Helicopter IRS Engine Integration for the “FIRST” Technology Demonstrator Programme

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Ponton ◽  
Gordon Warnes
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Successful Design ◽  
The Many ◽  
Aircraft Survivability

The balanced protection of military assets presents a major challenge to military rotorcraft customers. The proliferation of sophisticated threat systems (including simpler weapons cued by imaging hardware) has highlighted the need for signature suppression systems to be considered as an integral part of rotorcraft design. Suppression of emissions at source offers multiple synergies with other aircraft systems including aerothermal optimisation (minimised pressure losses & highest utility of air flows), enhanced efficiency of other defensive aids equipment, and increased operational effectiveness. The optimisation of the benefits of IR suppression to the helicopter platform as a whole is closely tied into the design of the engine and exhaust system. The achievement of a successful design thus requires the close cooperation of the airframe and engine manufacturers and the availability of the necessary design and assessment tools. This paper is intended to illustrate the many aspects of Infra-Red Suppressor (IRS) design and the tools required to enable successful IRS optimisation and airframe integration. The development of a generic Future Infra-Red Suppressor Technology (FIRST) and the supporting design & analysis capability are described. The FIRST technology development programme has yielded a generic, scaleable, retrofit helicopter IRS that balances aircraft signatures (multi-band IR & RADAR) and installation penalties (such as engine performance and operating costs) to yield a substantial increase in aircraft survivability when compared with existing IRS designs.

Gas Turbine Performance: New Application and Test Correction Curves

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott T. Cloyd ◽  
Arthur J. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Operating Parameter ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Oil Fuel

The gas turbine industry has adopted the practice of rating engine performance at ISO standard conditions; 15 degrees C, 1.033 ata, 100% methane fuel, and no inlet or exhaust system pressure losses with power output referenced to the generator terminals. (ISO, 1989) While these standards are useful in putting original equipment manufacturers’ (OEM’s) ratings on an equivalent basis it is not likely that an engine would be installed or tested under these types of conditions. To account for variations in engine operating conditions equipment manufacturers’ have utilized performance correction curves to show the influence of changing one operating parameter while holding all others constant. The purpose of this paper is to review the correction curves that are used for initial project application studies, and the variations to the curves that occur when a unit is put into service as a result of the methods used to control engine operation. Sample corrections curves and a brief explanation of the correction curves are presented to illustrate the variations in the curves. The paper also presents a new method for illustrating the influence of fuel heating value and composition on engine performance for natural gas and oil fuel. All data presented is for a single shaft, constant speed gas turbine. Two shaft or three shaft gas turbines will not have these correction curves.

Future Directions

2020 ◽  
pp. 476-479
Author(s):  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
Kyle A. Faust ◽  
David Faust
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Disease ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Mental Health Treatments ◽  
The Many

As digital technology development continues to expand, both its positive and negative applications have also grown. As such, it is essential to continue gathering data on the many types of digital technologies, their overall effects, and their impact on public health. The World Health Organization’s inclusion of Gaming Disorder in the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) indicates that some of the problematic effects of gaming are similar to those of substance-use disorders and gambling. Certain behaviors easily engaged in via the internet may also lead to compulsive levels of use in certain users, such as shopping or pornography use. In contrast, digital technologies can also lead to improvements in and wider accessibility to mental health treatments. Furthermore, various types of digital technologies can also lead to benefits such as increased productivity or social functioning. By more effectively understanding the impacts of all types of digital technologies, we can aim to maximize their benefits while minimizing or preventing their negative impacts.

Combustion Turbine Exhaust Duct, Silencer, and Stack Scale Modeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Craven ◽  
Keith Kirkpatrick ◽  
Stephen Idem
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Total Pressure Loss ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Exhaust Duct ◽  
On Line

Abstract After constructing a scale model of planned changes to a power plant exhaust system, tests were performed to measure pressure losses in the transition, silencer, and stack. A dimension of 0.30 m (1.0 ft) for the scale model corresponded to 3.7 m (12.0 ft) at full scale. To the extent possible, the scale model tests exhibited geometric similarity with the actual power plant. Total pressure loss coefficients varied between 2.122, 1.969, and 1.932, for three separate scale model configurations that were considered. A combination of turning vanes and splitter vanes in the five-gore elbow, coupled with the use of turning vanes in the rectangular elbow yielded the lowest total pressure loss. Although Reynolds number similarity between the scale model experiments and the actual power plant was not attained, Reynolds number independence was achieved in the tests. The results from this study was applied to model pressure loss in the actual power plant. The scale model testing revealed that utilization of the exhaust ducting design designated as Case A would yield a sufficiently low pressure loss that it would not degrade the performance of the combustion turbine in the power plant to be repaired. Therefore it was selected for inclusion in the retro-fitting of the power plant to facilitate its being quickly brought back on-line.

Assessment

2019 ◽  
pp. 461-472
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Many

Assessment is one of the most complex nursing activities. It involves interpersonal and communication skills and decision-making skills. The purpose of assessment can be related to the diagnosis of specific conditions; however, assessment is often focused on the assessment of needs or health-related goals. The context and timing of assessment are important. Assessment as a process involves both non-verbal observation and verbal exchange of information, or conversation. Holistic needs assessment and care planning are an important aspect of care, particularly as patients rebuild their lives after treatment. In assessment, it is necessary to achieve a balance between objective evaluation of the patient’s problems and their subjective experience of illness or symptoms. Among the many assessment tools available, Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) measure outcomes of treatment or care, as they are reported by the patients themselves, and may assess health needs, monitor patient progress, or evaluate services. Quality of life (QoL) is a key element of assessment. It is a complex, multifactoral concept in the context of cancer and involves the individual’s appraisal of their position in life, relative to their expectations. It includes physical (symptoms such as fatigue, pain, and side effects of treatment), functional (activities of living, including eating, sleeping, and washing), emotional (positive and negative emotional reactions to cancer), social (social support, family relationships, and sexuality), and spiritual (sense of meaning and purpose in life, faith) well-being.

scholarly journals Development of a New-Concept Supercharged Single-Cylinder Engine for Race Car

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3694
Author(s):  
Chuanxue Song ◽  
Gangpu Yu ◽  
Shuai Yang ◽  
Ruoli Yang ◽  
Yi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Bench Test ◽  
Single Cylinder ◽  
Race Car ◽  
Single Cylinder Engine

This article summarises the development and experience of the Formula Student race car engine from 2018. According to the technical rules of Formula Student after the change in 2017, this engine adopts a new design concept, employs a 690-mL single-cylinder engine as the base, and applies ‘response enhancement technology’ with supercharging as the core to achieve a high-power output, a wide high-torque range and an excellent response capability. During the development, various studies on the dynamic performance of the vehicle and the engine were conducted, including vehicle dynamics analysis and track simulation, parameter matching of the supercharger and the engine, control strategy design, and the intake and exhaust system design. This research builds a supercharger air flow and efficiency test bench and an engine performance test bench. Test results show that the developed engine can output 122% of the original power and 120% of the original torque with a 20-mm diameter intake restrictor. Compared with previous generation race cars with a turbocharged four-cylinder engine, the new race car‘s 0–100 km/h acceleration time is shortened by 0.2 s, the torque response time under typical condition is shortened by 80%, and the lap time of the integrated circuit is reduced by 7%.

Nozzle dimension design for aircraft engine infrared signature and thrust active control using MOEA/D

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (15) ◽  
pp. 2133-2138
Author(s):  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Shijie Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Nozzle Exit ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
Infrared Signature ◽  
Aircraft Survivability

Aircraft infrared signature is one of the most important properties for the military aircraft survivability. In terms of military aircraft, the exhaust system is the most significant infrared radiation source. The exhaust system accounts for more than 90% of the aircraft infrared radiation, and that the exhaust nozzle contributes the most significant infrared radiation of the whole radiation energy provided by the exhaust system from the rear aspect. Low detectionable feature for military aircraft has attracted more importance to promote aircraft survivability via reducing infrared signature. The alteration of nozzle exit area affects an aircraft engine performance; meanwhile, it severely influences the engine infrared signature radiation from the rear side. The present paper is mainly focused on searching an appropriate group of nozzle exit diameter and throat to exit diameter ratio, which can reduce infrared signature radiation while cutting down the loss of thrust. Hence, objectives involve two aspects: one is minimum infrared signature level, and the other is minimum thrust loss. The multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition has been employed to solve this bi-objective optimization problem. The optimization results illustrate that dimension selection range and throat to exit diameter ratio exert more important effect on the thrust loss and infrared signature level. Furthermore, the thrust plays significant role for deciding nozzle exit diameter and throat diameter.

Paper 4: The Effect of Combustion Chamber Shape and Other Engine Design Factors on Exhaust Emissions

1968 ◽  
Vol 183 (5) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Dartnell ◽  
C. L. Goodacre ◽  
P. V. Lamarque
Keyword(s):  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Valve Timing ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Basic Engine ◽  
Design Factors

A Heron combustion chamber engine of 2 litre capacity has been utilized to investigate the effect of combustion chamber shape, increased mixture movement, valve timing, mixture formation, and reaction in the exhaust system on engine performance and level of exhaust emissions using the seven-mode U.S. Federal cycle. Such factors as carburettor weakening and limitation of intake manifold vacuum during overrun have been included in this investigation, and it has been shown that it is possible to reduce exhaust emissions and also satisfy the current U.S. requirements with an engine giving acceptable performance, improved economy, and unaffected reliability. Much of the information reported may be negative in terms of improvement to exhaust emissions by detailed engine design. Nevertheless, some positive conclusions have been reached as a result of this work, and it is hoped that this will draw forth more informed discussion than the authors have been able to assemble from the work attempted with one basic engine.

A New Tailpipe Design for GE Frame-Type Gas Turbines to Substantially Lower Pressure Losses

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
Richard Golomb ◽  
Vivek Sahai ◽  
Dah Yu Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Angle ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Sudden Expansion ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Large Pressure

Many GE frame gas turbines have a unique 90-deg tailpipe exhaust system that contains struts, diffusers, and turning vanes. As confirmed in a recent report by GE and other authors, it is known in the industry that this tailpipe design has large pressure losses. In this recent report a pressure loss as high as 60 in. of water (0.15 kgs/sqcm) was cited. Due to the flow separations they create, the report indicates that the struts can cause very high-pressure losses in the turbine. The report also states that these pressure losses can vary with different turbine load conditions. Cheng Fluid Systems and Cheng Power Systems have conducted a study aimed at substantially reducing these pressure losses. Flow control technology introduced to the refinery industry, i.e., the Cheng Rotation Vane (CRV) and the Large Angle Diffuser (LAD) can be used to mitigate the flow separation and turbulence that occurs in turns, bends, and large sudden expansions. Specifically the CRV addresses the flow separations in pipe turns, and the LAD addresses the flow problems that occur with large sudden expansion areas. The paper will introduce the past experience of the CRV and LAD, and will then use computer simulations to show the flow characteristics around a new design. First, the study meticulously goes through the entire GE exhaust system, starting with the redesign of the airfoil shape surrounding the struts. This new design has a larger angle of attack and minimizes the flow separations over a much wider operating range. Second, the pros and cons of the concentric turning vanes are studied and it is shown that they are more flow restrictive, rather than flow enhancing. Third, it is shown that the highly turbulent rectangular box-type exhaust ducting design, substantially contributes to high noise levels and pressure losses. In this paper a completed design will be shown that incorporates a new airfoil shape for the struts, and by using CRV flow technology in combination with the LAD flow technology, the pressure recovery can be enhanced. If the pressure losses could be reduced by 40 inches of water (0.10 kgs/sqcm), the turbine efficiency could be increased by 5%, and the power output could be increased by 6%.

A Study to Determine Factors That Have Influence on the Propensity of Natural LSPI Occurring in GTDI Engines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paras Sethi ◽  
Eric Passow ◽  
Kimm Karrip ◽  
Max Maschewske ◽  
Jason Bieneman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Performance Targets ◽  
Power Cylinder ◽  
The Many ◽  
Procedure Development ◽  
Vehicle Platform

There are many articles and papers published about the developments in engine downsizing as an effective means in reducing vehicle fuel consumption while improving engine performance. The increase in performance of gasoline turbo charged direct injected (GTDI) engines, in conjunction with diverse vehicle platform performance targets (i.e. towing capability) and higher gear transmissions pushes the engine to operate with higher torques at lower engine speeds. This operating condition has increased the propensity of an abnormal combustion event, known as Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) or Stochastic Pre-Ignition (SPI). The power cylinder unit (PCU) components exposed to this pre-ignition event can experience failure. The engine manufacturers, as well as MAHLE, continue to ensure engine and PCU component survivability against LSPI by performing life cycle robustness testing. MAHLE’s research of LSPI continues to focus on the robustness of PCU components in the presence of LSPI events, as well as investigating design developments that have the potential to minimize the propensity of LSPI to occur. The test procedure development for evaluating natural LSPI events will be presented. Various test results and parameter sensitivities that were documented during this procedure development, along with the many challenges associated with engine performance repeatability will be discussed. Parameters that were found to influence LSPI propensity, as well as parameters that were found not to influence LSPI propensity will be discussed.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence for the Prediction of Exhaust Back Pressure Effect on the Performance of Diesel Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7370
Author(s):  
Vlad Fernoaga ◽  
Venetia Sandu ◽  
Titus Balan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Hardware Acceleration ◽  
Back Pressure ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Steady State Operation ◽  
Complete Dataset ◽  
And Performance

The actual trade-off among engine emissions and performance requires detailed investigations into exhaust system configurations. Correlations among engine data acquired by sensors are susceptible to artificial intelligence (AI)-driven performance assessment. The influence of exhaust back pressure (EBP) on engine performance, mainly on effective power, was investigated on a turbocharged diesel engine tested on an instrumented dynamometric test-bench. The EBP was externally applied at steady state operation modes defined by speed and load. A complete dataset was collected to supply the statistical analysis and machine learning phases—the training and testing of all the AI solutions developed in order to predict the effective power. By extending the cloud-/edge-computing model with the cloud AI/edge AI paradigm, comprehensive research was conducted on the algorithms and software frameworks most suited to vehicular smart devices. A selection of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and regressors was implemented and evaluated. Two proof-of concept smart devices were built using state-of-the-art technology—one with hardware acceleration for “complete cycle” AI and the other with a compact code and size (“AI in a nut-shell”) with ANN coefficients embedded in the code and occasionally offline “statistical re-calibration”.

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