Analytical solutions for complex problems using multiple diagnostic techniques

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 686-687
Author(s):  
L. A. Heimbrook
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Lasers ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Complex Material ◽  
Silicon Devices ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ultra Shallow Junctions

The ability to apply multiple diagnostic techniques to complex material, biological, and device problems with the goal of obtaining analytical solutions is the daily objective of the typical analytical laboratory. This paper will describe the use of both microscopy and surface analysis diagnostic tools to evaluate routine and highly complex material and device problems often found in the semiconductor industry. The characterization requirements for silicon and III-V materials and devices cover a wide range of technology research and development programs. These programs involve the characterization of starting materials, doping and implant technologies, thin film technology, particle and contamination issues and final device inspection. Continued advances in ultra-shallow silicon devices and multi-quantum-well (MQW) lasers rely on the accurate introduction of doping elements, the ability to deposit high quality materials of specified layer thicknesses and on advances in fabrication and characterization tools.The complex analysis problems of evaluating ultra shallow junctions in sub-micron silicon devices and the measurement of grating depths and duty cycles in semiconductor lasers are the characterization challenges which will be addressed in this paper.

Nurse parasite clinics and the benefits of routine testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 264-270
Author(s):  
Ian Wright ◽  
Philippa Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Preventative Treatment ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Efficacy Of Treatment

Cats and dogs are infected with a wide range of parasites, many of which are capable of causing or contributing to disease. Veterinary nurses play a vital role in helping to formulate parasite control plans for pets. Routine diagnostic testing alongside risk-based appropriate preventative treatment is important for efficacy of treatment to be monitored, screening for sub-clinical parasitic infections and drug resistance and to demonstrate that current parasite control recommendations are adequate. A wide range of diagnostic tools are available to veterinary practices and this article considers some of the diagnostic techniques available for routine parasite diagnosis and how they might be used in parasite prevention plans for cats and dogs.

Analysis of completed commercial semiconductors using EPMA

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
R. Packwood ◽  
M.W. Phaneuf ◽  
V. Weatherall ◽  
I. Bassignana
Keyword(s):  
Electron Probe Microanalysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Depth Resolution ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Numerous Element ◽  
Choice Method

The development of specialized analytical instruments such as the SIMS, XPS, ISS etc., all with truly incredible abilities in certain areas, has given rise to the notion that electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is an old fashioned and rather inadequate technique, and one that is of little or no use in such high technology fields as the semiconductor industry. Whilst it is true that the microprobe does not possess parts-per-billion sensitivity (ppb) or monolayer depth resolution it is also true that many times these extremes of performance are not essential and that a few tens of parts-per-million (ppm) and a few tens of nanometers depth resolution is all that is required. In fact, the microprobe may well be the second choice method for a wide range of analytical problems and even the method of choice for a few.The literature is replete with remarks that suggest the writer is confusing an SEM-EDXS combination with an instrument such as the Cameca SX-50. Even where this confusion does not exist, the literature discusses microprobe detection limits that are seldom stated to be as low as 100 ppm, whereas there are numerous element combinations for which 10-20 ppm is routinely attainable.

scholarly journals Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Springer ◽  
Antje Glass ◽  
Julia Probst ◽  
Christina Strube
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The One

AbstractAround the world, human health and animal health are closely linked in terms of the One Health concept by ticks acting as vectors for zoonotic pathogens. Animals do not only maintain tick cycles but can either be clinically affected by the same tick-borne pathogens as humans and/or play a role as reservoirs or sentinel pathogen hosts. However, the relevance of different tick-borne diseases (TBDs) may vary in human vs. veterinary medicine, which is consequently reflected by the availability of human vs. veterinary diagnostic tests. Yet, as TBDs gain importance in both fields and rare zoonotic pathogens, such as Babesia spp., are increasingly identified as causes of human disease, a One Health approach regarding development of new diagnostic tools may lead to synergistic benefits. This review gives an overview on zoonotic protozoan, bacterial and viral tick-borne pathogens worldwide, discusses commonly used diagnostic techniques for TBDs, and compares commercial availability of diagnostic tests for humans vs. domestic animals, using Germany as an example, with the aim of highlighting existing gaps and opportunities for collaboration in a One Health framework.

Electromechanical fields in a hollow piezoelectric cylinder under non-uniform load: flexoelectric effect

2021 ◽  
pp. 108128652110207
Author(s):  
Olha Hrytsyna
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Point Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gradient Theory ◽  
Local Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
Local Mass Displacement ◽  
Local Gradient

The relations of a local gradient non-ferromagnetic electroelastic continuum are used to solve the problem of an axisymmetrical loaded hollow cylinder. Analytical solutions are obtained for tetragonal piezoelectric materials of point group 4 mm for two cases of external loads applied to the body surfaces. Namely, the hollow pressurized cylinder and a cylinder subjected to an electrical voltage V across its thickness are considered. The derived solutions demonstrate that the non-uniform electric load causes a mechanical deformation of piezoelectric body, and vice versa, the inhomogeneous radial pressure of the cylinder induces its polarization. Such a result is obtained due to coupling between the electromechanical fields and a local mass displacement being considered. In the local gradient theory, the local mass displacement is associated with the changes to a material’s microstructure. The classical theory does not consider the effect of material microstructure on the behavior of solid bodies and is incapable of explaining the mentioned phenomena. It is also shown that the local gradient theory describes the size-dependent properties of piezoelectric nanocylinders. Analytical solutions to the formulated boundary-value problems can be used in conjunction with experimental data to estimate some higher-order material constants of the local gradient piezoelectricity. The obtained results may be useful for a wide range of appliances that utilize small-scale piezoelectric elements as constituting blocks.

scholarly journals Imaging Diagnosis of Right Ventricle Involvement in Chagas Cardiomyopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna M. D. Romano ◽  
Henrique T. Moreira ◽  
André Schmidt ◽  
Benedito Carlos Maciel ◽  
José Antônio Marin-Neto
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Tissue Characterization ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Deformation Analysis ◽  
Geometrical Shape ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Chagas Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Health And Disease

Right ventricle (RV) is considered a neglected chamber in cardiology and knowledge about its role in cardiac function was mostly focused on ventricular interdependence. However, progress on the understanding of myocardium diseases primarily involving the RV led to a better comprehension of its role in health and disease. In Chagas disease (CD), there is direct evidence from both basic and clinical research of profound structural RV abnormalities. However, clinical detection of these abnormalities is hindered by technical limitations of imaging diagnostic tools. Echocardiography has been a widespread and low-cost option for the study of patients with CD but, when applied to the RV assessment, faces difficulties such as the absence of a geometrical shape to represent this cavity. More recently, the technique has evolved to a focused guided RV imaging and myocardial deformation analysis. Also, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been introduced as a gold standard method to evaluate RV cavity volumes. CMR advantages include precise quantitative analyses of both LV and RV volumes and its ability to perform myocardium tissue characterization to identify areas of scar and edema. Evolution of these cardiac diagnostic techniques opened a new path to explore the pathophysiology of RV dysfunction in CD.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Immune-Diagnostic Tools with Polymerase Chain Reaction in Sub-Clinical Leishmaniasis Isolates

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazar M Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Clinical Form ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Leishmanin Skin Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Objective: This study aimed to identify cases of leishmaniasis in the Nuba Mountain area, which is situated in a unique geographical site located in the centre of Sudanese leishmania belt. Wide range of investigations are available for detection of leishmania cases, but still the most reliable and easy test used as screening and epidemiological tool in field studies needs to be evaluated. The most commonly used conventional diagnostic methods direct microscopy and culture have some drawbacks in diagnosing subclinical cases of leishmaniasis. Materials and methods: In this study, comparative properties of various immune-diagnostic tools with Polymerase Chain Reaction used in sub-clinical leishmaniasis isolates were explored. The immune-diagnostic tools involved in this study include- Leishmanin Skin Test (LST), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Direct Agglutination Test (DAT). The study was conducted in the Green Valley village (Rashad Province, South Kordofan State) with a population of 332. Most of the villagers presented with sub-clinical form of leishmaniasis with minor symptoms and signs without the features found in clinical form of visceral leishmaniasis such as fever, diarrhoea, epistaxis, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In this study we collected demographic, clinical and epidemiological data using special questionnaire. Leishmanin skin test (LST), ELISA, DAT and PCR for parasite DNA detection were used. Result: The final positive cases detected by PCR were 32 out of 332 belong to L. donovani species. The final positive cases detected by LST were 51.2% of the total population under study, while 11 out of the 37 tested samples were positive by ELISA. All of the 332 villagers showed negative readings by DAT with exception of three individuals who were positive with very high titers. Conclusion: DNA etxtraction and amplification with primers can be a good screening tool in subclinical leishmaniasis isolates. Keyword: Sub-clinical; Leishmaniasis; Leishmanin Skin Test; ELISA; DAT; PCR. DOI: 10.3329/jom.v12i1.5422J Medicine 2011; 12 : 34-39

scholarly journals Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of tumors in the female reproductive system

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-383
Author(s):  
Ju. V. Nosova ◽  
A. E. Solopova ◽  
G. N. Khabas ◽  
A. V. Asaturova
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Diagnostic Errors ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Cytokeratin 20 ◽  
Pelvic Tumors ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction. Most pelvic tumors originate from reproductive organs. Even using the up-to-date imaging techniques, radiologists experience difficulties in determining the source of the lesion since a wide range of tumors look similar to each other on the distorted backdrop of pelvic anatomy, large invasive formations, and an active inflammatory reaction of the pelvic peritoneum.Aim: to evaluate “pitfalls” in the preoperative noninvasive diagnosis of female pelvic tumors by applying the clinical diagnostic tools.Materials and methods. Four rare clinical cases were analyzed; all of them posed difficulties in interpreting the diagnostic examination due to their atypical characteristics. There were 2 cases of ovarian cancer, initially identified by an experienced team of radiologists as benign pelvic pathology. Also, there were fibroids with degeneration, marked proliferative activity, and a massive inflammatory reaction of the peritoneum – that was diagnosed as a malignant ovarian tumor. Tumor biopsies were examined using morphological and immunohistochemical methods (with the р16, Ki-67, p53, CD 117, S 100, CD 34 markers). Immunohistochemical (IHC) studies were performed with formalin-fixed paraffin materials using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1) were also used.Results. A thorough analysis of the clinical picture and a joint multidisciplinary discussion (gynecologist, oncologist, radiologist, etc.) made it possible to avoid diagnostic errors.Conclusion. These observations demonstrate the difficulties of differential diagnosis between ovarian metastases of uterine cancer and primary multiple ovarian and uterine cancer, as well between leiomyosarcoma and uterine myoma with high mitotic activity. Obviously, the change in diagnosis calls for a change in the treatment strategy.

scholarly journals Does the punishment fit the crime? Consequences and diagnosis of misspecified detection functions in Bayesian spatial capture-recapture modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumen Dey ◽  
Richard Bischof ◽  
Pierre P. A. Dupont ◽  
Cyril Milleret
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Space Use ◽  
Relative Bias ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
List Type ◽  
Detection Function ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Capture Recapture

AbstractSpatial capture-recapture (SCR) is now used widely to estimate wildlife densities. At the core of SCR models lies the detection function, linking individual detection probability to the distance from its latent activity center. The most common function (half-normal) assumes a bivariate normal space use and consequently detection pattern. This is likely an oversimplification and misrepresentation of real-life animal space use patterns, but studies have reported that density estimates are relatively robust to misspecified detection functions. However, information about consequences of such misspecification on space use parameters (e.g. home range area), as well as diagnostic tools to reveal it are lacking.We simulated SCR data under six different detection functions, including the half-normal, to represent a wide range of space use patterns. We then fit three different SCR models, with the three simplest detection functions (half-normal, exponential and half-normal plateau) to each simulated data set. We evaluated the consequences of misspecification in terms of bias, precision and coverage probability of density and home range area estimates. We also calculated Bayesian p-values with respect to different discrepancy metrics to assess whether these can help identify misspecifications of the detection function.We corroborate previous findings that density estimates are robust to misspecifications of the detection function. However, estimates of home range area are prone to bias when the detection function is misspecified. When fitted with the half-normal model, average relative bias of 95% kernel home range area estimates ranged between −25% and 26% depending on the misspecification. In contrast, the half-normal plateau model (an extension of the half-normal) returned average relative bias that ranged between −26% and −4%. Additionally, we found useful heuristic patterns in Bayesian p-values to diagnose the misspecification in detection function.Our analytical framework and diagnostic tools may help users select a detection function when analyzing empirical data, especially when space use parameters (such as home range area) are of interest. We urge development of additional custom goodness of fit diagnostics for Bayesian SCR models to help practitioners identify a wider range of model misspecifications.

scholarly journals Identification of pathogenic Leptospira species and serovars in New Zealand using metabarcoding

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257971
Author(s):  
David A. Wilkinson ◽  
Matthew Edwards ◽  
Jackie Benschop ◽  
Shahista Nisa
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
Molecular Barcoding ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Variant Identification

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance. The breadth of Leptospira diversity associated with both human and animal disease poses major logistical challenges to the use of classical diagnostic techniques, and increasingly molecular diagnostic tools are used for their detection. In New Zealand, this has resulted in an increase in positive cases reported nationally that have not been attributed to the infecting serovar or genomospecies. In this study, we used data from all pathogenic Leptospira genomes to identify a partial region of the glmU gene as a suitable locus for the discrimination of the infecting species and serovars of New Zealand-endemic Leptospira. This method can be used in culture and culture-independent scenarios making it flexible for diagnostics in humans, animals, and environmental samples. We explored the use of this locus as a molecular barcoding tool via the Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) sequencing platform MinION. Sequences obtained by this method allowed specific identification of Leptospira species in mixed and enriched environmental cultures, however read error inherent in the MinION sequencing system reduced the accuracy of strain/variant identification. Using this approach to characterise Leptospira in enriched environmental cultures, we detected the likely presence of Leptospira genomospecies that have not been reported in New Zealand to date. This included a strain of L. borgpetersenii that has recently been identified in dairy cattle and sequences similar to those of L. mayottensis. L. tipperaryensis, L. dzianensis and L. alstonii.

scholarly journals Finite Element Software for Rubber Products Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Dávid Huri
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Material Models ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types

Automotive rubber products are subjected to large deformations during working conditions, they often contact with other parts and they show highly nonlinear material behavior. Using finite element software for complex analysis of rubber parts can be a good way, although it has to contain special modules. Different types of rubber materials require the curve fitting possibility and the wide range choice of the material models. It is also important to be able to describe the viscoelastic property and the hysteresis. The remeshing possibility can be a useful tool for large deformation and the working circumstances require the contact and self contact ability as well. This article compares some types of the finite element software available on the market based on the above mentioned features.

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