scholarly journals Gestational age estimation using transcerebellar diameter with grading of fetal cerebellar growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Anirban Das Gupta ◽  
Arindom Banerjee ◽  
N Rammurthy ◽  
P Revati ◽  
Josna Jose ◽  
...  

Abstract Background : The transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) serves as a reliable predictor of gestational age (GA) of the fetus and is a standard against which aberrations in other fetal parameters can be compared, especially when the GA cannot be determined by the date of the last menstrual period or an early pregnancy scan. Aim : The aim of this study was to derive a regression equation and evaluate the relationship between transverse cerebellar diameter and gestational age, which will be helpful in assessing the fetal gestational age and also to evaluate the grades of cerebellum and to see its growth. Materials & methods : The prospective study was carried out in 292 pregnant women between 14-40 weeks of pregnancy attending the Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation, Amalapuram for routine ultrasound examination. Transverse cerebellar diameter was measured and cerebellum was graded using ultrasonography. Results : Fetal cerebella were found to be in 29%, 10% and 61 % cases as grade I, II and III respectively. The grade changed from I to III progressively with advancing gestation. The median GA and TCD were 20 wks and 22 mm for grade I, 32 wks and 30 mm for grade II and 36 wks and 38 mm for grade III. Conclusion : Regression analysis indicated a strong relationship between TCD and gestational age indicating TCD is a good marker for estimation of gestational age.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-113
Author(s):  
Prashanth G Patil ◽  
KM Nataraj ◽  
Shaik Hussain Saheb

Background: Knowledge of gestational age (GA) is important because it affects clinical management in many ways. Ultrasonography has provided a safe and noninvasive means of dating a pregnancy. The purpose of the present study is to assess the relationship of placental thickness with gestational age and to compare it with other sonographic parameters used to estimate gestational age. Subjects and Methods: The study included 242 normal pregnant women who knew their last menstrual period (LMP). After taking consent, all the women underwent an ultrasound examination. During the scan, besides measuring routine biometric parameters, Placental thickness at the cord insertion was also measured. A retrospective study was designated to test the hypothesis that placental thickness in an age dependant variable and hence can predict gestational age. In the end, the predicted gestational age by placental thickness was compared with gestational age as determined by other sonographic parameters. Results: Placental thickness showed a linear progression in relation to the menstrual age. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.86(p<0.001). The regression equation was formulated by regressing gestational age on the measured placental thickness. The correlation coefficient between GA-LMP and GA-USG was 0.92 as compared to 0.86 between GA-LMP and GA-PT. The standard error for other USG parameters was +2.32 compared to +2.96 for placental thickness. Conclusion: Placental thickness being a fusion of menstrual age, can be used to predict the gestational age by using the regression formula. Gestational age calculated by other USG parameters is closer to menstrual age as compared to that by placental thickness. The prediction interval was slightly more when the placental thickness was used instead of other USG parameters. Placental thickness is a good alternative parameter for predicting gestational age in the second and third trimester.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Rajeev Mukhia ◽  
Bhawani Prasad Powar

Background: Thyroid gland is one of the organs of interest for researchers since a long time. Though, detailed study about adult thyroid gland is there in the literature but thyroid gland at different stages in the foetal period is far less available.Aims and Objective: To find out the morphological and morphometric features on the development of foetal thyroid gland in relation with different gestational weeks.Materials and Methods: The study was carried in the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal, on 40 human foetuses of known gestational age. The midline dissection of the neck was done to expose the thyroid gland. The shape and measurements like length, breadth and thickness of both lobe of the gland were noted.Results: The mean values of all parameters by gestational age were calculated. In the present study, the weight of foetuses showed gradual increase from 10th week to 38th weeks of gestation. In the normally developing foetuses the thyroid gland dimension and its weight also increases with increase gestational age.Conclusion: There was no more difference between the dimension of right and left lobe of thyroid gland. The study provides morphological and morphometric knowledge on the development of foetal thyroid gland from 10th week to 38th weeks of gestation. The knowledge of thyroid gland weight and dimension and body weight in relation to the gestational age might be helpful to judge the thyroid structure in preterm babies.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(6) 2018 40-44


2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxin Zheng ◽  
Haotian Lin ◽  
Wen Liu ◽  
Dandan Wang ◽  
Suying Huang

Purpose. To observe and classify vitreous incarcerations in patients undergoing second 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for recurrent retinal detachment. Methods. Retrospective noncomparative consecutive case series. Eighty-two consecutive patients with recurrent retinal detachment were included. The previous sclerotomy sites were examined by our sclera depression method and the vitreous incarceration were classified into Grade 0–IV by their severity under surgical microscope before second surgery. The relationship of vitreous incarceration and different ports was statistically investigated in our included patients. Results. Vitreous incarceration in the previous sclerotomy sites were found frequently. Vitreous cutter sites were most involved, but the infusion pipe sites were the least. According to our classification and definition, Grade III and IV of vitreous incarceration in all the three different sclerotomy sites accounted for 32.5%. Grade II of vitreous incarceration consisted of 12.6%. Grade 0 and I in all the three different sclerotomy sites were 54.8%. The frequency of all grades of vitreous incarceration in light port or vitreous cutter port was significant higher than that in infusion port. Conclusions. Vitreous incarceration in light port and vitreous cutter port are found more common than in infusion port for 20-gauge PPV with our new method.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Singleton ◽  
Charles A. German ◽  
Mercedes Carnethon ◽  
Elsayed Z. Soliman ◽  
Alain G. Bertoni ◽  
...  

Background Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF), but it is not known whether this relationship varies by race/ethnicity. Methods and Results Eligible participants (6739) from MESA (Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) were surveilled for incident AF using MESA hospital surveillance, scheduled MESA study ECG, and Medicare claims data. After a median 13.8 years of follow‐up, 970 participants (14.4%) had incident AF. With BMI modeled categorically in a Cox proportional hazards model, only those with grade II and grade III obesity had increased risks of AF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% CI, 1.14–1.98, P =0.004 for grade II obesity and HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.48–3.05, P <0.0001 for grade III obesity). The relationship between BMI and AF risk was J‐shaped. However, the risk of AF as a function of BMI varied substantially by race/ethnicity ( P value for interaction=0.02), with Chinese‐American participants having a much higher risk of AF with higher BMI and Black participants having minimal increased risk of AF with higher BMI. Conclusions Obesity is associated with an increased risk of incident AF, but the relationship between BMI and the risk of AF is J‐shaped and this relationship differs by race/ethnicity, such that Chinese‐American participants have a more pronounced increased risk of AF with higher BMI, while Black participants have minimal increased risk. Further exploration of the differential effects of BMI by race/ethnicity on cardiovascular outcomes is needed.


Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Fattahi ◽  
Fatemeh Sedaghat ◽  
Mahyar Malekzadeh ◽  
Amir Ali Nejat ◽  
Maryam Poostkar ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Meningiomas are one of the most common tumors of the brain and central nervous system. The key role of endocan in predicting tumor growth and prognosis has been shown for several types of cancers; however, this role in meningiomas has not been evaluated. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between endocan serum levels with low- and high-grade meningiomas. Results The serum level of endocan in the group with meningiomas was 283.34 (242.09-358.70) pg/ml and in the control group was 250.29 (207.56-329.71) pg/ml respectively (P = 0.172). Afterwards, patients were divided into three different groups (grades I, II, and III) and compared to the control. The level of endocan in the group with grade I of meningioma showed no significant difference compared to control individuals (P = 0.86). When patients with grade II and grade III compared with the control group, endocan serum levels were statistically significant (P = 0.002, P < 0.001 respectively). Moreover, our findings showed that the different grades of meningiomas were statistically significant compared to each other (P < 0.001) regarding endocan serum levels, meaning that the higher the grade, the higher the endocan serum levels. Conclusion Our findings revealed that higher grades of meningioma had higher endocan serum levels, however, the role of endocan in pathogenesis or progression of this type of tumor requiring further exclusively assessment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Wei ◽  
Jingzhu Zhang ◽  
Cheng Qu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Kun Gao ◽  
...  

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by pancreatic/peripancreatic inflammation. Involvement of renal capsule refers to peripancreatic inflammation extending beyond the Gerota fascia and disappearance of renal rim sign (+) on CT images. However, its association with acute kidney injury (AKI), an important complication of AP, was rarely studied.Aim: This study aimed to assess the relationship between the involvement of renal capsule and AKI in a cohort of patients with AP.Methods: We retrospectively screened all the patients admitted for AP from January 2018 to December 2019. The involvement of renal capsule was judged by experienced radiologists according to the CT imaging. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to control for biases in group sizes and baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was the development of AKI during the index admission. We also categorized the pararenal inflammation with the renal rim grade (RRG) and compared the incidence of AKI among different grades.Results: Involvement of renal capsule was identified in 71 of 503 patients (14.1%). The incidence of AKI was significantly higher in these patients when compared with the matched controls (43/71, 60.6% vs. 12/71, 16.9%, p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, mortality also differed between groups (12.7% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.017). Multivariable logistic regression showed that renal capsule involvement is an independent risk factor of AKI (odds ratio, 4.355; 95% confidence interval, 1.434, 13.230, p = 0.009). Patients with RRG grade III had a significantly higher incidence of AKI than the other two grades (60.6% for Grade III, 17.1% for Grade II, and 3.8% for Grade I, p &lt; 0.001).Conclusion: Involvement of renal capsule is associated with higher AKI incidence and mortality.


2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 014-018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinaysagar Sharma ◽  
Shashwat Kumar Singh

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anterior cervical discectomy is a surgical procedure performed to treat a herniated/degenerated disc in the cervical region. There have been various studies comparing arthrodesis rates among various procedures. Our patients belonged to varied socioeconomic background and underwent anterior cervical microdiscectomy without/with instrumentation. Aim: The present study was performed to study and compare the arthrodesis rates in the patients operated for anterior cervical microdiscectomy with and without fusion/instrumentation procedures at our institution. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study performed at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru. Pre- and post-operative X-rays were assessed in 96 patients who had undergone anterior cervical discectomy with/without fusion from June 2012 to June 2015. Radiographic arthrodesis was assessed in all patients. An arbitrary grading was designed by us and categorized into Grade I to IV. The criteria considered for adequate arthrodesis in this study were: (a) <2° movement on dynamic X-rays, (b) restored disc space height (±2 mm accepted), and (c) evidence of solid bone mass around disc space. Arthrodesis was categorized as Grade I if all the above 3 criteria on X-rays was fulfilled, Grade II if any 2 of the criteria was fulfilled, Grade III if any 1 of the criteria was fulfilled, and Grade IV when pseudoarthrosis/none of the criteria was fulfilled. Grade I arthrodesis was noted in about 79 patients (82.2%), Grade II in 14 patients, and only 3 patients had Grade III arthrodesis. There were no patients with absent arthrodesis/pseudoarthrosis. Results: Satisfactory arthrodesis was noted in 82% of the total patients, with patients undergoing fusion ± instrumentation procedure having better results. Conclusions: Arthrodesis by an interbody graft/implant with/without plating increases chances of success as compared to anterior cervical discectomy alone. Patients should be motivated for any of the available options for fusion/instrumentation


Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Singleton ◽  
Charles German ◽  
Mercedes R Carnethon ◽  
Elsayed Z Soliman ◽  
Alain G Bertoni ◽  
...  

Introduction: Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with an increased risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF), but it is not known if this relationship varies based on race/ethnicity. Hypothesis: The relationship between BMI and incident AF will vary by race/ethnicity. Methods: Eligible MESA participants had no AF at baseline. The risk of incident AF as a function of baseline BMI was modelled using Cox proportional hazards. Formal tests of interaction by race/ethnicity were performed. Restricted cubic splines models were used to explore non-linear relationships. Results: Among 6,739 participants, 0.8% were underweight, 27.8% had normal BMI, 39.0% were overweight, 21.1% had grade I obesity, 7.6% had grade II obesity, and 3.7% had grade III obesity. Over 79,860 person-years of follow-up (median 13.8), 991 participants (14.7%) had new-onset AF. With BMI modeled as a categorical variable, only those with grade II and grade III obesity had an increased risk of AF (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13 - 1.94, p = 0.005 for grade II obesity and HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.11 - 4.40, p = 0.02 for grade III obesity ). The relationship between BMI and AF risk was non-linear, best characterized as J-shaped. However, the risk of AF as a function of BMI varied substantially by race/ethnicity (p-value for interaction = 0.02), with Chinese-American participants having a much higher risk of AF with higher BMI and African-American participants having minimal increased risk of AF with higher BMI (Figure 1). Conclusions: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of incident AF. The relationship between BMI and the risk of AF is J-shaped and this relationship differs by race/ethnicity, such that Chinese-Americans have a more pronounced increased risk of AF with higher BMI, while African-Americans have minimal increased risk. Further exploration of the differential effects of BMI by race/ethnicity on cardiovascular outcomes is needed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijun Wen ◽  
Hai Yu

Abstract Background PLR and NLR had been reported that they may be related to carotid atherosclerotic. The relationship between PLR, NLR and carotid atherosclerotic plaque in young patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes had not been clinically reported. Objectives To analyzed the relationship between platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and carotid plaques in young patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Methods The patients were divided into intima-media thickening (IMT)group and plaque group. The plaque group was divided into grade I, grade II and grade III groups. The counts of platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were determined. Results The diagnostic effect of PLR and NLR was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) and areas under the curve (AUC). The PLR and NLR values in observation group were higher than control group; two values in plaque group were higher than IMT group. The two values in t grade III plaque group were higher than in grade II. The two values in grade II plaque group were higher than grade I plaque group. The ROC of PLR and NLR were 0.722 and 0.653, the AUC of PLR and NLR were 111.086 and 2.240. PLR yielded a sensitivity of 0.789 and a specificity of 0.612. Conclusion NLR yielded a sensitivity of 0.809 and a specificity of 0.511. The PLR and NLR may be related to carotid inflammation in patients and positively correlated with carotid plaque.


Author(s):  
А.В. Бойко ◽  
Н.Д. Олтаржевская ◽  
В.И. Швец ◽  
Л.В. Демидова ◽  
Е.А. Дунаева ◽  
...  

Цель исследования. Разработка методов сопроводительной терапии для защиты нормальных органов и тканей, входящих в зону облучения. Методы. В исследование включено 112 больных раком шейки и тела матки после комбинированного или самостоятельного лучевого лечения с 2012 по 2016 гг. У 71 пациентки основной группы в качестве терапии сопровождения применяли гидрогель с деринатом и у 41 больной группы контроля - традиционные методы профилактики (масло оливковое, подсолнечное, метилурациловая мазь). Для профилактики эпителиита слизистой влагалища и шейки матки в основной группе использовали гидрогель в виде аппликаций с первого дня облучения. Для профилактики лучевого ректита гидрогель вводили в прямую кишку 1 раз в день с первого дня облучения. Инстилляции гидрогеля в мочевой пузырь начинали только при развитии первых признаков клинической картины цистита. Пациенткам контрольной группы для профилактики лучевых реакций проводились масляные, мазевые аппликации во влагалище, масляные микроклизмы в прямую кишку с первого дня облучения. Лечение лучевого цистита проводили с помощью растительных диуретиков, уросептиков. Результаты. Применение гидрогеля с деринатом позволило провести курс лучевой терапии без перерыва у 84,5% (60/71) больных, в контрольной группе - лишь у 48,8% (20/41). Лучевые циститы возникали в 2,5 раза реже (25,3% ± 3,3 против 63,4% ± 2,7, р<0,01). Анализ степени выраженности лучевого цистита по RTOG в двух группах показал, что у 75% больных основной группы наблюдалась I степень, у 25% - II степень, III и IV степени не отмечено, тогда как в контрольной группе лучевой цистит I степени развился у 44% пациенток, II - 40% и III - 16% больных. Применение гидрогеля снизило частоту лучевых ректитов в 2 раза (26,7% ± 3,3 против 53,7% ± 3,2 р<0,1).При использовании ежедневных аппликаций гидрогеля с деринатом со стороны слизистой оболочки влагалища и шейки матки преобладали эпителииты I степени (53,5%), II степень наблюдалась у 29,5% и III степень лучевой реакции - лишь в 16,9% случаев, IV степень реакции не отмечена. В контрольной группе эти показатели составили 26,8%, 24,3%, 31,7% и 17,2% соответственно. Разработаны цитологические критерии оценки течения лучевых реакций слизистой влагалища. Выделены три степени изменения цитограммы, которые коррелировали с клинической картиной. В основной группе лучевые изменения I степени зафиксированы в 4,5 раза чаще (52 ± 9,9% против 11,5 ± 6,3%, р<0,002), а III степень представлена в 3,8 раза реже, чем в контрольной группе (12 ± 6,5% против 46,1 ± 9,8%, р<0,003). Заключение. Применение гидрогелевого материала с деринатом в качестве препарата сопроводительной терапии во время курса облучения позволяет уменьшить частоту и степень выраженности лучевых повреждений со стороны слизистой влагалища, мочевого пузыря и прямой кишки, провести курс лучевой терапии без перерыва и улучшить качество жизни пациенток. Objective. Development of methods for accompanying therapy to protect normal organs and tissues in the irradiation zone. Method. The study included 112 patients with cervical and endometrial cancer after combined or independent radiotherapy from 2012 to 2016. In 71 female patients of the main group, Derinat with hydrogel was applied as a supportive therapy and in 41 patients of the control group, conventional prevention methods (olive oil, sunflower oil, methyluracyl ointment) were applied. For prevention of vaginal mucosal and cervical epitheliitis in the main group, hydrogel was used as applications from the first radiation day. For prevention of radiation proctitis, hydrogel was injected into the rectum once daily from the first radiation day. Hydrogel instillations into the bladder were started only with the first clinical signs of cystitis. For prevention of radiation reactions, vaginal oil and ointment and rectal oil micro-enema were administered to patients of the control group from the first day of irradiation. Radiation cystitis was treated with vegetable diuretics and uroseptic drugs. Results. Using the hydrogel with Derinat allowed to administer a course of radiotherapy without interruption in 84.5% (60/71) of patients and only in 48.8% (20/41) in the control group. Radiation cystitis occurred 60% less frequently (25.3% ± 3.3 versus 63.4% ± 2.7, p <0.01). Analysis of radiation cystitis severity in two groups (according to RTOG) showed that 75% of patients in the main group had grade I and 25% had grade II. Grade III and grade IV did not occur. At the same time, in the control group, grade I radiation cystitis developed in 44% of patients, grade II - in 40%, and grade III - in 16% of patients. The hydrogel treatment halved the frequency of radiation proctitis (26.7% ± 3.3 vs. 53.7% ± 3.2 p <0.1). With daily application of the hydrogel with Derinat, grade I epitheliitis (53.5%) predominated in vaginal and cervical mucosa, grade II was observed in 29.5%, and grade III radiation reaction - only in 16.9% of cases; grade IV reaction was not observed. In the control group, these proportions were 26.8%, 24.3%, 31.7%, and 17.2%, respectively. Cytological criteria were developed to evaluate the course of radiation reactions in the vaginal mucosa. Three degrees of change in the cytogram were identified, which correlated with clinical picture. In the main group, incidence of grade I radiation-induced changes was increased by more than 350% (52 ± 9.9% vs. 11.5 ± 6.3%, p <0.002), and incidence of grade III was decreased by more than 70% compared to the control group (12 ± 6.5% vs. 46.1 ± 9.8%, p <0.003). Conclusion. Using the hydrogel material with Derinat as an accompanying therapy during the course of irradiation allows to reduce frequency and severity of radiation injuries of the vaginal mucosa, bladder, and rectum, administer an uninterrupted course of radiotherapy, and improve the quality of life of patients.


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