scholarly journals Increasing the take-up of the housing allowance among Swedish pensioners: a field experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353-1382
Author(s):  
Per Engström ◽  
Eskil Forsell ◽  
Johannes Hagen ◽  
Arnaldur Stefánsson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Housing Allowance ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Field Experiment ◽  
Conditional Acceptance

AbstractUsing a randomized field experiment in the Swedish pension system, we investigate whether receiving an information letter affects the take-up rate of the housing allowance for pensioners. We also investigate whether the framing of the information letter affects take-up. The results show that simple information letters had a significant effect on the application rate and subsequent take-up rate: The baseline application rate in the targeted control population was only 1.4%, while the corresponding rates in the different treatment groups were between 9.9 and 12.1%. However, while the applications in the control group were accepted in almost 3 out of 4 cases, up to 50% of the applications in the treatment group were declined. The lower conditional acceptance rate in the treatment group seems to be largely driven by wealth, which the Pensions Agency cannot observe prior to submission. Information campaigns aimed at increasing benefit take-up therefore need careful design in situations with imperfect targeting.

scholarly journals Effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on the development and reproduction of the soybean aphid Aphis glycines

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0250311
Author(s):  
Aonan Zhang ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Zhenghao Shi ◽  
Tianying Liu ◽  
Lanlan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Soybean Aphid ◽  
Aphis Glycines ◽  
Intrinsic Rate Of Increase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Net Reproductive Rate ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Mean

The soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a primary pest of soybeans and poses a serious threat to soybean production. Our studies were conducted to understand the effects of different concentrations of insecticides (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) on A. glycines and provided critical information for its effective management. Here, we found that the mean generation time and adult and total pre-nymphiposition periods of the LC50 imidacloprid- and thiamethoxam-treatment groups were significantly longer than those of the control group, although the adult pre-nymphiposition period in LC30 imidacloprid and thiamethoxam treatment groups was significantly shorter than that of the control group. Additionally, the mean fecundity per female adult, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase of the LC30 imidacloprid-treatment group were significantly lower than those of the control group and higher than those of the LC50 imidacloprid-treatment group (P < 0.05). Moreover, both insecticides exerted stress effects on A. glycines, and specimens treated with the two insecticides at the LC50 showed a significant decrease in their growth rates relative to those treated with the insecticides at LC30. These results provide a reference for exploring the effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on A. glycines population dynamics in the field and offer insight to agricultural producers on the potential of low-lethal concentrations of insecticides to stimulate insect reproduction during insecticide application.

scholarly journals THE TRAINING OF GRATEFULNESS IN IMPROVING LIFE MEANING OF CONVICTS AT CLASS 2 LPKA PEKANBARU

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Vivik Shofiah ◽  
Khairunnas Rajab
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
T Test ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Know How ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Control

Religious values need are very imporant for convicts at LPKA Class two Pekanbaru. Religion is an obvious influenced source in issuing the meaning of life to convicts. The research objective is to know how far the influence of gratefulness training in improving life meaning of convicts at LPKA class two Pekanbaru is.The researcher used experiment approaching pre and post-test control group designwith 23 control groupsand 23 treatment groups,anddata analysis independent sample t-test was obtained score  t= 6,894 (p<0,01). Average score from treatment group are higher  (23,057) than control group average (15,6). It shows that life meaning of convicts who get gratefulness training are higher than convicts who don’t join the training. With thus, it can be concluded that gratefulness training very influence significantly to the life meaning of convicts at LPKA class 2 Pekanbaru.

Cat dissection vs. sculpting human structures in clay: an analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratory education

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Waters ◽  
Peggy Van Meter ◽  
William Perrotti ◽  
Salvatore Drogo ◽  
Richard J. Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Laboratory Education ◽  
Anatomy Laboratory

Many human anatomy courses are taught using cat dissection. Alternatives are available, but information regarding learning outcomes is incomplete. In 2003, ∼120 undergraduates enrolled in a human anatomy course were assigned to one of two treatment groups. In the control group, students performed cat dissections (emphasizing isolation and identification) of the muscular, digestive, and cardiovascular systems. In the experimental treatment group, students built clay sculptures of each human body system. Student learning was evaluated by using both low- and high-difficulty questions. On pre- and postexperiment control exams, there were no significant differences in student performance. On exams after a cat dissection vs. a human-clay sculpting experience, the students in the human-clay sculpting treatment group scored significantly higher than their classmates in the cat dissection group on both the low- and high-difficulty questions. Student attitudes toward dissection and taking future human anatomy courses were also measured. There were no differences in student attitudes at the beginning of the experiment; afterward, students exposed to a cat dissection experience viewed dissection more favorably than students in the human-clay sculpting treatment group. There were no treatment effects on student willingness to take future human anatomy courses. The experimental design makes it difficult to conclude precisely why students assigned to the human-clay sculpting experience performed better on exams, but as each method was performed in this particular human anatomy course, our data indicate that human-clay sculpting may be a viable alternative to cat dissection in an anatomy course in which the students focus on human anatomy.

scholarly journals Sublethal Effects of Imidacloprid on the Population Development of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Cao ◽  
Hong Yang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Chun Wang ◽  
Can Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Population Development ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Low Concentrations

The Western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) is a global polyphagous pest that is often dependent on chemical control. Imidacloprid has been a commonly used chemical insecticide for effective control of WFT. Low concentrations of insecticides can have sublethal effects on individual insects. However, no more information is known about the effects of exposure at low concentrations of imidacloprid on WFT. Here, we evaluated the effects of imidacloprid at sublethal concentrations on WFT population growth parameters. We first exposed the parental generation to LC10 (56.8 mg/L) and LC25 (79.2 mg/L) concentrations of imidacloprid. We then quantified various parameters related to the development, survival, and fecundity of the F1 generation also exposed to these same concentrations. The development time of the treatment groups exposed to imidacloprid was significantly shorter than the control group, and the net reproductive rate (R0) was significantly higher for treatment groups than for the control group. For both variables, there was no significant difference between LC10 and LC25 exposure. The generational survival rate was significantly higher for the control group, followed by the LC10 treatment group and then the LC25 treatment group. However, the opposite was true for fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of WFT. In summary, exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid was positive for the population development of WFT, which may contribute to the development of insecticide resistance and cause resurgence in WFT populations.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Musa acuminata Stem

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 294-298
Author(s):  
Maharani Laillyza Apriasari ◽  
Selviana Rizky Pramitha ◽  
Dewi Puspitasari ◽  
Diah Savitri Ernawati
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Musa Acuminata ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Mucosal Wound ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Abstract Objective This study was designed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of Musa acuminata through the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κB) after 3 days of application of Musa acuminata stem extract (MASE) gel on oral mucosal wound. Materials and Methods An experimental study with post-test only control group design was conducted. Twenty male Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) were injured on their left buccal mucosa and treated three times a day with MASE gel of varying concentrations: 0% (as control), MASE 25%, MASE 37.5%, and MASE 50%. On day 3, a biopsy was performed on each mucosal wound for later immunohistochemical analysis for the expressions of TNF-α and NF-κB. Results The highest expression of TNF-α was observed in the control group (13.20 ± 1.79), while the lowest was in the treatment group using 50% MASE (6.40 ± 1.14). Meanwhile the comparison between treatment groups did not highlight any significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest expression of NF-κB was observed in the control group (13.20 ± 1.30), whereas the lowest was in the treatment group using MASE 50% (6.40 ± 1.14). NF-κB was significantly lower in the treatment group using MASE 50% when compared with other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Application of MASE on mucosal wound reduces the expression of TNF-α and NF-κB at all concentrations. The anti-inflammatory effect of MASE 50% was the strongest one.

Effects on Gingivitis of Two Different 0.4% SnF2 Gels

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Boyd ◽  
P.J. Leggott ◽  
P.B. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
High Availability ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bleeding Tendency ◽  
Gingival Index ◽  
Periodontal Health ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The One

For nine months we monitored the periodontal health of 81 adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, to determine whether daily use of a brush-on 0.4% SnF 2 gel would be better than toothbrushing alone in maintaining periodontal health in these patients, and whether a gel supplying a high percentage of available Sn2+ ion would be more beneficial than a gel supplying a low percentage of available Sn2+ ion. The subjects were matched for age and sex and placed into a control group, which used toothbrushing alone, and two treatment groups, which used toothbrushing supplemented with daily use of a SnF2 gel. One treatment group used a gel with 98% available Sn2+ ion twice daily for the entire nine months. The other treatment group used a gel with less than 2% available Sn2+ once a day for six months, then twice a day for the remaining three months of the study. Clinical assessments (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Bleeding Tendency, pocket depth, and coronal staining) were made before appliances were placed and at one, three, six, and nine months after appliances were placed. Results indicated that the group using the high-availability Sn 2+ gel twice daily had significantly lower Gingival Index and Bleeding Tendency scores at the one-, three-, six-, and nine-month examinations than did the control group. The group using the low-availability Sn2+ gel showed no significant differences in these assessments from the control group. Neither treatment group showed significant differences from the control group in Plaque Index or pocket depth. In the group using the high-availability Sn2+ gel, one subject developed mild coronal staining, and two developed moderate staining.

Are Drug Education Programs Effective?

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Barresi ◽  
Richard J. Gigliotti
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
School Students ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Change Effect

The effects of expert speakers in producing change in drug attitudes, opinions and knowledge of high school students were evaluated with a quasi-field experiment. Three different treatment groups (expertise areas) and a control group were employed. The results indicate that such programs have no change effect. Additional analysis explored change by student type, using the latent class analysis suggested by Lazarsfeld. There is evidence that one class type is susceptible to change, but that the change is minimal given this type of program.

scholarly journals Combined effect ofLactobacillus acidophilusandβ-cyclodextrin on serum cholesterol in pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alonso ◽  
J. Fontecha ◽  
P. Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Individual

AbstractA total of twenty-four Yorkshire gilt pigs of 6–7 weeks of age were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment to determine the individual and combined effects of the inclusion of two dietary factors (cholesterol rich, 3 %β-cyclodextrin (BCD) andLactobacillus acidophiluscultures) on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in blood serum. Pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups (n6). Total serum cholesterol concentrations decreased after 3 weeks in all the experimental treatment groups, including diets with BCD,L.acidophilusor both. Similar trends were observed for serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations among the experimental treatments. No statistically significant differences from the control group were observed in either total serum cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P<0·05) for each of the individual treatment groups: BCD orL.acidophilus. However, significant differences in total serum cholesterol concentrations were observed when comparing the combined treatment group (BCD andL.acidophilus) with the control group, which consisted of a basal diet and sterile milk. The combined treatment group exhibited 17·9 % lower total serum cholesterol concentration after 3 weeks. Similar significant differences were observed when comparing the combined effect experimental group with the control group after 3 weeks. The combined treatment group exhibited 27·9 % lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations.

scholarly journals Sustained Tau Phosphorylation and Microglial Activation Following Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 837-840
Author(s):  
Andre Marolop Pangihutan Siahaan ◽  
Rr Suzy Indharty ◽  
Jessy Chrestella ◽  
Wismaji Sadewo ◽  
Steven Tandean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sham Control Group ◽  
Cd 68

BACKGROUND: Repetitive traumatic brain injury (TBI), even without acute sequela, can induce a delayed neurodegenerative with overexpression of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) as hallmark, caused by chronic inflammation mediated in part by microglial activation. AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the dynamics of p-tau accumulation and microglial activation following repetitive TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into a sham control group and two treatment groups receiving three successive closed-skull impacts (TBI model) from a 40-g mass dropped from a 1-m height on alternating days (days 0, 1, 3, and 7). The first treatment group was sacrificed on the last day of trauma and the second treatment group after 7 days of no trauma. The expression level of p-tau was evaluated by AT-8 antibody immunostaining and microglial activation by anti-CD-68 immunostaining. RESULTS: Immunoexpression of AT-8 was significantly elevated 7 days after TBI compared to the last day of trauma and compared to the sham control group, while CD-68 expression was significantly higher than sham controls on the last day of trauma and remained elevated for 7 days without trauma. CONCLUSION: The study showed that brain trauma can induce p-tau overexpression and microglial activation that is sustained during the non-trauma period.

scholarly journals Perubahan Kualitas Sperma Mencit (Mus musculus) Yang Terpapar Asap Rokok Elektrik

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
Andita Ayu Mandasari ◽  
Siti Nur Asiyah ◽  
Kurnia Lintang
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Suction Device ◽  
Treatment Groups

Smoking is one of the habits that can affect human health. One type of cigarette that is currently the choice is electric cigarettes. The e-cigarette content includes nicotine, propylene glycol, flavorings and glycerin. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exposure to e-cigarette smoke on mice strain balb / c with the parameters of the number of spermatozoa. This study used 15 male mice which were 8-10 weeks old and weighed 25-30 grams of male mice which were divided into 3 treatment groups namely control group, treatment group one and treatment group two. In the control group no exposure to cigarette smoke was carried out while in the treatment group one was exposed to cigarette smoke in mice with a dose of 0 mg nicotine and the second treatment group was exposed to e-cigarette smoke at a dose of 18 mg nicotine. Electric cigarette smoke exposure is carried out for 30 days using a suction device from a syringe. The exposure of cigarette smoke is carried out every day with successive doses of 20 times as much as 3 times with a time lag of 10 minutes (5 minutes the chamber is closed and 5 minutes of the chamber is opened). The results showed that the average number of spermatozoa in the control group was 16.816 million / ml. The average number of spermatozoa in treatment one was 10.432 million / ml and the average number of spermatozoa in treatment two was 5.234 million / ml. This shows that exposure to cigarette smoke can reduce the number of spermatozoa from the control group to the first treatment by 42.56% and the second treatment shows a decrease from the first group by 34.65%.

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