Evaluation of Spray Performance of Pyrolysis Oil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangsig Yun ◽  
Minji Choi ◽  
Ashwani Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

Abstract Pyrolysis oil has become an important subject of research as it is considered to be a potential environmentally friendly and cheap alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Unfortunately, due to the significant differences of the chemical and physical properties of pyrolysis oil than that of fossil fuels, the deployment of pyrolysis oil in existing power systems such as gas turbines and internal combustion engines has been highly restricted. Thus, major research on pyrolysis oil has been conducted to overcome these challenges related to the unfavorable physical and chemical properties of pyrolysis oil. This paper reports experimental work on the effects of physical properties of the pyrolysis oil on spray performance of nozzles. Effort to evaluate the spray performance by using different types of atomizers has been made as well. Laser based diagnostics was applied to obtain qualitative comparisons spray characteristics of various pyrolysis oils. Experimental data such as the distribution of fuel droplet sizes and overall spray shapes was analyzed, which could provide valuable guidelines to design fuel nozzles. Lastly, the paper will also present NRC’s plans to accelerate the deployment of such pyrolysis oils in industrial gas turbines.

Extraction and Determination of Physico-chemical Properties of Oil from Watermelon Seeds (Citrullus lanatus L) to Use in Internal Combustion Engines

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2676-2681
Author(s):  
Mihaela Gabriela Dumitru ◽  
Dragos Tutunea
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Geometrical Mean ◽  
Reduction Of Nox

The purpose of this work was to investigate the physicochemical properties of watermelon seeds and oil and to find out if this oil is suitable and compatible with diesel engines. The results showed that the watermelon seeds had the maximum length (9.08 mm), width (5.71mm), thickness (2.0 mm), arithmetic mean diameter (5.59 mm), geometrical mean diameter (4.69 mm), sphericity (51.6%), surface area (69.07), volume 0.17 cm3 and moisture content 5.4%. The oil was liquid at room temperature, with a density and refractive index of 0.945 and 1.4731 respectively acidity value (1.9 mgNaOH/g), free fatty acid (0.95 mgNaOH), iodine value (120 mgI2/100g), saponification value (180 mgKOH/g), antiradical activity (46%), peroxide value (7.5 mEqO2/Kg), induction period (6.2 h), fatty acid: palmitic acid (13.1%), stearic acid (9.5 %), oleic acid (15.2 %) and linoleic acid (61.3%). Straight non food vegetable oils can offer a solution to fossil fuels by a cleaner burning with minimal adaptation of the engine. A single cylinder air cooled diesel engine Ruggerini RY 50 was used to measure emissions of various blends of watermelon oil (WO) and diesel fuel (WO10D90, WO20D80, WO30D70 and WO75D25). The physic-chemical properties of the oil influence the combustion process and emissions leading to the reduction of NOX and the increase in CO, CO2 and HC.

scholarly journals Laminar Burning Velocity of Biogas-Containing Mixtures. A Literature Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Venera Giurcan ◽  
Codina Movileanu ◽  
Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽  
Maria Mitu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Waste Products

Currently, the use of fossil fuels is very high and existing nature reserves are rapidly depleted. Therefore, researchers are turning their attention to find renewable fuels that have a low impact on the environment, to replace these fossil fuels. Biogas is a low-cost alternative, sustainable, renewable fuel existing worldwide. It can be produced by decomposition of vegetation or waste products of human and animal biological activity. This process is performed by microorganisms (such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria) by anaerobic digestion. Biogas can serve as a basis for heat and electricity production used for domestic heating and cooking. It can be also used to feed internal combustion engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, or cogeneration systems. In this paper, a comprehensive literature study regarding the laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures is presented. This study aims to characterize the use of biogas as IC (internal combustion) engine fuel, and to develop efficient safety recommendations and to predict and reduce the risk of fires and accidental explosions caused by biogas.

scholarly journals Comparison between 1-D and grey-box models of a SOFC

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Ramin Moradi ◽  
Andrea Di Carlo ◽  
Federico Testa ◽  
Luca Del Zotto ◽  
Enrico Bocci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Box Model ◽  
System Level ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Box Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
D Model

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) have shown unique performance in terms of greater electrical efficiency and thermochemical integrity with the power systems compared to gas turbines and internal combustion engines. Nonetheless, simple and reliable models still must be defined. In this paper, a comparisonbetween a grey-box model and a 1-D model of a SOFC is performed to understand the impact of the heat transfer inside the cell on the internal temperature distribution of the solid electrolyte. Hence, a significant internal temperature peak of the solid electrolyte is observed for a known difference between anode and cathode inlet temperatures. Indeed, it highlights the difference between the 1-D model andthe grey-box model regarding the thermal conditioning of the SOFC. Therefore, the results of this study can be used to investigate the reliability of the thermal results of box models in system-level simulations.

Development and Experimental Investigation of a Tubular Combustor for Pyrolysis Oil Burning

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Beran ◽  
Lars-Uno Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Air Blast

The growing demand for more economical and environmentally friendly power generation forces the industry to search for fuels that can replace the conventional fossil fuels. This has led to significant developments in the production of alternative fuels during the last years, which have made them a reliable and relatively efficient source of energy. One example of these alternative fuels is the pyrolysis oil. However, higher viscosity, lower heat content, limited chemical stability and its ability to create sediment make pyrolysis oil challenging for gas turbines. The OPRA OP16 gas turbine is an all radial single-shaft gas turbine rated at 1.9 MW. The all radial design, together with the lack of intricate cooling geometries in the hot section, makes this gas turbine suitable for operation on these fuels. This paper presents an experimental investigation of pyrolysis oil combustion in a tubular combustor developed especially for low-calorific fuels. The experiments have been performed in an atmospheric combustion test rig and the results have been compared to the results obtained from ethanol and diesel combustion. It was found that it was possible to burn pure pyrolysis oil in the load range between 70 to 100% with a combustion efficiency exceeding 99% and without creation of sediments on the combustor inner wall. It was found that the NOx emissions were similar for pyrolysis oil and diesel, whereas the CO emissions were twice as high for pyrolysis oil. A comparison between the air blast nozzle and the pressure nozzle was performed. The air blast nozzle was found to be more suitable due to its better performance over a wider operating range and that it is more resistant to erosion and abrasion. It was found that the maximum allowed droplet size of the pyrolysis oil spray should be about 50–70% of the droplet size for diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Development of an ammonia production method for carbon-free energy generation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (8 (113)) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Sergey Zhadan ◽  
Yevhenii Shapovalov ◽  
Roman Tarasenko ◽  
Anatoliy Salyuk
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Production Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonia Production ◽  
Sorbent Regeneration

Ammonia has great prospects in the context of the transition to carbon-free energy. It can be used as fuel in gas turbines, fuel cells, internal combustion engines, and burned together with coal. However, industrial production of ammonia is based on the Haber-Bosh process, which involves the use of natural gas and coal, which, in this case, does not make it really carbon-free. This study proposes a method to produce ammonia, which is environmentally friendly and does not require the use of fossil fuels. It is based on the approach to adjusting the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in a biogas reactor and implies the sorption of ammonia from the gas phase with a solution of monoammonium phosphate, obtaining diammonium phosphate, and subsequently heating it with the release of ammonia. The factors influencing the extraction of ammonia from waste have been considered, as well as the influence of temperature on the release of ammonia from the solution of diammonium phosphate; the energy efficiency of the method has been assessed. With increasing temperature, the degree of ammonia and the degree of sorbent regeneration increased. Under laboratory conditions, 111 J/g of ammonia energy was spent. The higher the concentration of (NH4)2HPO4 in the solution, the less energy is required to obtain a unit of ammonia mass. The total amount of ammonia released varies depending on the temperature. Sorbent regeneration can be carried out using thermal energy obtained at a cogeneration plant. The possibility of using this method to produce ammonia at an industrial scale has been estimated by analyzing the ways of ammonia utilization as a fuel. The potential for ammonia production in the main livestock industries in Europe and the United States is up to 11,482,651.15 and 11,582,169.5 tons per year, respectively. Applying this solution also makes it possible to improve the efficiency of biogas production from waste with high nitrogen content. The proposed method of ammonia production could potentially contribute to the development of carbon-free energy

scholarly journals Effects of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils on Fuel Atomisation—A Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Heena Panchasara ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Flame Stabilization ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils ◽  
Made In

Bio-oils produced by biomass pyrolysis are substantially different from those produced by petroleum-based fuels and biodiesel. However, they could serve as valuable alternatives to fossil fuels to achieve carbon neutral future. The literature review indicates that the current use of bio-oils in gas turbines and compression-ignition (diesel) engines is limited due to problems associated with atomisation and combustion. The review also identifies the progress made in pyrolysis bio-oil spray combustion via standardisation of fuel properties, optimising atomisation and combustion, and understanding long-term reliability of engines. The key strategies that need to be adapted to efficiently atomise and combust bio-oils include, efficient atomisation techniques such as twin fluid atomisation, pressure atomisation and more advanced and novel effervescent atomisation, fuel and air preheating, flame stabilization using swrilers, and filtering the solid content from the pyrolysis oils. Once these strategies are implemented, bio-oils can enhance combustion efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Overall, this study clearly indicates that pyrolysis bio-oils have the ability to substitute fossil fuels, but fuel injection problems need to be tackled in order to insure proper atomisation and combustion of the fuel.

scholarly journals Development of a Mesoporous Silica-Supported Layered Double Hydroxide Catalyst for the Reduction of Oxygenated Compounds in E. grandis Fast Pyrolysis Oils

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Danya Carla Maree ◽  
Mike Heydenrych
Keyword(s):  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrostatic Precipitator ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Pore Sizes ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

Biomass fast pyrolysis oil is a potential renewable alternative to fossil fuels, but its viability is constrained by its corrosiveness, low higher heating value and instability, caused by high oxygenate concentrations. A few studies have outlined layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as possible catalysts for the improvement of biomass pyrolysis oil characteristics. In this study, the goal was to reduce the concentration of oxygen-rich compounds in E. grandis fast pyrolysis oils using CaAl- and MgAl- LDHs. The LDHs were supported by mesoporous silica, synthesised at different pHs to obtain different pore sizes (3.3 to 4.8 nm) and surface areas (up to 600 m2/g). The effects of the support pore sizes and use of LDHs were investigated. GC/MS results revealed that MgAl-LDH significantly reduced the concentrations of ketones and oxygenated aromatics in the electrostatic precipitator oils and increased the concentration of aliphatics. CaAl-LDH had the opposite effect. There was little effect on the oxygenate concentrations of the heat exchanger oils, suggesting that there was a greater extent of conversion of the lighter oil compounds. Bomb calorimetry also showed a marked increase in higher heating values (16.2 to 22.5 MJ/kg) in the electrostatic precipitator oils when using MgAl-LDH. It was also found that the mesoporous silica support synthesised at a pH of 7 was the most effective, likely due to the intermediate average pore width (4 nm).

Development and Experimental Investigation of a Tubular Combustor for Pyrolysis Oil Burning

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Beran ◽  
Lars-Uno Axelsson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Droplet Size ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Air Blast

The growing demand for more economical and environmentally friendly power generation forces the industry to search for fuels that can replace the conventional fossil fuels. This has led to significant developments in the production of alternative fuels during the last years, which have made them a reliable and relatively efficient source of energy. One example of these alternative fuels is the pyrolysis oil. However, higher viscosity, lower heat content, limited chemical stability, and its ability to create sediment make pyrolysis oil challenging for gas turbines. The OPRA OP16 gas turbine is an all radial single-shaft gas turbine rated at 1.9 MW. The all radial design, together with the lack of intricate cooling geometries in the hot section, makes this gas turbine suitable for operation on these fuels. This paper presents an experimental investigation of pyrolysis oil combustion in a tubular combustor developed, especially for low-calorific fuels. The experiments have been performed in an atmospheric combustion test rig, and the results have been compared to the results obtained from ethanol and diesel combustion. It was found that it was possible to burn pure pyrolysis oil in the load range between 70% and 100% with a combustion efficiency exceeding 99% and without creation of sediments on the combustor inner wall. It was found that the NOx emissions were similar for pyrolysis oil and diesel, whereas the CO emissions were twice as high for pyrolysis oil. A comparison between the air blast nozzle and the pressure nozzle was performed. The air blast nozzle was found to be more suitable due to its better performance over a wider operating range and that it is more resistant to erosion and abrasion. It was found that the maximum allowed droplet size of the pyrolysis oil spray should be about 50–70% of the droplet size for diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Overview of the Green Hydrogen Applications in Marine Power Plants Onboard Ships

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader R. Ammar ◽  
Nayef F. S. H. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Combustion Engines

The need for renewable and green energy sources to replace fossil fuel with the incrementally rising prices is driving many researchers to work on narrowing the gap between the most scientific innovative clean energy technologies and the concepts of feasibility and cost-effective solutions. The current paper aims to introduce one aspect of Green Energy; the use of Hydrogen as fuel for marine power plants, to replace all kinds of fossil fuels which are the major responsible of harmful emissions. There are three applications for hydrogen in marine field. These applications include hydrogen internal combustion engines, hydrogen gas turbines, and fuel cells. The main problems associated with the application of hydrogen in internal combustion engines are the engine knocking; air fuel ratio and intake temperature. The research programs for the application of hydrogen in gas turbines concentrate on studying the characteristics of hydrogen combustion inside gas turbine combustors. The third application of hydrogen is fuel cells. Huge developments have been achieved in this sector over the past few years. But for the marine field only the naval vessels market used it for auxiliary power generation.

scholarly journals Fuel Properties of Butanol – Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Blends as a Diesel Extender Option for Internal Combustion Engines

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Zöldy
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil

European legislation and new engine technologies require better quality in fuels, and the diesel scandal pushes engine and fuel developers to investigate new solutions. The decrease of fossil energy sources and the new, stricter emission regulations necessitate the discovery of renewable sources. Biofuels are an obvious solution to replace fossil fuels in a more environmentally conscious way. This study presents a new approach with the analytical investigation of butanol, hydrogenated vegetable oil, and diesel oil blends.In the presented phase of the research, our focus was on the most application- critical chemical properties of the fuels, to analyze if the three component blends are suitable for compression ignition engines. A wide-ranging chemical-analytical test plan was prepared with nearly 20 parameters measured of the chemical and physical parameters of blends, especially regarding flash point, cetane number, viscosity and cold filter plugging point (CFPP).The findings prove that from an engine-critical characteristics point of view butanol – hydrogenated vegetable oil – diesel blends are a potential solution, as HVO and butanol counterbalance its critical parameters.

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