Determining the temperature values on the surface of complex curvilinearly bent agricultural machine parts during the formation of powder coatings by thermal methods

Abstract The development of modern technologies for the restoration and hardening of agricultural machine parts require the development of a mathematical apparatus that simulates the involved processes. For this purpose, the models should take into account the technological features of the process of hardening and restoration of machine parts, including: cleaning; determination of geometric indicators; surface preparation; choice of technology; subsequent machining of the resulting surface; surface quality control. One of the priority directions in the development of technologies for the restoration and hardening of parts is the formation of coatings on machine parts using powder materials applied by the gas-thermal method. One of the most important conditions for obtaining high-quality coatings is temperature control on the surface of the part. In this regard, it is of scientific interest to study the effect of the distance from the surface of the part to the flame nozzle when applying self-fluxing powder on the time-average temperature at the point of coating, the maximum temperature on the back side of the part, and the total power transferred to the part by the gas burner. This paper presents a mathematical model for determining the above-mentioned influence, and also presents the results obtained using a computer program. The novelty of the model is the ability to use it to study temperature values for complex curved-bent machine parts (crankshafts and camshafts of agricultural machines). To check the reliability of the dependences obtained, experiments were carried out and the convergence with theoretical developments was confirmed.

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Experimental Study on Infrared Temperature Characteristics and Failure Modes of Marble with Prefabricated Holes under Uniaxial Compression

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 713

Author(s):

Yanyan Peng ◽

Qunchao Lin ◽

Manchao He ◽

Chun Zhu ◽

Haijiang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uniaxial Compression ◽

Failure Modes ◽

Rock Sample ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Thermal Imager ◽

Infrared Thermal Imaging ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Observation Area ◽

Evolution Behavior

In rock engineering, it is of great significance to study the failure mechanical behavior of rocks with holes. Using a combination of experiment and infrared detection, the strength, deformation, and infrared temperature evolution behavior of marble with elliptical holes under uniaxial compression were studied. The test results showed that as the vertical axis b of the ellipse increased, the peak intensity first decreased and then increased, and the minimum value appeared when the horizontal axis was equal to the vertical axis. The detection results of the infrared thermal imager showed that the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and average temperature of the observation area in the loading stage showed a downward trend, and the range of change was between 0.02 °C and 1 °C. It was mainly due to the accumulation of energy in the loading process of the rock sample that caused the surface temperature of the specimen to decrease. In the brittle failure stage, macroscopic cracks appeared on the surface of the rock sample, which caused the energy accumulated inside to dissipate, thereby increasing the maximum temperature and average temperature of the rock sample. The average temperature increase was about 0.05 °C to about 0.19 °C. The evolution of infrared temperature was consistent with the mechanical characteristics of rock sample failure, indicating that infrared thermal imaging technology can provide effective monitoring for the study of rock mechanics. The research in this paper provides new ideas for further research on the basic characteristics of rock failure under uniaxial compression.

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Seed Set Patterns in East African Highland Cooking Bananas Are Dependent on Weather before, during and after Pollination

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7070165 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Allan Waniale ◽

Rony Swennen ◽

Settumba B. Mukasa ◽

Arthur K. Tugume ◽

Jerome Kubiriba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Period ◽

Floral Development ◽

Seed Set ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Principal Component ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Fruit Pulp ◽

East African ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Wild Banana

Seed set in banana is influenced by weather, yet the key weather attributes and the critical period of influence are unknown. We therefore investigated the influence of weather during floral development for a better perspective of seed set increase. Three East African highland cooking bananas (EAHBs) were pollinated with pollen fertile wild banana ‘Calcutta 4′. At full maturity, bunches were harvested, ripened, and seeds extracted from fruit pulp. Pearson’s correlation analysis was then conducted between seed set per 100 fruits per bunch and weather attributes at 15-day intervals from 105 days before pollination (DBP) to 120 days after pollination (DAP). Seed set was positively correlated with average temperature (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = 0.196–0.487) and negatively correlated with relative humidity (RH) (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.158–−0.438) between 75 DBP and the time of pollination. After pollination, average temperature was negatively correlated with seed set in ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’ from 45 to 120 DAP (P < 0.05–P < 0.001, r = −0.213–−0.340). Correlation coefficients were highest at 15 DBP for ‘Mshale’ and ‘Nshonowa’, whereas for ‘Enzirabahima’, the highest were at the time of pollination. Maximum temperature as revealed by principal component analysis at the time of pollination should be the main focus for seed set increase.

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The effect of average temperature on suicide rates in five urban California counties, 1999–⁠2019: an ecological time series analysis

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11001-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sierra Cheng ◽

Rebecca Plouffe ◽

Stephanie M. Nanos ◽

Mavra Qamar ◽

David N. Fisman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Suicide Rate ◽

Minimum Temperature ◽

The United States ◽

Additive Models ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Suicide Rates ◽

Average Maximum

Abstract Background Suicide is among the top 10 leading causes of premature morality in the United States and its rates continue to increase. Thus, its prevention has become a salient public health responsibility. Risk factors of suicide transcend the individual and societal level as risk can increase based on climatic variables. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the association between average temperature and suicide rates in the five most populous counties in California using mortality data from 1999 to 2019. Methods Monthly counts of death by suicide for the five counties of interest were obtained from CDC WONDER. Monthly average, maximum, and minimum temperature were obtained from nCLIMDIV for the same time period. We modelled the association of each temperature variable with suicide rate using negative binomial generalized additive models accounting for the county-specific annual trend and monthly seasonality. Results There were over 38,000 deaths by suicide in California’s five most populous counties between 1999 and 2019. An increase in average temperature of 1 °C corresponded to a 0.82% increase in suicide rate (IRR = 1.0082 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0025–1.0140). Estimated coefficients for maximum temperature (IRR = 1.0069 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0021–1.0117) and minimum temperature (IRR = 1.0088 per °C; 95% CI = 1.0023–1.0153) were similar. Conclusion This study adds to a growing body of evidence supporting a causal effect of elevated temperature on suicide. Further investigation into environmental causes of suicide, as well as the biological and societal contexts mediating these relationships, is critical for the development and implementation of new public health interventions to reduce the incidence of suicide, particularly in the face increasing temperatures due to climate change.

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Temperature/light interactions and the effect of seed source on germination of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) seeds

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9760779 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 779 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D Gramshaw

Keyword(s):

Constant Temperature ◽

Day Length ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Seed Sources ◽

Alternating Temperature ◽

Germinating Seeds ◽

Temperature Optima

Germination of Lolium rigidum seeds, in the light (12 hr day length) and in the dark, was studied at constant and alternating (12/12 hr) temperatures in the range 8–35°C. Seeds had after-ripened for 22 weeks. Different constant temperature optima for germinability were found: 27° in light and 11° in dark. Germinability at alternating temperatures in darkness was determined solely by the minimum temperature of the alternation, and there was no response to thermoperiodicity per se. In contrast, light and alternating temperature appeared to interact to increase germinability, although the highest germinability occurred only when the maximum temperature was close to the optimum constant temperature, i.e. about 27°. Germination in both light and dark was most rapid where either the constant or the average temperature of an alternating regime was between 18 and 29°. Below 18° germination rates decreased markedly, and at 8°, rates were one-third of those at 18°. Seeds germinated more slowly in light than in darkness at all temperatures, but the differences were small relative to the effects of low temperatures.In another study, seeds collected from plants naturalized in eight different localities in the cereal belt of Western Australia and subsequently planted together in two contrasting environments were examined for germinability at 24/12°C in light and dark 18 weeks after harvest. Dark germinability differed between seed sources but not between planting sites, and ranged between 78 and 93%. Exposure of germinating seeds to light substantially alleviated dormancy in seeds from all sources.

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Homogeneity Test and Correction of Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data (1978–2015) in North China

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2018/4712538 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lingling Shen ◽

Li Lu ◽

Tianjie Hu ◽

Runsheng Lin ◽

Ji Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

North China ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Homogeneity Test ◽

Climate Data ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Daily Data ◽

Before And After ◽

Annual Average Temperature

Homogeneity of climate data is the basis for quantitative assessment of climate change. By using the MASH method, this work examined and corrected the homogeneity of the daily data including average, minimum, and maximum temperature and precipitation during 1978–2015 from 404/397 national meteorological stations in North China. Based on the meteorological station metadata, the results are analyzed and the differences before and after homogenization are compared. The results show that breakpoints are present pervasively in these temperature data. Most of them appeared after 2000. The stations with a host of breakpoints are mainly located in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province, where meteorological stations are densely distributed. The numbers of breakpoints in the daily precipitation series in North China during 1978–2015 also culminated in 2000. The reason for these breakpoints, called inhomogeneity, may be the large-scale replacement of meteorological instruments after 2000. After correction by the MASH method, the annual average temperature and minimum temperature decrease by 0.04°C and 0.06°C, respectively, while the maximum temperature increases by 0.01°C. The annual precipitation declines by 0.96 mm. The overall trends of temperature change before and after the correction are largely consistent, while the homogeneity of individual stations is significantly improved. Besides, due to the correction, the majority series of the precipitation are reduced and the correction amplitude is relatively large. During 1978–2015, the temperature in North China shows a rise trend, while the precipitation tends to decrease.

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Meteorological Variables Associated with Stroke

International Scholarly Research Notices ◽

10.1155/2014/597106 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Romy Nocera ◽

Philip Petrucelli ◽

Johnathan Park ◽

Eric Stander

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Pressure ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Medical Data ◽

Meteorological Variables ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Stroke Incidence ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Patient Demographics ◽

Average Temperature

To elucidate relationships between meteorological variables and incidence of stroke, we studied patients diagnosed with stroke after presenting to the emergency department (May 1, 2010–August 8, 2011). Patient demographics and medical data were reviewed retrospectively with regional meteorological data. Across 467 days, 134 stroke events were recorded on 114 days. On stroke days, maximum temperature (max T) and atmospheric pressure (AP) combined were a significant predictor of stroke (max T odds ratio (OR) = 1.014, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.003–1.026, and P=0.04; AP: OR = 1.033, 95% CI = 0.997–1.071, and P=0.02). When the patient could identify the hour of the stroke, average temperature (avg T) was significantly higher than nonstroke hours (18.2°C versus 16.16°C, P=0.04). Daily fluctuations in AP and avg T also had significant effects on stroke incidence (AP: OR = 0.629, 95% CI = 0.512–0.773, and P=0.0001; avg T OR = 1.1399, 95% CI = 1.218–606, and P=0.0001). Patient age, stroke history, body mass index, ethnicity, and sex were further contributors to stroke risk. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, and certain physiological conditions likely play roles in weather-related stroke susceptibility. The mechanisms driving these associations are not fully understood.

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Analysis and characterization of PV module defects by thermographic inspection

Revista Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia ◽

10.17533/udea.redin.20190517 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 92-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sara Gallardo-Saavedra ◽

Luis Hernández-Callejo ◽

Oscar Duque-Perez

Keyword(s):

Subsequent Development ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Safety Issues ◽

Photovoltaic Modules ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Pv Module ◽

Module Size ◽

A Cell ◽

Temperature Standard

Being able to detect, to identify and to quantify the severity of defects that appear within photovoltaic modules is essential to constitute a reliable, efficient and safety system, avoiding energy losses, mismatches and safety issues. The main objective of this paper is to perform an in-depth, onsite study of 17,142 monocrystalline modules to detect every single existing defect, classifying them in different groups, studying the variance of the same kind of defect in different modules and the patterns of each group of thermal defects. Results can be useful in a subsequent development of a software to automatically detect if a module has an anomaly and its classification. Focusing on the results obtained, all faults detected have been classified in five different thermographic defects modes: hotspot in a cell, bypass circuit overheated, hotspot in the junction box, hotspot in the connection of the busbar to the junction box and whole module overheated. An analysis of patterns of the different defects is included, studiyng location within the module, size and temperature statistical results, as average temperature, standard deviation, maximum temperature, median and first and third quartile.

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Advantages of using a prophylactic epidural closed drain and non-watertight dura suture in a craniotomy near the “parietal site”

Chinese Neurosurgical Journal ◽

10.1186/s41016-020-00212-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xin Li ◽

Jing Li ◽

Jianfei Sui ◽

Tuerdialimu Niyazi ◽

Naibijiang Yalikun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Infection ◽

Fluid Collection ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Drain Group ◽

Prophylactic Use ◽

And Control ◽

Intracranial Infections

Abstract Background In neurosurgery, the necessity of having a drainage tube is controversial. Subgaleal fluid collection (SFC) often occurs, especially in a craniotomy near the “parietal site”. This study aimed to reassess the benefit of using a prophylactic epidural drainage (ED) and non-watertight dura suture in a craniotomy near the parietal site. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on 63 consecutive patients who underwent a craniotomy near the parietal site. The patients were divided into two groups according to different period. The deal group received ED and a non-watertight dura suture (drain group, DG), the control group that did not (non-drain group, NDG). Complications and patient recovery were evaluated and analysed. Results Three patients (11.5%, 26) in DG and 20 patients (54.1%, 37) in NDG presented with SFC (p < 0.05). One patient (3.8%) in DG and three patients (8.1%) in NDG presented with subdural tensile hydrops (STH) (p > 0.05). Six developed an infection in NDG (four intracranial infections, one abscess, one pulmonary infection), while none in DG (p > 0.05) developed infection. Three (11.5%) cases in DG and one (2.7%) case in NDG had muscle strength that improved postoperatively (p > 0.05). Fifteen (57.7%) in DG and 14 (37.8%) in NDG had epileptic seizures less frequently postoperatively (p < 0.05). The average temperature (37.4 °C vs 37.6 °C, p > 0.05), the maximum temperature (37.9 °C vs 38.1 °C, p > 0.05) on 3 PODs, the postoperative hospital stay day (7.5 days vs 8.0 days, p > 0.05), and the postoperative medicine fee (¥29762.0 vs ¥28321.0, p > 0.05) were analysed. Conclusion In patients who undergo a craniotomy near the parietal site, the prophylactic use of ED and a non-watertight dura suture helps reduce SFC, infection, and control epilepsy.

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Monitoring of conditions of agricultural machines’ parts in operation

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/36/2013-rae ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. S57-S65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Polák ◽

R. Mikuš ◽

V. Kročko

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Livestock Production ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Agricultural Machine ◽

Machine Parts ◽

Agricultural Tractors ◽

Tractor Diesel ◽

Agricultural Machines ◽

Agricultural Operation

This contribution focuses on problems of monitoring the runout of tractor diesel motor parts used in agricultural operation. Crankshafts from the agricultural tractors of type Zetor 6911 are used as samples for measuring the runout and circularity. The first sample of the crankshaft is loaded in the tractor used in livestock production, and the second one is used in vegetable production. Measured values of the runout and circularity of both samples are evaluated by tables and polar diagrams. Results of the experiment show the amount of runout and the following wear of agricultural machine parts in different operating conditions of agricultural production.

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Effects of Climate on Incidence of Campylobacter spp. in Humans and Prevalence in Broiler Flocks in Denmark

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.70.12.7474-7480.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 7474-7480 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

Mary Evans Patrick ◽

Lasse Engbo Christiansen ◽

Michael Wainø ◽

Steen Ethelberg ◽

Henrik Madsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Linear Models ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Future Research ◽

Combined Effects ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Single Predictor

ABSTRACT Campylobacter infections are increasing and pose a serious public health problem in Denmark. Infections in humans and broiler flocks show similar seasonality, suggesting that climate may play a role in infection. We examined the effects of temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and hours of sunlight on Campylobacter incidence in humans and broiler flocks by using lag dependence functions, locally fitted linear models, and cross validation methods. For humans, the best model included average temperature and sunlight 4 weeks prior to infection; the maximum temperature lagged at 4 weeks was the best single predictor. For broilers, the average and maximum temperatures 3 weeks prior to slaughter gave the best estimate; the average temperature lagged at 3 weeks was the best single predictor. The combined effects of temperature and sunlight or the combined effects of temperature and relative humidity predicted the incidence in humans equally well. For broiler flock incidence these factors explained considerably less. Future research should focus on elements within the broiler environment that may be affected by climate, as well as the interaction of microclimatic factors on and around broiler farms. There is a need to quantify the contribution of broilers as a source of campylobacteriosis in humans and to further examine the effect of temperature on human incidence after this contribution is accounted for. Investigations should be conducted into food consumption and preparation practices and poultry sales that may vary by season.

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