scholarly journals POST-COVID-19 SYNDROME, INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SEX DIFFERENCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MERYAM MAAMAR ◽  
ARANCHA ARTIME ◽  
EMILIO PARIENTE RODRIGO ◽  
PATRICIA FIERRO ◽  
YOLANDA RUIZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutrophil Count ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Primary Care Center ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Serum Crp ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) is a poorly-known entity. Underlying low-grade inflammation (LGI) has been theorized as one of its pathophysiological mechanisms. We aimed to investigate a possible relationship between PCS and an increase in inflammation markers, in a sex-stratified analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Mild cases of COVID-19 according to the WHO classification followed-up in a Primary Care Center, were included. We collected epidemiological data (age, sex, body mass index -BMI-, smoking, and comorbidities -Charlson index-), variables of the acute COVID-19 episode, and data at 3 months of follow-up (clinical manifestations and inflammatory markers). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels were analyzed. Low-grade inflammation (LGI) was defined as serum CRP between >0.3 and <1.0 mg/dL. Five composite indices were built combining the upper ranges of 4 markers. Bivariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression and general linear models) were performed, stratified by sex. RESULTS We analyzed 121 subjects with mild COVID-19 (56.2% women; mean age 46 years). The most common symptom in the acute episode was fever (60.3%), while it was fatigue in PCS (42.8%). Prevalence of PCS was 35.8% in women and 20.8% in men (p = 0.07). In women, after controlling for age, BMI, smoking, and comorbidities, the D1, D3, and D4 indices were consistently associated with PCS, with ORs of 5.14 (95% CI, 1.6-16.4), 4.20 (95% CI, 1.3- 13.3), and 4.12 (95% CI, 1.3-13.1), respectively; in patients with post-COVID anosmia and ageusia, neutrophils were significantly elevated (3.43 ± 0.3 vs 2.58 ± 0.1; p = 0.014, and 3.89 ±0.3 vs 2.59 ± 0.1; p = 0.002, respectively), after adjusting for confounders. In men, the D2 and D5 indices were associated with PCS, with adjusted ORs of 10.1 (95% CI, 1.2- 85) and 17.5 (95% CI, 2-153), respectively; furthermore, serum CRP in the LGI range was associated with PCS [adjusted OR=12.9 (95% CI, 1.3-121)], and in post-COVID persistent fatigue, the neutrophil count was significantly elevated (4.68 ± 0.6 vs 3.37 ± 0.1; p = 0.041), after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Consistent associations among PCS, anosmia, ageusia, and fatigue, with slight -but significant- elevated levels of inflammatory markers, have been observed. The neutrophil count was the most frequently involved marker. Sex-stratified analyses showed relevant differences between women and men concerning PCS and serum inflammatory markers.

scholarly journals Diagnostic value of preoperative inflammatory markers in patients with glioma: a multicenter cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-hao Zheng ◽  
Jin-lan Huang ◽  
Ming Chen ◽  
Bing-long Wang ◽  
Qi-shui Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Acoustic Neuroma ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Tumor Grade ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio

OBJECTIVEGlioma is the most common form of brain tumor and has high lethality. The authors of this study aimed to elucidate the efficiency of preoperative inflammatory markers, including neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and their paired combinations as tools for the preoperative diagnosis of glioma, with particular interest in its most aggressive form, glioblastoma (GBM).METHODSThe medical records of patients newly diagnosed with glioma, acoustic neuroma, meningioma, or nonlesional epilepsy at 3 hospitals between January 2011 and February 2016 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The values of NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, and PNI were compared among patients suffering from glioma, acoustic neuroma, meningioma, and nonlesional epilepsy and healthy controls by using nonparametric tests. Correlations between NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, PNI, and tumor grade were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, PNI, and their paired combinations for glioma, particularly GBM.RESULTSA total of 750 patients with glioma (Grade I, 81 patients; Grade II, 208 patients; Grade III, 169 patients; Grade IV [GBM], 292 patients), 44 with acoustic neuroma, 271 with meningioma, 102 with nonlesional epilepsy, and 682 healthy controls were included in this study. Compared with healthy controls and patients with acoustic neuroma, meningioma, or nonlesional epilepsy, the patients with glioma had higher values of preoperative NLR and dNLR as well as lower values of LMR and PNI, whereas PLR was higher in glioma patients than in healthy controls and patients with nonlesional epilepsy. Subgroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between NLR, dNLR, PLR, and tumor grade but a negative correlation between LMR, PNI, and tumor grade in glioma. For glioma diagnosis, the area under the curve (AUC) obtained from the ROC curve was 0.722 (0.697–0.747) for NLR, 0.696 (0.670–0.722) for dNLR, 0.576 (0.549–0.604) for PLR, 0.760 (0.738–0.783) for LMR, and 0.672 (0.646–0.698) for PNI. The best diagnostic performance was obtained with the combination of NLR+LMR and dNLR+LMR, with AUCs of 0.777 and 0.778, respectively. Additionally, NLR (AUC 0.860, 95% CI 0.832–0.887), dNLR (0.840, 0.810–0.869), PLR (0.678, 0.641–0.715), LMR (0.837, 0.811–0.863), and PNI (0.740, 0.706–0.773) had significant predictive value for GBM compared with healthy controls and other disease groups. As compared with the Grade I–III glioma patients, the GBM patients had an AUC of 0.811 (95% CI 0.778–0.844) for NLR, 0.797 (0.763–0.832) for dNLR, 0.662 (0.622–0.702) for PLR, 0.743 (0.707–0.779) for LMR, and 0.661(0.622–0.701) for PNI. For the paired combinations, NLR+LMR demonstrated the highest accuracy.CONCLUSIONSThe NLR+LMR combination was revealed as a noninvasive biomarker with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for glioma diagnosis, the differential diagnosis of glioma from acoustic neuroma and meningioma, GBM diagnosis, and the differential diagnosis of GBM from low-grade glioma.

scholarly journals Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: a randomised cross-over trial

Gut ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Munch Roager ◽  
Josef K Vogt ◽  
Mette Kristensen ◽  
Lea Benedicte S Hansen ◽  
Sabine Ibrügger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

ObjectiveTo investigate whether a whole grain diet alters the gut microbiome and insulin sensitivity, as well as biomarkers of metabolic health and gut functionality.Design60 Danish adults at risk of developing metabolic syndrome were included in a randomised cross-over trial with two 8-week dietary intervention periods comprising whole grain diet and refined grain diet, separated by a washout period of ≥6 weeks. The response to the interventions on the gut microbiome composition and insulin sensitivity as well on measures of glucose and lipid metabolism, gut functionality, inflammatory markers, anthropometry and urine metabolomics were assessed.Results50 participants completed both periods with a whole grain intake of 179±50 g/day and 13±10 g/day in the whole grain and refined grain period, respectively. Compliance was confirmed by a difference in plasma alkylresorcinols (p<0.0001). Compared with refined grain, whole grain did not significantly alter glucose homeostasis and did not induce major changes in the faecal microbiome. Also, breath hydrogen levels, plasma short-chain fatty acids, intestinal integrity and intestinal transit time were not affected. The whole grain diet did, however, compared with the refined grain diet, decrease body weight (p<0.0001), serum inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.009) and C-reactive protein (p=0.003). The reduction in body weight was consistent with a reduction in energy intake, and IL-6 reduction was associated with the amount of whole grain consumed, in particular with intake of rye.ConclusionCompared with refined grain diet, whole grain diet did not alter insulin sensitivity and gut microbiome but reduced body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation.Trial registration numberNCT01731366; Results.

scholarly journals Lifestyle-related determinants of inflammation in adolescence

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (S1) ◽  
pp. S116-S120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wärnberg ◽  
Esther Nova ◽  
Javier Romeo ◽  
Luís A. Moreno ◽  
Michael Sjöström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Inflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases and may also play an important initiating role in their development. Only recently have inflammatory markers been included in epidemiological studies focusing on nutritional status, body composition and physical activity. We are just starting to understand how different lifestyles can determine basal levels of inflammatory biomarkers in early ages. This review aims to summarise what is known about the relationships between lifestyle-related determinants (focusing on overweight, physical activity and dietary habits) and inflammatory markers in apparently healthy young populations. Obesity is the most widely studied determinant. Several large-scale studies have now demonstrated that healthy young subjects with more body fat or higher BMI have moderately higher concentrations of inflammatory markers than their leaner peers, supporting the idea that obesity should be considered as a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Less data is available to allow us to elucidate how physical activity/fitness or dietary patterns may have a direct effect on inflammation in apparently healthy, disease-free young populations.

Betaine reduces the expression of inflammatory adipokines caused by hypoxia in human adipocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Olli ◽  
S. Lahtinen ◽  
N. Rautonen ◽  
K. Tiihonen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and the elevated circulating and tissue levels of inflammatory markers, including inflammation-related adipokines, released from white adipose tissue. The expression and release of these adipokines generally rises as the adipose tissue expands and hypoxic conditions start to develop within the tissue. Here, the effect of betaine, a trimethylglycine having a biological role as an osmolyte and a methyl donor, on the expression of inflammation-related markers was tested in human adipocytes under hypoxia. Differentiated adipocytes were cultivated under low (1 %) oxygen tension for 8–20 h. The expression of different adipokines, including IL-6, leptin, PPARγ, TNF-α and adiponectin, was measured by quantitative PCR by determining the relative mRNA level from the adipocytes. Hypoxia, in general, led to a decrease in the expression of PPARγ mRNA in human adipocytes, whereas the expression levels of leptin and IL-6 mRNA were substantially increased by hypoxia. The cultivation of adipocytes under hypoxia also led to a reduction in the expression of TNF-α mRNA. The results showed that hypoxia increased the relative quantification of leptin gene transcription, and that betaine (250 μmol/l) reduced this effect, caused by low oxygen conditions. Under hypoxia, betaine also reduced the mRNA level of the pro-inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. These results demonstrate that the extensive changes in the expression of inflammation-related adipokines in human adipocytes caused by hypoxia can be diminished by the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of betaine.

scholarly journals Pulmonary aspergillosis: reports of two cases from a primary care center of Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
Chinmay Saha Podder ◽  
Nandini Chowdhury ◽  
Ananya Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Bronchial Carcinoma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Primary Care Center ◽  
Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis ◽  
Uncommon Condition

Pulmonary aspergillosis is an uncommon condition and at the same time very much challenging to diagnose and difficult to treat. Here, we present two cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, who presented with with chronic low-grade fever, refractory and distressing cough and haemoptysis. The first patient was diagnosed as having aspergilloma in a pre-existing healed tubercular cavity and the second one with subacute necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis, which simulated as bronchial carcinoma. BIRDEM Med J 2021; 11(3): 227-230

Effect of intradialytic exercise on the inflammatory markers in prevalent hemodialysis patients

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Howayda Abdelhamid Elshinnawy ◽  
Mahmoud Mohamed Fayez ◽  
Dina Abou-Bakr Farrag ◽  
Mostafa AbdElnassier AbdElgawad
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intradialytic Exercise ◽  
Serum Crp

Abstract Background Chronic low-grade inflammation is a feature of chronic kidney disease associated with increased risk of multiple morbidities and mortalities. Dialysis patients lead a sedentary life style which could add to this risk. Aim assessment of the effect of intradialytic exercise IDE on inflammatory markers in prevalent hemodialysis HD patients. Patients and Methods This longitudinal prospective study included 40 adult patients on regular HD, divided equally into 2 groups; Exercise Group (n = 20); received IDE 3 times/week for 3 months and Non-exercise Group (n = 20) matched in age and sex acting as controls. Patients were subjected to full history taking and clinical examination. Physical performance assessment using Short Physical Performance Battery tests (SPBT), Laboratory investigations included; Complete blood picture, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) assessed using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. All assessments were repeated 3 months after regular IDE. Results At baseline, there was no difference between both groups regarding physical performance or inflammatory markers. After 3 months, SPBT was significantly increased in Exercise group (P &lt; 0.001). Also, both serum CRP and IL-6 levels showed significant decrease in Exercise group compared to baseline (P &lt; 0.001), while no similar change was noticed in non-exercise group. Conclusion The significant decrease in serum CRP and IL-6 levels after 3 months of regular IDE and the improvement in physical performance in exercise group implements that regular IDE exercise training program can improve physical function and inflammation in hemodialysis patients. Further studies on larger number of patients is warranted.

Lifestyle Measures to Reduce Inflammation

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Gaesser ◽  
Siddhartha S. Angadi ◽  
Dana M. Ryan ◽  
Carol S. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Chronic low-grade inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) may be ameliorated with exercise and/or diet. High levels of physical activity and/or cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reduced risk of low-grade inflammation. Both aerobic and resistance exercise have been found to improve inflammatory status, with the majority of evidence suggesting that aerobic exercise may have broader anti-inflammatory effects. In particular, aerobic exercise appears to improve the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Improvement in inflammatory status is most likely to occur in persons with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers prior to intervention. A number of dietary factors, including fiber-rich foods, whole grains, fruits (especially berries), omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins (eg, C and E), and certain trace minerals (eg, zinc) have been documented to reduce blood concentrations of inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory foods may also help mitigate the pro-inflammatory postprandial state that is particularly evident after ingestion of meals high in saturated fat. Intensive lifestyle interventions involving both exercise and diet appear to be most effective. For the most part, anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and diet are independent of weight loss. Thus overweight and obese men and women, who are most likely to have a pro-inflammatory profile, do not necessarily have to normalize body mass index to improve inflammatory status and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Abstract 5083: Body Composition, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Low-Grade Inflammation in Middle-Aged Men and Women

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit J Arsenault ◽  
Amelie Cartier ◽  
Melanie Cote ◽  
Isabelle Lemieux ◽  
Angelo Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Inflammation Score

Background: Although low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and obesity are often associated with a deteriorated cardiometabolic risk profile including low-grade inflammation, the respective contributions of specific indices of body fat distribution and CRF to variation of inflammatory markers remains uncertain. We therefore sought to determine the respective contributions of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and CRF to variation of inflammatory markers in middle-aged men and women. Methods and Results: A complete lipoprotein-lipid profile and circulating levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and adiponectin were obtained and in a sample of healthy men (n=120) and women (n=152) covering a wide range of obesity values. VAT accumulation was measured by computed tomography and CRF levels were measured by a progressive submaximal physical working capacity test. In both men and women, VAT was positively associated with CRP and IL-6 levels (r≥0.35, p<0.0001), negatively associated with adiponectin (r≤ −0.29, p≤0.0003), after adjusting for CRF. After adjusting for VAT, CRF was not associated with variation in inflammatory markers in women and only with adiponectin in men (r= −0.20, p=0.03). An inflammation score was developed based on the sex-specific 50 th percentile values of each inflammatory marker (0 or 1) which yielded a score ranging from 0 (low) to 4 (high). Participants who scored 0, 1 or 2 were considered as having a low score and participants who scored 3 or 4 had an elevated inflammation score. In participants with low VAT (<130cm 2 for men and <100cm 2 for women), the prevalence of participants with an elevated inflammation score was of 23.9% and of 28.0%, respectively for participants with high and low CRF, whereas in participants with an elevated VAT accumulation, the prevalence of an elevated inflammation score was of 60.0% and of 61.7%, respectively for high and low CRF. Conclusions: These results suggest that the inflammatory state associated with low CRF is largely attributable to the increased VAT accumulation often observed in poorly fit individuals.

Splenectomy Exacerbates the Hypercoagulable State and Causes Significant Organ Dysfunction in Patients with Hemoglobin E/β-Thalassemia.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 2014-2014
Author(s):  
Vichai Atichartakarn ◽  
Suporn Chuncharunee ◽  
Napaporn Archararit ◽  
Umaporn Udomsubpayakul ◽  
Atiporn Ingsathit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hypercoagulable State ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Hemoglobin E ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract Abstract 2014 Poster Board I-1036 Introduction: Clinical manifestations of blood hypercoagulability, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and ischemic stroke, are well known in patients with thalassemia. We herein present evidence that the hypercoagulable state in β-Thalassemia disease patients is to a significant extent the result of prior splenectomy. Patients and Methods: One hundred and ten clinically stable hemoglobin E/β-Thalassemia outpatients, on no medication aside from folic acid and who received no blood transfusion in the preceding 4 weeks were studied. All gave written informed consent, and study protocol was approved by the institution ethics committee on studies in humans (#0774/2548). Echocardiogram was used to estimate systolic PA pressure (SPAP). Clinical features and laboratory data were stratified according to the presence or absence of the spleen, and statistical analysis was done by STATA version 10 (Stata Corp, Texas), considering a P value <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Of the 110 patients, 61 were asplenic and females comprised 51% in both groups. Selected statistically significant results are shown in the table. Conclusions: In comparison with non-splenectomized hemoglobin E/β-Thalassemia patients, asplenic ones have higher SPAP, more severe hemolysis, more liver impairment and chronic iron overload, significant chronic low grade inflammation, and evidence of coagulation activation. Splenectomy should be more judiciously applied than heretofore, and if performed, measures to blunt or prevent a subsequent hypercoagulable and inflammatory state, which could lead to PAH should be initiated. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of inflammation in adults: a systematic review of observational studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Hart ◽  
Susan J. Torres ◽  
Sarah A. McNaughton ◽  
Catherine M. Milte
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract Background Evidence indicates that low-grade inflammation is involved in manychronic diseases of ageing. Modifiable lifestyle factors including dietcan affect low-grade inflammation. Dietary patterns allow assessment of the complex interactions of food nutrients and health and may be associated with inflammatory status. This systematic review aimed to summarises current evidence from observational studies for associations between dietary patterns and inflammatory biomarkers in the general adult population. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Methods We conducted a systematic search in Embase, CINAHL Complete, Global Health and MEDLINE complete databases. Search terms included terms for diet (“dietary patterns”, “diet scores”) and inflammation (“inflammation“, “c-reactive protein“, “interleukin“). Results The search produced 7161 records. Duplicates were removed leaving 3164 for screening. There were 69 studies included (60 cross-sectional, 9 longitudinal). Papers included studies that were: 1) observational studies; 2) conducted in community-dwelling adults over 18 years of age; 3) assessed dietary patterns; 4) measured specified biomarkers of inflammation and 5) published in English. Dietary patterns were assessed using diet scores (n = 45), data-driven approaches (n = 22), both a data-driven approach and diet score (n = 2). The most frequently assessed biomarkers were CRP (n = 64) and/or IL-6 (n = 22). Cross-sectionally the majority of analyses reported an association between higher diet scores (mostly Mediterranean and anti-inflammatory diet scores) and lower inflammatory markers with 82 significant associations from 133 analyses. Only 22 of 145 cross-sectional analyses using data-driven approaches reported an association between a dietary patterns and lower inflammatory markers; the majority reported no association. Evidence of an association between dietary patterns and inflammatory markers longitudinally is limited, with the majority reporting no association. Conclusions Adherence to healthy, Mediterranean and anti-inflammatory dietary scores, appear to be associated with lower inflammatory status cross-sectionally. Future research could focus on longitudinal studies using a potential outcomes approach in the data analysis. Trial registration PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42019114501.

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