Effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis T-110 supplementation on gut immunity, gut flora, and intestinal infection in normal aged hamsters

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1101/2020.10.05.326124 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Takio Inatomi ◽

Konosuke Otomaru

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Age Related ◽

Intestinal Infections ◽

Gut Immunity ◽

Elderly Humans

AbstractInfectious diseases are a threat to elderly people, whose immune systems become depressed with age. Among the various infectious diseases, Clostridium difficile infections in particular lead to significant mortality in elderly humans and are a serious problem worldwide, especially because of the increasing infection rates. Probiotics have been proposed as an effective countermeasure against C. difficile infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis T-110 on intestinal immunity, intestinal flora, and intestinal infections, especially C. difficile infections, in naturally ageing animals, for extrapolation to elderly human subjects. Twenty female hamsters were randomly distributed into two groups. Group 1 was fed a basal diet, and group 2 was fed a basal diet supplemented with heat-killed E. faecalis for 7 days. Heat-killed E. faecalis T-110 improved gut immunity and microflora, especially Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile, of the normal aged hamsters. Heat-killed E. faecalis T-110 may, therefore, be a countermeasure against age-related immune dysfunction and intestinal infections, especially C. difficile infection, in elderly humans. However, further investigation in humans is needed.

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Effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis T-110 supplementation on gut immunity, gut flora, and intestinal infection in naturally aged hamsters

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0240773 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0240773

Author(s):

Takio Inatomi ◽

Konosuke Otomaru

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Basal Diet ◽

High Rate ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Elderly Individuals ◽

Age Related ◽

Intestinal Infections ◽

Gut Immunity

Infectious diseases are a threat to elderly individuals, whose immune systems weaken with age. Among the various infectious diseases, Clostridium difficile infection is associated with a high rate of mortality in elderly individuals and is a serious health problem worldwide, owing to the increasing infection rates. Probiotic use has been proposed as an effective countermeasure for C. difficile infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis T-110 on intestinal immunity, intestinal flora, and intestinal infections, especially C. difficile infections, in naturally ageing animals, for extrapolating the results to elderly human subjects. Twenty female hamsters were randomly distributed into two groups. Group 1 was fed a basal diet and group 2 was fed a basal diet supplemented with heat-killed E. faecalis for 7 days. Heat-killed E. faecalis T-110 improved the gut immunity and microflora, especially Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile, in naturally aged hamsters. Therefore, heat-killed E. faecalis T-110 use may be a countermeasure against age-related immune dysfunction and intestinal infections, especially C. difficile infection, in elderly humans. However, further investigation in this regard is needed in humans.

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Secreted microbial metabolites modulate gut immunity and inflammatory tone

10.1101/2019.12.16.861872 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rabina Giri ◽

Emily C. Hoedt ◽

Khushi Shamsunnahar ◽

Michael A. McGuckin ◽

Mark Morrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Healthy Human Subjects ◽

Gut Immunity ◽

Inflammatory Bowel

AbstractEvidence is emerging that microbiome–immune system crosstalk regulates the tenor of host intestinal immunity and predisposition to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We identified five NF-κB suppressive strains affiliated with Clostridium clusters IV, XIVa and XV that independently suppressed secretion of the chemokine IL-8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and gut epithelial organoids from healthy human subjects, as well as patients with the predominant IBD subtypes, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The NF-κB suppressive Clostridium bolteae AHG0001, but not C. bolteae BAA-613, suppressed cytokine-driven inflammatory responses and endoplasmic reticulum stress in gut epithelial organoids derived from Winnie mice that develop spontaneous colitis. This predicted in vivo responses thereby validating a precision medicine approach to treat Winnie colitis and suggesting the microbiome may function as an extrinsic regulator of host immunity. Finally, we identified a novel molecule associated with NF-κB suppression indicating gut bacteria could be harnessed to develop new therapeutics.

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Anti-aging Effect of Agar Oligosaccharide on Male Drosophila melanogaster and its Preliminary Mechanism

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17110632 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 632 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ma ◽

Yang ◽

Wang ◽

Dai

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Aging Effect ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Nutritional Supplement ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Immunity Genes ◽

Mda Content ◽

Different Doses

Agar oligosaccharide (AOS) is a marine prebiotic with apparent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. During this study, different doses of AOS are added to a basal diet to evaluate its effects on the lifespan, motor vigor and reproduction of male Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, the activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in male Drosophila are examined on the 10th, 25th and 40th days. The fly midguts are removed on the 10th and 40th days for analyses of the intestinal microbial community by 16S rDNA sequencing and the expression level of intestinal immunity genes by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The results show that AOS significantly prolonged the average and maximum lifespan and increased the antioxidant capacity of male Drosophila. Additionally, AOS significantly regulated the structure of the intestinal flora of "old" flies (40 days) and upregulated the expression of immune deficiency (IMD) genes to improve the intestinal immunity, which could be beneficial for delaying aging in old flies. The above-described results provide a theoretical basis for the application of AOS, a type of marine oligosaccharide, as a nutritional supplement or immunomodulator.

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Effects of Clostridium butyricum and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, intestinal structure, and inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-challenged weaned piglets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz235 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (10) ◽

pp. 4140-4151 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kangli Wang ◽

Guangyong Chen ◽

Guangtian Cao ◽

Yinglei Xu ◽

Yongxia Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Clostridium Butyricum ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Inflammatory Factor ◽

Weaned Piglets

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricum and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function, inflammation-related pathways, and microflora community in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). One hundred and eighty 28-d-old weaned piglets were randomly divided into 3 treatments groups: piglets fed with a basal diet (Con), piglets fed with a basal diet containing 6 × 109 CFU C. butyricum·kg−1 (CB), and piglets fed with a basal diet containing 2 × 1010 CFU E. faecali·kg−1 (EF). At the end of trial, 1 pig was randomly selected from for each pen (6 pigs per treatment group) and these 18 piglets were orally challenged with LPS 25 μg·kg−1 body weight. The result showed that piglets fed C. butyricum and E. faecalis had greater final BW compared with the control piglets (P < 0.05). The C. butyricum and E. faecalis fed piglets had lower levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), IL-1β, tumor inflammatory factor-α (TNF-α), and had greater level of serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) than control piglets at 1.5 and 3 h after injection with LPS (P < 0.05). Furthermore, piglets in the C. butyricum or E. faecalis treatment groups had a greater ratio of jejunal villus height to crypt depth (V/C) compared with control piglets after challenge with LPS for 3 h (P < 0.05). Compared with the control treatment, the CB and EF treatments significantly decreased the expression of inflammation-related pathway factors (TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB) after challenge with LPS for 3 h (P < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing revealed that C. butyricum and E. faecalis modulated bacterial diversity in the colon. The species richness and alpha diversity (Shannon) of bacterial samples in CB or EF piglets challenged with LPS were higher than those in LPS-challenged control piglets. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Bacteroidales-Rikenellanceae in the CB group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas EF piglets had a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus gasseri (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with C. butyricum or E. faecalis promoted growth performance, improved immunity, relieved intestinal villus damage and inflammation, and optimized the intestinal flora in LPS-challenged weaned piglets.

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Avian intestinal ultrastructure changes provide insight into the pathogenesis of enteric diseases and probiotic mode of action

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80714-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shaniko Shini ◽

R. Claire Aland ◽

Wayne L. Bryden

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Villous Atrophy ◽

Adherens Junction ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Gut Health ◽

Ileal Mucosa ◽

Enteric Diseases ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Intestinal Infections

AbstractEpithelial damage and loss of barrier integrity occur following intestinal infections in humans and animals. Gut health was evaluated by electron microscopy in an avian model that exposed birds to subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) and fed them a diet supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57). Scanning electron microscopy of ileal mucosa revealed significant villus damage, including focal erosions of epithelial cells and villous atrophy, while transmission electron microscopy demonstrated severe enterocyte damage and loss of cellular integrity in NE-exposed birds. In particular, mitochondria were morphologically altered, appearing irregular in shape or swollen, and containing electron-lucent regions of matrix and damaged cristae. Apical junctional complexes between adjacent enterocytes were significantly shorter, and the adherens junction was saccular, suggesting loss of epithelial integrity in NE birds. Segmented filamentous bacteria attached to villi, which play an important role in intestinal immunity, were more numerous in birds exposed to NE. The results suggest that mitochondrial damage may be an important initiator of NE pathogenesis, while H57 maintains epithelium and improves the integrity of intestinal mucosa. Potential actions of H57 are discussed that further define the mechanisms responsible for probiotic bacteria’s role in maintaining gut health.

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Lentinan administration alleviates diarrhea of rotavirus-infected weaned pigs via regulating intestinal immunity

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00562-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiangqi Fan ◽

Haiyan Hu ◽

Daiwen Chen ◽

Bing Yu ◽

Jun He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Host Defense ◽

Normal Function ◽

Intestinal Immunity ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

Host Defense Peptides ◽

Performance Loss ◽

Induced Stress ◽

Gut Immunity ◽

Diarrhea Prevalence

Abstract Background Lentinan (LNT) may regulate many important physiological functions of human and animals. This study aimed to verify whether LNT administration could relieve diarrhea via improving gut immunity in rotavirus (RV)-challenged weaned pigs. Methods Twenty-eight weaned pigs were randomly fed 2 diets containing 0 or 84 mg/kg LNT product for 19 d (n = 14). RV infection was executed on d 15. After extracting polysaccharides from LNT product, its major monosaccharides were analyzed. Then, LNT polysaccharide was used to administrate RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Results Dietary LNT supplementation supported normal function of piglets even when infected with RV, as reflected by reduced growth performance loss and diarrhea prevalence, and maintained gut immunity (P < 0.05). The polysaccharide was isolated from LNT product, which molecular weight was 5303 Da, and major monosaccharides included glucose, arabinose and galactose. In RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells, this polysaccharide significantly increased cell viability (P < 0.05), and significantly increased anti-virus immunity via regulating pattern recognition receptors and host defense peptides (P < 0.05). Conclusion Those results suggest that LNT administration increases the piglets’ resistance to RV-induced stress, likely by supporting intestinal immunity.

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Enhancing bile tolerance of Lactobacilli is involved in the hypolipidemic effects of liraglutide

Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1093/bbb/zbab053 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chang Wang ◽

Hai-Jie Hu ◽

Qing-Qing Dong ◽

Rui Huang ◽

Wei Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Saline ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

Ldl Receptor ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Bile Tolerance ◽

Glycolipid Metabolism ◽

Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Key Enzyme

Abstract Liraglutide is an analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an endogenous intestinal hormone which play essential roles in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism. To investigate the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the lipid-lowering effect of liraglutide, forty mice were divided into normal saline-treated basal diet (NFD), normal saline-treated high-fat food (HFD), 10.0 mg/kg/d simvastatin-treated HFD (SIM + HFD), 200 and 400 μg/kg/d liraglutide-treated HFD (LL + HFD and HL + HFD) groups for 5 weeks. 16S rDNA sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were used to detected changes of intestinal flora, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), LDL-receptor (LDLR) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). Results showed that liraglutide could up-regulate CYP7A1 and LDLR, whereas down-regulate HMGCR. Besides, liraglutide enhance the abundance of lactobacillaceae in gut of hyperlipidemic mice and increase the bile tolerance ability of LAB by up-regulating bile salt hydrolases, and the lysate of liraglutide-sensitive LAB could also directly down-regulate HMGCR, the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and inhibit hepatocyte steatosis. These findings might provide new theoretical guidance for clinical application of liraglutide and threw a light on research and development of anti-obesity, hypolipidemic and cholesterol-lowering drugs or functional foods.

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Functions and potential of lipocalin-2 as fecal biomarker for acute gastrointestinal infections (review of literature)

Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics ◽

10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-6-371-373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 371-373

Author(s):

Ekaterina Dmitrievna Lyutsova ◽

M. D. Gospodinova ◽

Y. D. Bocheva

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Structure Function ◽

Acute Diarrhea ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Lipocalin 2 ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Intestinal Infections

Despite the visible progress in reducing morbidity and mortality from intestinal infections and acute diarrhea associated with them, especially in childhood, the problem of their diagnosis and treatment remains relevant. The article discusses the structure, function and application of lipocalin-2 in infectious diseases as a non-invasive biomarker of bacterial inflammation in the intestine.

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AGE-RELATED DECLINE IN VACCINATION EFFICACY: THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF MYELOID DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELLS

Успехи геронтологии ◽

10.34922/ae.2020.33.4.023 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 785-795

Author(s):

Ю. В. Перфильева ◽

Б. В. Каральник ◽

Е. О. Остапчук ◽

А. Кали ◽

Р. Т. Тлеулиева ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Older People ◽

Suppressor Cells ◽

Primary Response ◽

Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells ◽

Age Related ◽

Cellular And Humoral Immunity

Инфекционные заболевания у пожилых людей значительно более часты и смертность от них выше, чем у молодых людей. Вакцинация является наиболее эффективной и наименее затратной профилактической мерой при ряде инфекционных заболеваний. Однако вакцины, которые эффективны у молодых людей, часто неэффективны у пожилых людей старше 65 лет, причиной чего является постепенное снижение функциональных возможностей иммунной системы, происходящее с возрастом и называемое иммуностарением. Связанные с возрастом изменения в клеточном и гуморальном иммунитете ухудшают первичный ответ на вакцины и ослабляют развитие долговременной иммунной памяти. Исследования последних лет дают основание предполагать, что одной из возможных причин возникновения и поддержания иммуностарения в организме могут быть миелоидные супрессорные клетки ( Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, MDSC ). Многочисленными исследованиями установлено, что MDSC способны ингибировать функции клеток врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета посредством ряда механизмов. В настоящем обзоре приводятся сведения, подчеркивающие роль MDSC в ингибировании иммунного ответа на вакцины при старении, а также обосновываются возможные пути преодоления данного иммунного препятствия. Infectious diseases in older people are much more frequent, and mortality from them is higher than in young people. Vaccination is the most effective and least expensive preventative measure for a number of infectious diseases. However, vaccines that are effective in young people are often ineffective in older people over 65, which is a result of a gradual decrease in the functional capacity of the immune systems, which occurs with age, and is called «immunosenescence». Age-related changes in the cellular and humoral immunity worsen the primary response to vaccines and weaken the development of long-term immunological memory. Recent studies suggest that one of the possible causes of the occurrence and maintenance of «immunosenescence» may be myeloid-derived suppressor cells ( MDSCs ). These cells have been shown to inhibit the functions of innate and adaptive immunity cells through a number of mechanisms. In this review, we provide information that emphasizes the role of MDSCs in inhibiting the immune response to vaccines during aging, and also substantiates possible ways to overcome this immunological obstacle.

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