Recent developments in carbon-based two-dimensional materials: synthesis and modification aspects for electrochemical sensors

Abstract This review (162 references) focuses on two-dimensional carbon materials, which include graphene as well as its allotropes varying in size, number of layers, and defects, for their application in electrochemical sensors. Many preparation methods are known to yield two-dimensional carbon materials which are often simply addressed as graphene, but which show huge variations in their physical and chemical properties and therefore on their sensing performance. The first section briefly reviews the most promising as well as the latest achievements in graphene synthesis based on growth and delamination techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, liquid phase exfoliation via sonication or mechanical forces, as well as oxidative procedures ranging from chemical to electrochemical exfoliation. Two-dimensional carbon materials are highly attractive to be integrated in a wide field of sensing applications. Here, graphene is examined as recognition layer in electrochemical sensors like field-effect transistors, chemiresistors, impedance-based devices as well as voltammetric and amperometric sensors. The sensor performance is evaluated from the material’s perspective of view and revealed the impact of structure and defects of the 2D carbon materials in different transducing technologies. It is concluded that the performance of 2D carbon-based sensors is strongly related to the preparation method in combination with the electrical transduction technique. Future perspectives address challenges to transfer 2D carbon-based sensors from the lab to the market.

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Two-Dimensional Graphene Family Material: Assembly, Biocompatibility and Sensors Applications

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19132966 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (13) ◽

pp. 2966 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Xingying Zhang ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Gaoxing Luo ◽

Malcolm Xing

Keyword(s):

Field Effect ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Field Effect Transistors ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Sensing System ◽

Thick Crystal ◽

Mechanical Sensors ◽

Graphene Family Materials ◽

And Chemical Properties

Graphene and its chemically exfoliated derivatives—GO and rGO—are the key members of graphene family materials (GFM). The atomically thick crystal structure and the large continuous π conjugate of graphene imparts it with unique electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical properties. Although those properties of GO and rGO are compromised, they have better scalability and chemical tunability. All GFMs can be subject to noncovalent modification due to the large basal plane. Besides, they have satisfying biocompatibility. Thus, GFMs are promising materials for biological, chemical and mechanical sensors. The present review summarizes how to incorporate GFMs into different sensing system including fluorescence aptamer-based sensors, field-effect transistors (FET), and electrochemical sensors, as well as, how to covalently and/or non-covalently modify GFMs to achieve various detection purpose. Sensing mechanisms and fabrication strategies that will influence the sensitivity of different sensing system are also reviewed.

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Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Employed in the Development of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Screen-Printing Technique—A Review

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10060680 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 680 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alexandra Virginia Bounegru ◽

Constantin Apetrei

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Screen Printing ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Structural Features ◽

Screen Printing Technique ◽

Printing Technique ◽

Carbon Based Nanomaterials ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Carbon Based

This paper aims to revise research on carbonaceous nanomaterials used in developing sensors. In general, nanomaterials are known to be useful in developing high-performance sensors due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Thus, descriptions were made for various structural features, properties, and manner of functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials used in electrochemical sensors. Of the commonly used technologies in manufacturing electrochemical sensors, the screen-printing technique was described, highlighting the advantages of this type of device. In addition, an analysis was performed in point of the various applications of carbon-based nanomaterial sensors to detect analytes of interest in different sample types.

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Assessing the Stability of Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube for Brine Sensing Applications

Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1166/jnn.2020.18614 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 7644-7652

Author(s):

Khalid Marbou ◽

Waqas Gil ◽

Amal Al Ghaferi ◽

Irfan Saadat ◽

Khalid Alhammadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Resistance ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Sessile Drop ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Resistance Change ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

The Stability ◽

The Impact ◽

Oil Gas ◽

Electrical Resistance Change

In hostile environments, sensing is critical for many industries such as chemical and oil/gas. Within this industry, the deposition of scales or minerals on various infrastructure components (e.g., pipelines) forms a reliability hazard that needs to be monitored. Therefore, the approach adopted in this study to tackle this issue relies on the use of real-time sensing of specific ions in brine, the natural trigger for ions deposition. In order to do so, electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are developed, taking advantage of their unique properties facilitated by different synthesis and fabrication methods. One of these promising synthesis methods is inkjet printing of CNT films since in general, it has exceptional benefits over other approaches that are used to print CNTs. Furthermore, it does not need the use templates. In addition, it is a very fast technique with consistent printing results for many applications along with very low cost on various shapes/formfactors. As these sensors are exposed to a hostile environment (chemical, temperature, etc.), the stability of the CNT films is of great importance. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of the stability of CNT surfaces upon exposure to elements is presented. Accordingly, the several impacts of this interaction on physical properties of the surfaces as a function of interaction time and brine chemical composition are assessed. Moreover, the approach used for investigating the impact of this exposure involves the following: surface electrical resistance change using four probe measurements; surface roughness/topography using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) along Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM); quality of CNT through Raman spectroscopy and wettability using the sessile drop method. The sensing capabilities of the devices are investigated by looking at the sensing selectivity of target ions, resetting capabilities, and sensing sensitivity manifested in the electrical resistance change. Consequently, our results indicate that while inkjet films are very promising sensor material, the fabrication and long term stability require further optimization of the films along with the process to make them meet reliability and lifetime requirements in the oil/gas hostile operational environments.

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Two-dimensional GaSe/MoSe2misfit bilayer heterojunctions by van der Waals epitaxy

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.1501882 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. e1501882 ◽

Cited By ~ 148

Author(s):

Xufan Li ◽

Ming-Wei Lin ◽

Junhao Lin ◽

Bing Huang ◽

Alexander A. Puretzky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Effect Transistors ◽

Van Der Waals ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Lattice Misfit ◽

Boundary Region ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Lattice Orientation ◽

Large Lattice ◽

Lateral Connection ◽

Crystalline Domains

Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures hold the promise for future atomically thin electronics and optoelectronics because of their diverse functionalities. Although heterostructures consisting of different 2D materials with well-matched lattices and novel physical properties have been successfully fabricated via van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy, constructing heterostructures from layered semiconductors with large lattice misfits remains challenging. We report the growth of 2D GaSe/MoSe2heterostructures with a large lattice misfit using two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Both vertically stacked and lateral heterostructures are demonstrated. The vertically stacked GaSe/MoSe2heterostructures exhibit vdW epitaxy with well-aligned lattice orientation between the two layers, forming a periodic superlattice. However, the lateral heterostructures exhibit no lateral epitaxial alignment at the interface between GaSe and MoSe2crystalline domains. Instead of a direct lateral connection at the boundary region where the same lattice orientation is observed between GaSe and MoSe2monolayer domains in lateral GaSe/MoSe2heterostructures, GaSe monolayers are found to overgrow MoSe2during CVD, forming a stripe of vertically stacked vdW heterostructures at the crystal interface. Such vertically stacked vdW GaSe/MoSe2heterostructures are shown to formp-njunctions with effective transport and separation of photogenerated charge carriers between layers, resulting in a gate-tunable photovoltaic response. These GaSe/MoSe2vdW heterostructures should have applications as gate-tunable field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and solar cells.

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Wafer-Scale Synthesis of Monolayer MoS2 and Their Field-Effect Transistors toward Practical Applications

Nanoscale Advances ◽

10.1039/d0na01043j ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuchun Liu ◽

Fuxing Gu

Keyword(s):

Field Effect ◽

Field Effect Transistors ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Monolayer Mos2 ◽

Promising Candidate ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Integrated Electronics ◽

Considerable Research

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have attracted considerable research interest as a promising candidate for downscaling integrated electronics due to the special two-dimensional structure and unique physic-chemical properties. However, it is still...

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QTAIM investigations of decorated graphyne and boron nitride for Li detection

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc160725012d ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 289-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maryam Dehestani ◽

Leila Zeidabadinejad ◽

Sedigheh Pourestarabadi

Keyword(s):

Boron Nitride ◽

Density Functional ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Strong Interactions ◽

The Novel ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Functional Theory ◽

The Density Functional Theory ◽

The Impact ◽

Carbon Based

The interactions between thirteen Li atoms and graphyne (GY) and boron nitride (BN-yne) were investigated by the density functional theory (DFT). The electronic and structural properties of the interactions between the hollow sites of GY and BN-yne with Li atoms were unveiled within the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) framework. Theoretical understanding of the interactions between Li atoms and extended carbon-based network structures is crucial for the development of new materials. Herein, calculations to explore the impact of Li decoration on the GY and BN-yne are reported. It was predicted that Li decoration would increase the density of state of these sheets. Owing to strong interactions between Li and the GY and BNyne, dramatic changes in the electronic properties of the sheets together with large band gap variations have been observed. The present study sheds deep insight into the chemical properties of the novel carbon?based two-dimensional (2D) structures beyond the graphene sheet.

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Two-dimensional BN buffer for plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 gate dielectrics on graphene field effect transistors

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-71108-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael Snure ◽

Shivashankar R. Vangala ◽

Timothy Prusnick ◽

Gordon Grzybowski ◽

Antonio Crespo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atomic Layer Deposition ◽

Buffer Layer ◽

Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽

Field Effect ◽

Field Effect Transistors ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Atomic Layer ◽

Organic Chemical ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Layer Deposition

Abstract Here, we investigate the use of few-layer metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown BN as a two-dimensional buffer layer for plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) of Al2O3 on graphene for top gated field effect transistors (FETs). The reactive nature of PE-ALD enables deposition of thin (2 nm) dielectrics directly on graphene and other two-dimensional materials without the need for a seed or functionalization layer; however, this also leads to significant oxidation of the graphene layer as observed by Raman. In FETs, we find this oxidation destroys conductivity in the graphene channel. By transferring thin (1.6 nm) MOCVD BN layers on top of graphene channels prior to PE-ALD, the graphene is protected from oxidation enabling BN/Al2O3 layers as thin as 4 nm. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on BN films show no significant oxidation caused by PE-ALD of Al2O3. Inserting the BN layer creates an atomically abrupt interface significantly reducing interface charges between the graphene and Al2O3 as compared to use of a 2 nm Al buffer layer. This results in a much smaller Dirac voltage (− 1 V) and hysteresis (0.9 V) when compared to FETs with the Al layer (VDirac = − 6.1 V and hysteresis = 2.9 V).

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Construction of carbon-based two-dimensional crystalline nanostructure by chemical vapor deposition of benzene on Cu(111)

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/c4nr00017j ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (14) ◽

pp. 7934-7939 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Qinghua Han ◽

Huan Shan ◽

Jialiang Deng ◽

Aidi Zhao ◽

Bing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽

Vapor Deposition ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Chemical Vapor ◽

Ultra High Vacuum ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Carbon Based

A new carbon-based two-dimensional crystalline nanostructure was constructed by chemical vapor deposition of benzene on Cu(111) in ultra-high vacuum.

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Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles and Applications in Biomedical Systems

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2009/187615 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 1-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Chengguo Hu ◽

Shengshui Hu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Direct Electron Transfer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Biomedical Systems ◽

Good Biocompatibility ◽

And Chemical Properties

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable attention in the field of electrochemical sensing, due to their unique structural, electronic and chemical properties, for instance, unique tubular nanostructure, large specific surface, excellent conductivity, modifiable sidewall, high conductivity, good biocompatibility, and so on. Here, we tried to give a comprehensive review on some important aspects of the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in biomedical systems, including the electrochemical nature of CNTs, the methods for dispersing CNTs in solution, the approaches to the immobilization of functional CNT sensing films on electrodes, and the extensive biomedical applications of the CNT-based electrochemical sensors. In the last section, we mainly focused on the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in the analysis of various biological substances and drugs, the methods for constructing enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors and the direct electron transfer of redox proteins on CNTs. Because several crucial factors (e.g., the surface properties of carbon nanotubes, the methods for constructing carbon nanotube electrodes and the manners for electrochemical sensing applications) predominated the analytical performances of carbon nanotube electrodes, a systematical comprehension of the related knowledge was essential to the acquaintance, mastery and development of carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors.

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Carbon Nanostructures as a Multi-Functional Platform for Sensing Applications

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors6040060 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 60 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Rafael Mendes ◽

Paweł Wróbel ◽

Alicja Bachmatiuk ◽

Jingyu Sun ◽

Thomas Gemming ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

The Novel ◽

Carbon Nanostructure ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Sensing Platform ◽

Forms Of Carbon ◽

New Generation ◽

2D And 3D

The various forms of carbon nanostructures are providing extraordinary new opportunities that can revolutionize the way gas sensors, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are engineered. The great potential of carbon nanostructures as a sensing platform is exciting due to their unique electrical and chemical properties, highly scalable, biocompatible and particularly interesting due to the almost infinite possibility of functionalization with a wide variety of inorganic nanostructured materials and biomolecules. This opens a whole new pallet of specificity into sensors that can be extremely sensitive, durable and that can be incorporated into the ongoing new generation of wearable technology. Within this context, carbon-based nanostructures are amongst the most promising structures to be incorporated in a multi-functional platform for sensing. The present review discusses the various 1D, 2D and 3D carbon nanostructure forms incorporated into different sensor types as well as the novel functionalization approaches that allow such multi-functionality.

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