Interleukin-receptor antagonist (IL1-RA) with respect to schizophrenia psychopathology

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s220-s220
Author(s):  
D. Frydecka ◽  
B. Misiak ◽  
P. Sedlaczek ◽  
E. Pawlak-Adamska
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionThe influence of the immune deregulation on the risk and psychopathology of schizophrenia is increasingly recognized in the literature.AimTo assess the association between serum IL-1RA on schizophrenia psychopathology.MethodsWe recruited 88 schizophrenia patients (38 males and 49 females, mean age 38.12 ± 12.67 years) and 88 healthy adult control subjects (68 males, 20 females, mean age 40.63 ± 7.99 years). Lifetime psychopathology was evaluated using Operational Criteria for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT) checklist, while current psychopathology was assessed using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Serum samples were stored in aliquots at –80 °C. Serum levels of IL1-RA were measured using Immunoassay (ELISA).ResultsThere were statistically significant differences between schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (median ± interquartile range: 350,81 ± 227.04 and 888.74 ± 762.63, respectively [pg/ml]) (U Mann–Whitney test, Z = –7.99, P < 0.0001). There were no differences in serum IL1-RA levels between male and female among patients with schizophrenia (U Mann–Whitney test, Z = –0.22, P = 0.82) nor among healthy control subjects (U Mann–Whitney test, Z = –0.17, P = 0.86). Among schizophrenia patients, there was a trend-level association between IL-1RA serum level with negative symptoms (Spearman correlation coefficient, r = –0.23, P = 0.056), positive symptoms (Spearman correlation coefficient r = –0.22, P = 0.066), and on a statistically significant level with general symptoms (Spearman correlation coefficient r = –0.28, P = 0.018).ConclusionSerum IL1-RA level is higher in schizophrenia patients in comparison to healthy controls and it is associated with schizophrenia psychopathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Antibodies to Der p 1 and Der p 2 in allergic patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Renata Harumi Cruz ◽  
Leandro Hideki Ynoue ◽  
Carolina Sanchez Aranda ◽  
Dirceu Solé ◽  
Antonio Condino Neto
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Der P 1 ◽  
Der P 2

Introduction and objectives: Atopic individuals are characterized by increased IgE production and Th2 response if exposed to certain antigens. It is known that the mother transfers antimite antibodies to the fetus and newborn, IgG thru the placenta, and IgA thru breastfeeding, but it is not clear whether there is a protective mechanism mediated by them concerning the development of future allergies. This study aimed to compare the levels of IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies specific to Der p 1 and Der p 2 between atopic and healthy individuals.Methods: Serum samples of 98 patients and 44 healthy controls were subjected to quantification for specific IgE, IgG, and IgA antibodies against Der p 1 and Der p 2 by ImmunoCap® and ELISA, and subjected to statistical analysis as indicated.Results: Atopic patients had higher serum levels of IgE, IgG, and IgA specific to Der p 1 and Der p 2. The correlation was more robust between IgE and IgG antibodies.Conclusions: Allergic patients produce higher levels of antibodies against Der p 1 and Der p 2 compared with healthy individuals. The mechanisms involved still require detailed studies.

scholarly journals Genotoxicity in Patients on Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Korea: A Nested Case-control, Prospective, Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youn I Choi ◽  
Jun-Won Chung ◽  
Dong Kyun Park ◽  
Kyoung Oh Kim ◽  
Kwang An Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Healthy Control

Background/Aims: Although proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remain a mainstay for the suppression of gastric acid secretion, long-term PPI use is associated with side effects. However, the genotoxicity associated with long-term PPI use is unclear.Materials and Methods: This prospective observational pilot study enrolled patients who had been on PPIs for >1 year and healthy controls from July 2015 to August 2016. The subjects completed self-report questionnaires pertaining to their drug and medical history, and only those with no medical history and a ≥2-year wash-out period (for drugs other than PPIs) were included. We collected peripheral-blood lymphocytes from long-term PPI users and healthy controls and analyzed the genotoxicity by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay; we also determined the fasting serum levels of pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine.Results: Ten long-term PPI users and 40 healthy control subjects were enrolled. The median serum pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine levels were not significantly different between the groups. The median frequencies of micronuclei (MNi), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (Nbuds) per 1,000 binucleated cells, in long-term PPI users and healthy controls, were 30.3 and 16.3 (<i>P</i><0.005), 2.5 and 1.8 (<i>P</i><0.005), and 9.3 and 5.0 (<i>P</i><0.005), respectively. Even after adjustment for confounding factors, the OR of the MNi, NPBs, and Nbuds for long-term PPI users compared with healthy control subjects were 14.1 (<i>P</i><0.001), 2.0 (<i>P</i>=0.001), and 1.3 (<i>P</i>=0.3), respectively.Conclusions: Long-term PPI use was significantly associated with an increased risk of genotoxicity after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, medical history, drug history, and the serum levels of vitamins.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicle-Based Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesim Verel-Yilmaz ◽  
Juan Pablo Fernández ◽  
Agnes Schäfer ◽  
Sheila Nevermann ◽  
Lena Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Precursor Lesions ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Serum Samples

Due to a grim prognosis, there is an urgent need to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prior to metastasis. However, reliable diagnostic imaging methods or biomarkers for PDAC or its precursor lesions are still scarce. ADAM8, a metalloprotease-disintegrin, is highly expressed in PDAC tissue and negatively correlates with patient survival. The aim of our study was to determine the ability of ADAM8-positive extracellular vesicles (EVs) and cargo microRNAs (miRNAs) to discriminate precursor lesions or PDAC from healthy controls. In order to investigate enrichment of ADAM8 on EVs, these were isolated from serum of patients with PDAC (n = 52), precursor lesions (n = 7) and healthy individuals (n = 20). Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and electron microscopy indicated successful preparation of EVs that were analyzed for ADAM8 by FACS. Additionally, EV cargo analyses of miRNAs from the same serum samples revealed the presence of miR-720 and miR-451 by qPCR and was validated in 20 additional PDAC samples. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon rank test and ROC curves. FACS analysis detected significant enrichment of ADAM8 in EVs from patients with PDAC or precursor lesions compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.0005). ADAM8-dependent co-variates, miR-451 and miR-720 were also diagnostic, as patients with PDAC had significantly higher serum levels of miR-451 and lower serum levels of miR-720 than healthy controls and reached high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.93 and 1.00, respectively) to discriminate PDAC from healthy control. Thus, detection of ADAM8-positive EVs and related cargo miR-720 and miR-451 may constitute a specific biomarker set for screening individuals at risk for PDAC.

scholarly journals Frequency and Functional Analysis of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Patients with Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia (CIN)

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Nikoleta Bizymi ◽  
Athina Damianaki ◽  
Maria Velegraki ◽  
Konstantina Zavitsanou ◽  
Anastasios Karasachinidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia ◽  
Paired Analysis

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are myeloid cells with immunoregulatory properties characterized mainly by suppression of T-cell responses (Bizymi et al, HemaSphere 2019). They are divided in HLA-DRlow/-/CD11b+/CD33+/CD15+ polymorphonuclear (PMN-MDSCs) and HLA-DRlow/-/CD11b+/CD33+/CD14+ monocytic (M-MDSCs) subsets and they are implicated in inflammatory and malignant diseases. Chronic idiopathic neutropenia (CIN), is a (usually benign) neutrophil disorder characterized by persistent and unexplained neutropenia following a detailed clinical/laboratory investigation including anti-neutrophil antibody testing, bone marrow (BM) biopsy and karyotype (Dale & Bolyard, Curr Opin Hematol 2017). Previous studies have shown that neutropenia in CIN is associated with increased apoptosis of BM granulocytic progenitor cells due to an inflammatory BM microenvironment consisting of oligoclonal T-lymphocytes, proinflammatory monocytes and proapoptotic cytokines. The aim of the present study is to explore the possible involvement of the MDSCs in the pathophysiology of CIN by investigating their number in peripheral blood (PB) and BM in association with their functional characteristics. We have studied 100 CIN patients and 49 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The patients fulfilled the previously described diagnostic criteria for CIN (Papadaki et al, Blood 2003) and had mean neutrophil counts 1095.67 ± 479.52 (median 1215, range 100-1700). MDSC subsets were quantitated by flow cytometry in the PB mononuclear cell (PBMC) fraction using the combination of CD33PC7/CD15PC5/HLA-DRECD/CD14PE/CD11bFITC monoclonal antibodies and the Kaluza analysis software. MDSC subsets were also studied in the BMMC fraction of 24 CIN patients and 8 healthy controls from the study population. The T-cell suppression function of patient MDSCs was evaluated in coculture experiments of immunomagnetically sorted, CFSE stained, normal CD3+ cells with immunomagnetically sorted M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs from 4 patients and 4 healthy donors using recombinant human IL-2 as activating factor. CFSE staining was detected in the CD3+ cells on day 0 and day 3 of coculture and analysis was performed with the Fcs Express 7 software. Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistica software. We found that the proportion of PB M-MDSCs was statistically significant lower in CIN patients (1.45% ± 1.82%) compared to controls (3.68% ± 3.12%, Mann-Whitney test, p &lt; 0.0001) (Figure a) whereas the proportion of PB PMN-MDSCs, although lower in patients, did not differ significantly from the controls. The proportion of BM M-MDSCs did not differ significantly between CIN patients and controls whereas the proportion of BM PMN-MDSCs was statistically significant lower in patients (13.27% ± 11.27%) compared to controls (19.49% ± 4.46%; Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.0291) (Figure b). Paired analysis showed that the proportion of PMN-MDSCs were higher in the BMMC compared to PBMC fraction in both CIN patients (13.27% ± 11.27% vs 1.14% ± 1.64%, respectively; Wilcoxon test, p = 0.005) (Figure c) and healthy controls (19.49% ± 4.46% vs 9.92% ± 9.08%, respectively; Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0118). Interestingly, the proportion of increase of PMN-MDSCs (in BMMC vs PBMC fraction) was significantly higher in patients (86.71% ± 21.26%) compared to controls (55.95% ± 38.59%; Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.0357) (Figure d). The above data indicate low production of PMN-MDSCs in CIN patients compared to controls but a trend for accumulation of these cells in patients' BM. No statistically significant difference was documented in paired analysis of M-MDSCs between BMMC and PBMC fractions in either CIN patients or healthy controls. Patient PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSCs displayed normal capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation as was indicated by the T-cell generations in coculture experiments of normal CD3+ cells in the presence or absence of patient MDSCs (Figure e). In conclusion, CIN patients display low proportion of MDSCs in the PB and lower proportion of PMN-MDSC in the BM compared to normal individuals. Patient MDSCs display normal capacity to suppress T-cell activation. The low proportions of MDSCs may sustain the inflammatory process associated with CIN whereas the accumulation of PMN-MDSCs in the BM represents probably a compensatory mechanism to suppress the inflammatory processes within patients' BM microenvironment. Figure Disclosures Papadaki: Genesis pharma SA: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

scholarly journals Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of osteosarcoma based on UHPLC-HRMS

Metabolomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongming Lv ◽  
Yutong Zou ◽  
Ziliang Zeng ◽  
Hao Yao ◽  
Shirong Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Guanosine Monophosphate ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling ◽  
Proliferation And Metastasis

Abstract Introduction Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that tumor proliferation and metastasis are closely related to complex metabolic reprogramming. However, there are limited data to provide a comprehensive metabolic picture of osteosarcoma. Objectives Our study aims to identify aberrant metabolic pathways and seek potential adjuvant biomarkers for osteosarcoma. Methods Serum samples were collected from 65 osteosarcoma patients and 30 healthy controls. Nontargeted metabolomic profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Results The OPLS-DA model analysis identified clear separations among groups. We identified a set of differential metabolites such as higher serum levels of adenosine-5-monophosphate, inosine-5-monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate in primary OS patients compared to healthy controls, and higher serum levels of 5-aminopentanamide, 13(S)-HpOTrE (FA 18:3 + 2O) and methionine sulfoxide in lung metastatic OS patients compared to primary OS patients, revealing aberrant metabolic features during the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma. We found a group of metabolites especially lactic acid and glutamic acid, with AUC values of 0.97 and 0.98, which could serve as potential adjuvant diagnostic biomarkers for primary osteosarcoma, and a panel of 2 metabolites, 5-aminopentanamide and 13(S)-HpOTrE (FA 18:3 + 2O), with an AUC value of 0.92, that had good monitoring ability for lung metastases. Conclusions Our study provides new insight into the aberrant metabolic features of osteosarcoma. The potential biomarkers identified here may have translational significance.

Serum levels of TIMP-1 and MMP-7 as potential biomarkers in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Vočka ◽  
Daniel Langer ◽  
Vladimir Fryba ◽  
Jaromir Petrtyl ◽  
Tomas Hanus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Carcinoembryonic Antigen ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Gastrointestinal Malignancies ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 7 ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Potent Growth

Objective: Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) were reported to have potent growth promoting activity. Lack of balance between MMPs and TIMPs is an important factor in the development of gastrointestinal malignancies. Methods: We collected serum samples from 97 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and 79 samples from healthy controls. Serum levels of TIMP-1 and MMP-7 were measured immunochemically and compared with standard tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9. Results: Serum levels of TIMP-1 and MMP-7 were significantly higher in patients with colorectal cancer compared to healthy controls (both, P < 0.001). TIMP-1 and MMP-7 correlate with the presence of colon involvement (P = 0.001; P = 0.012) and the presence of liver metastases (P = 0.002; P = 0.037), and negatively correlate with pulmonary metastases (P = 0.014; P = 0.005). MMP-7 had similar sensitivity and the same specificity as carcinoembryonic antigen. TIMP-1 and MMP-7 had better sensitivity than CA19-9. TIMP-1 and MMP-7 level correlate with worse outcome (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The results indicate that TIMP-1 and MMP-7 are effective biomarkers in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with good sensitivity. TIMP-1 and MMP-7 levels strongly correlate with the extent of liver disease and have prognostic value.

scholarly journals Different materials and techniques for accurate molding for adaptation in angled implants

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisliane Nara Rossi LEANDRO ◽  
Rui Barbosa de BRITO JÚNIOR ◽  
Marcelo Lucchesi TEIXEIRA ◽  
Luiz Martins TURANO ◽  
Luciana Jardini da CUNHA
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Accurate Result ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Master Model

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the marginal misfit between intermediate and micro-unitmetal cylinder, by varying the angle of the implants, using two different types of material and different molding techniques. METHODS: A model was made with three implants (one perpendicular to the horizontal plane and two inclined) using micro-unit intermediates. A rod attached to the master model served as a control condition to evaluate the suitability of the twenty specimens, carried out with the help of an optical stereomicroscope (Pantec, Brazil; Materials Testing Laboratory, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo). RESULTS: Evaluator reliability was assessed using theIntraclass Correlation Coefficient, obtaining 99.6% (excellent). There were significant differences between groups, and the Mann-Whitney test compared groups in pairs for a more accurate result. CONCLUSION: The group which presented the best behavior was open tray and condensation silicone and the worst result, that needed to be cast several times, was closed tray and condensation silicone.

scholarly journals Myristic Acid Serum Levels and Their Significance for Diagnosis of Systemic Inflammatory Response, Sepsis, and Bacteraemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Roman Zazula ◽  
Michal Moravec ◽  
František Pehal ◽  
Tomáš Nejtek ◽  
Marek Protuš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Sepsis Group ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Samples

Myristic acid is identified as a metabolite with the highest diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the metabolome of patients with bacteraemia. Its significant decrease has been observed in patients with septic shock not responding to treatment. Another study has reported a close correlation of myristic acid levels with the outcome of severe trauma patients. Myristic acid concentrations were investigated in a cohort of septic patients and patients with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in 5 consecutive days following diagnosis and compared to healthy controls. The study population groups—Sepsis 34, SIRS 31, and Healthy Control 120 patients were included. Serum samples were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The myristic acid levels in the Sepsis Group and SIRS Group were found to be significantly higher when compared to healthy controls. The serum concentration of myristic acid in septic patients with bacteraemia was higher than in septic patients without bacteraemia. Most patients with sepsis and SIRS had the highest levels of myristic acid within 24 h after an established diagnosis. Myristic acid should be considered as a new candidate marker of severe inflammation and sepsis. A simplified analysis and sufficient body of validated data are necessary steps towards the introduction of this metabolite into routine clinical practice.

scholarly journals Soluble selectins and highly fucosylated ?1-antichymotrypsin in rheumatoid arthritis patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Anna Olewicz-Gawlik ◽  
Izabela Korczowska-Łącka ◽  
Paweł Hrycaj
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Rheumatoid Factor ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Leukocyte Extravasation

Introduction. Fucosylation of acute phase proteins and serum soluble selectin levels is increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and can influence leukocyte extravasation. Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration and fucosylation of ?1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) in relation to serum concentrations of soluble forms of selectins in RA patients. Material and methods. Serum samples of 70 RA patients and 30 healthy controls were examined using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. ACT-FR was significantly increased in RA patients when compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001) and significantly correlated with serum concentrations of rheumatoid factor (RF) and antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (ACPA) (p = 0.006, p = 0.04, respectively). Moreover, we found significant correlations between the serum levels of soluble (s)P- and sE-selectin and ACT-FR (p = 0.008 and p = 0.03, respectively) only in male RA patients.Conclusions. Fucosylation of ACT differs between male and female RA patients and is related to sP- and sE-selectin levels only in men.

scholarly journals PERAN KONTAK TANI DALAM BUDIDAYA PADI ORGANIK DI KECAMATAN MOJOGEDANG KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Rinjani Alam Pratiwi ◽  
Suwarto Suwarto ◽  
Arip Wijianto
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Correlation Test ◽  
Whitney Test ◽  
Organic Rice ◽  
Mann Whitney Test ◽  
Spearman Correlation Test ◽  
The Relationship

This research aims at studying organic rice cultivation, the role of kontak tani in organic rice cultivation, the relationship between the role of kontak tani and organic rice cultivation, and whether there is a difference among the role of kontak tani according to farmers that is based on farming education, the expanse of farming field and farming environment. The role of kontak tani covers the role as a leader, a model, a preceptor, an activator and an instructor colleague. This research is conducted using quantitative method. The technique of sampling is sensus method with total number of 60 sample respondents from two farming groups under research. The data of the research is analysed using Rank Spearman correlation test dan U Mann Whitney test.The result of the correlation test shows that the relationship between the role of kontak tani as a leader and as a preceptor towards organic rice cultivation is very significant, and the relationship between the role of kontak tani as an activator towards organic rice cultivation is significant, while the role of kontak tani as a model and an instructor colleague towards organic rice cultivation is insignificant. According to U Mann Whitney test, there is no significant differences regarding the role of kontak taniaccording to farmers based on farming education, the expanse of farming field and farming environment.

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