopause and its relationship with the culture of fear is presented. Information was obtained through structured interviews. The analysis focused on the recognition of its importance and the presence of fear before this stage of life. Likewise, the results were analyzed in relation to the importance of the meaning of life as the goal of human existence, without forgetting the relationship of this theme with fear. Fear was an agent of control of our aspirations and the identification of our scope. Important results were obtained in relation to both the fear of old age and the fear of death. A group of women under the age of forty and a group of women over the age of 40 years were interviewed. The young women who participated in the study expressed fear of death, and they are saddened to leave unfinished projects; while the fear reflected by older women generates that same sadness but directed only to the purely familiar aspects.

DOES DEMOGRAPHICS MATTER IN LIFELONG LEARNING? A RESEARCH CONTEXT OF VIETNAM

Objective: Lifelong learning (LLL) has lately attracted significant attention from the society in general, universities and corporations in particular. For the case of Vietnam, the Government has pledged to create a Lifelong Learning Society. A number of initiatives have been launched to help achieve this goal, including the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Centre for Lifelong Learning (SEAMEO CELLL) and "Book Day", a day dedicated to encouraging reading and raising awareness of its importance in the development of knowledge and skills. Lifelong learning (LLL) programs are also being adopted at libraries, museums, cultural centers, and clubs in Vietnam. In addition to the effort done by the Vietnamese government, a number of non-governmental, non-profit organizations and educational institutions have started to take action to encourage literacy and lifelong learning. It can be said that education and educational reforms are always the top concern of each country. This study is to investigate about lifelong learning of community with 4 aspects: (1) Learning Competencies; (2) Learning Contexts; (3) Learning Contents and (4) Learning Goals as well as examining the differences in the opinion about lifelong learning between categorical variables. The second purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between an individual's perspective on lifelong learning and their actual learning capacity, as well as learning motive. Methods: The paper deploys primary data collecting from 270 people in different sectors and different occupations. Standard statistical techniques such as mean analysis, OLS multivariable analysis are used to find the answer for proposed hypotheses. Results: Using a sample of 270 respondents varying in age, gender, and employment status, the authors found that there are differences on the attitudes towards lifelong learning, the motivations and skills needed for this “journey”. Conclusion: From the findings, researchers proposed recommendations to promoting and fostering lifelong learning of community with the case of Vietnam.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE POWER POLITICS IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, 1918-1945

This paper discusses the power politics in the League of Nations. It examines the League of Nations as a formal international organisation whose purpose was the maintenance of world peace. It analyse the gross oppression of the major European powers over the smaller nations, as well as engaging in bitter rivalry yet the League of Nations could not take decisive actions. The inability of the League of Nations to prevent the occurrence of the Second World War also came to focus. Data for the study was obtained through oral interview as primary sources and secondary sources such as books, newspapers, articles, theses, dissertation journals etc. It was found that the establishment of the League of Nations became an acceptable concept because of casualties and devastation associated with the First World War. It was demonstrated that the League of Nations later became a toothless bull dog because it could not prevent the constant violations of its covenant by the major European powers. It was also found that the second world could have been avoided if the organisation was proactive in handling the issues that led to the war. It concluded that the League of Nations lacked the cohesive force to adequately intervene in conflict and crises.

CAUSES AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IN AMBO TOWN MARRIED WOMEN

Intimate partner violence is a pattern of coercive tactics that can include physical, psychological, sexual, economic, and emotional abuses against intimate partners, with the goal of establishing and maintaining power and control. The aim of this study is to investigate intimate partner violence and associated factors in Ambo town. The participants of the study were household women between the age15 to 49. Data were collected by using both quantitative and qualitative methods. To collect the quantitative data, 389 household women of Ambo Town were randomly selected for closeended questionnaire. In qualitative method , 12 participants (six women were victims of IPV and six other married women) were purposely selected for semi structured and 10 key informants were also purposely selected for Focus group discussion. The data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools through SPSS.20 and the qualitative data was analyzed narratively. The results of the study demonstrated that from the total 389 sample, 343 women did not agree with their husband and only 46 women reported that they agree with their husband. This shows that there was a problem of disagreement between wives and their husbands. Besides, causes and psychosocial consequences of IPV were directly related with intimate partner violence.

DESIGNING MODEL OF LISTENING STRATEGY-BASED INSTRUCTION FOR THE TENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Objective: Listening is categorized as the basic skill of language that needs to be given priority to understand. However, many students feel difficult to master it. Therefore, the solution to this problem is highly significant. As a respond for this situation, a study on designing a model of listening strategy-based instruction for the tenth grade students of senior high school students is made. It aims to increase students’ awareness of listening strategies and to help students master listening skill. Methods: The study employed Research and Development which covered five main stages: Need Analysis, Product Development, Experts Validation, Field Testing Product, and Final Product Development. To collect the data needed as the basis for developing product need analysis was done in the tenth graders of MA Bilingual Batu. Results: The finding shows that the students did not aware of the listening strategies. They learned listening only listens and answers the questions in the worksheet. So that they feel listening skill is difficult to be mastered. The presence of listening strategy-based instruction model is developed to fulfill their need. Conclusion: The students are interested in this product. Besides that, they believe that the product can help them to master listening skills.