scholarly journals Exercise and circulating BDNF: Mechanisms of release and implications for the design of exercise interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 1095-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Walsh ◽  
Michael E. Tschakovsky
Keyword(s):  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Circulating Levels

Engagement in regular bouts of exercise confers numerous positive effects on brain health across the lifespan. Acute bouts of exercise transiently improve cognitive function, while long-term exercise training stimulates brain plasticity, improves brain function, and helps to stave off neurological disease. The action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a candidate mechanism underlying these exercise-induced benefits and is the subject of considerable attention in the exercise–brain health literature. It is well established that acute exercise increases circulating levels of BDNF and numerous studies have sought to characterize this response for the purpose of improving brain health. Despite the interest in BDNF responses to exercise, little focus has been given to understanding the sources and mechanisms that underlie this response for the purpose of deliberately increasing circulating levels of BDNF. Here we review evidence to support that exploiting these mechanisms of BDNF release can help to optimize brain plasticity outcomes via exercise interventions, which could be especially relevant in the context of multimodal training (i.e., exercise and cognitive stimulation). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the candidate sources of BDNF during exercise and the mechanisms of release. As well, we discuss strategies for maximizing BDNF responses to exercise, and propose novel research directions for advancing our understanding of these mechanisms.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Blood Flow Is Increased After 20 min of Moderate-Intensity Exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Steventon ◽  
C Foster ◽  
H Furby ◽  
D Helme ◽  
R G Wise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract Long-term exercise interventions have been shown to be a potent trigger for both neurogenesis and vascular plasticity. However, little is known about the underlying temporal dynamics and specifically when exercise-induced vascular adaptations first occur, which is vital for therapeutic applications. In this study, we investigated whether a single session of moderate-intensity exercise was sufficient to induce changes in the cerebral vasculature. We employed arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging to measure global and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after 20 min of cycling. The blood vessels’ ability to dilate, measured by cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to CO2 inhalation, was measured at baseline and 25-min postexercise. Our data showed that CBF was selectively increased by 10–12% in the hippocampus 15, 40, and 60 min after exercise cessation, whereas CVR to CO2 was unchanged in all regions. The absence of a corresponding change in hippocampal CVR suggests that the immediate and transient hippocampal adaptations observed after exercise are not driven by a mechanical vascular change and more likely represents an adaptive metabolic change, providing a framework for exploring the therapeutic potential of exercise-induced plasticity (neural, vascular, or both) in clinical and aged populations.

scholarly journals Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Fan Wang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Yiping Liu ◽  
Zhenghong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Redox System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stress Fatigue

Oxidative stress is the imbalance of the redox system in the body, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species, leads to multiple cellular damages, and closely relates to some pathological conditions, such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Meanwhile, exercise as an external stimulus of oxidative stress causes the changes of pathophysiological functions in the tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced oxidative stress is considered to have different effects on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Long-term regular or moderate exercise-induced oxidative stress is closely related to the formation of muscle adaptation, while excessive free radicals produced by strenuous or acute exercise can cause muscle oxidative stress fatigue and damage, which impacts exercise capacity and damages the body’s health. The present review systematically summarizes the relationship between exercise-induced oxidative stress and the adaptions, damage, and fatigue in skeletal muscle, in order to clarify the effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle.

Long-term treadmill exercise induces neuroprotective molecular changes in rat brain

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 1380-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bayod ◽  
J. del Valle ◽  
A. M. Canudas ◽  
J. F. Lalanza ◽  
S. Sanchez-Roige ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Oxphos System ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Exercise Induced

Exercise enhances general health. However, its effects on neurodegeneration are controversial, and the molecular pathways in the brain involved in this enhancement are poorly understood. Here, we examined the effect of long-term moderate treadmill training on adult male rat cortex and hippocampus to identify the cellular mechanisms behind the effects of exercise. We compared three animal groups: exercised (30 min/day, 12 m/min, 5 days/wk, 36 wk), handled but nonexercised (treadmill handling procedure, 0 m/min), and sedentary (nonhandled and nonexercised). Moderate long-term exercise induced an increase in IGF-1 levels and also in energy parameters, such as PGC-1α and the OXPHOS system. Moreover, the sirtuin 1 pathway was activated in both the exercised and nonexercised groups but not in sedentary rats. This induction could be a consequence of exercise as well as the handling procedure. To determine whether the long-term moderate treadmill training had neuroprotective effects, we studied tau hyperphosphorylation and GSK3β activation. Our results showed reduced levels of phospho-tau and GSK3β activation mainly in the hippocampus of the exercised animals. In conclusion, in our rodent model, exercise improved several major brain parameters, especially in the hippocampus. These improvements induced the upregulation of sirtuin 1, a protein that extends life, the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, the activation of AMPK, and the prevention of signs of neurodegeneration. These findings are consistent with other reports showing that physical exercise has positive effects on hormesis.

scholarly journals Multicomponent Physical Exercise in Older Adults after Hospitalization: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Short- vs. Long-Term Group-Based Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iñaki Echeverria ◽  
Maria Amasene ◽  
Miriam Urquiza ◽  
Idoia Labayen ◽  
Pilar Anaut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Positive Effects

Multicomponent physical exercise is effective in curbing the effect of hospitalization in older adults. However, it is not well established which characteristics of the exercise interventions would optimize intervention sustainability and efficacy. This study compared the effects of two group-based multicomponent exercise interventions of different lengths in older adults after hospitalization. Fifty-five participants were randomly assigned to a short-term group-based branch (SGB, n = 27) or to a long-term group-based branch (LGB, n = 28). The SGB participated in a six-week multicomponent group-based exercise-training program followed by 18 weeks of home-based exercise. The LGB completed 12 weeks of each phase. Physical function, physical activity, quality of life, anthropometrics, and nutritional status were assessed at baseline, after 12 weeks, and after 24 weeks of intervention. Both groups improved physical function and nutritional status and increased physical activity after 12 weeks of intervention (paired student’s t-test, p < 0.01), and maintained the positive effects during the following 12 weeks. No group-by-time interaction was observed in any of the studied variables using mixed-model ANOVA. Based on these findings, we determined that 6 weeks of a group-based exercise intervention caused similar functional and nutritional benefits to a longer group-based intervention of 12 weeks when both are continued at home until 24 weeks.

scholarly journals Effects of Padel Competition on Brain Health-Related Myokines

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6042
Author(s):  
Francisco Pradas ◽  
María Pía Cádiz ◽  
María Teresa Nestares ◽  
Inmaculada C. Martínez-Díaz ◽  
Luis Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Brain Health ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Brain

Padel is becoming one of the most widespread racket sports that may have potential health benefits. Considering that several myokines mediate the cross-talk between skeletal muscles and the brain, exerting positive effects on brain health status, this study was designed to evaluate the responses of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and irisin (IR) to padel competition in trained players and to determine whether these responses were sex-dependent. Twenty-four trained padel players (14 women and 10 men with a mean age of 27.8 ± 6.3 years) participated voluntarily in this study. Circulating levels of BDNF, LIF, and IR were assessed before and after simulated padel competition (real playing time, 27.8 ± 8.49 min; relative intensity, 75.2 ± 7.9% maximum heart rate). Except for BDNF responses observed in female players (increasing from 1531.12 ± 269.09 to 1768.56 ± 410.75 ng/mL), no significant changes in LIF and IR concentrations were reported after padel competition. In addition, no sex-related differences were found. Moreover, significant associations between IR and BDNF were established at both pre- and post-competition. Our results suggest that while competitive padel practice stimulates BDNF response in female players, padel competition failed to boost the release of LIF and IR. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of these exercise-induced myokines in the regulation of brain functions and to identify the field sports that can contribute to myokine-mediated muscle–brain crosstalk.

scholarly journals Effects of low- and high-intensity exercise on emotional face processing: an fMRI face-matching study

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Schmitt ◽  
Jason Anthony Martin ◽  
Sandra Rojas ◽  
Ramin Vafa ◽  
Lukas Scheef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Emotional Face Processing ◽  
Emotional Face

Abstract Physical exercise has positive effects on mood and it reduces clinical depression and states of anxiety. While previous work mostly used subjective measures to study the effect of exercise upon emotions, this study for the first time employed blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to unravel associated neuronal changes of the emotional face-processing network in response to acute exercise. A total of 25 male athletes underwent fitness assessments to define two standardized 30 min exercise interventions (low and high intensity). The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was completed pre- and post-exercise and neuronal responses to neutral, happy and fearful facial expressions were determined using an fMRI-based face-matching paradigm. Complete data sets were acquired in 21 participants (mean age, 27.2 ± 4.2 years). Both exercise interventions induced significant increases of the PANAS positive affect scale. Modulations of brain activation patterns following acute exercise were found only for fearful facial stimuli vs forms: reduced brain activation in posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus for the low condition and reduced activity in caudate nucleus and ventral anterior putamen for the high condition. In conclusion, this study provides first in vivo evidence that acute strenuous exercise interferes with emotional face-processing brain regions in an emotion type-specific manner.

scholarly journals Acute Exercise Induced Compartment Syndrome in an 22-Year-Old Active-Duty Man and Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (9-10) ◽  
pp. e1829-e1832
Author(s):  
Timothy M Guenther ◽  
Elan A Sherazee ◽  
Bryan C Curtis ◽  
Ramon A Riojas
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Syndrome ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Active Duty ◽  
Foot Drop ◽  
Fitness Assessment ◽  
Adequate Hydration ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
The Right

Abstract Acute exercise induced compartment syndrome is a rare clinical diagnosis with serious long-term ramifications if not diagnosed in a timely fashion. We present a case of acute exercise induced compartment syndrome of the right lower extremity in a 22-year-old active-duty man that occurred during a physical fitness assessment. He was treated with a two incision four compartment fasciotomy, however required debridement of muscle from the anterior compartment on subsequent washouts of the wound that led to significant foot drop postoperatively. We reviewed the literature for published cases of acute exercise induced compartment syndrome and provide some information from the 47 patients identified in our review. This case highlights a unique pathology for which military providers should have a strong index of suspicion. It additionally stresses the importance of adequate hydration and musculoskeletal conditioning in the setting of military fitness assessments.

scholarly journals Adapted exercise interventions for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara A. Pilutti
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Progressive Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
Total Body

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurodegenerative disease that results in a myriad of physical and mental symptoms. Current disease-modifying therapies do not prevent long-term disability accumulation and are particularly ineffective for patients with a progressive disease onset. Exercise may represent an alternative strategy for managing symptoms and disability accumulation, particularly in progressive MS. Whereas the benefits of exercise have been established primarily in ambulatory MS patients with a relapsing disease course, few studies have investigated the benefits of exercise for patients with progressive MS with greater impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation was to determine the short-term, long-term, and maintenance effects of adapted exercise interventions for patients with progressive MS of high disability, which was addressed by conducting 2 adapted exercise interventions. The first intervention examined the effects of 24 weeks of body-weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) on outcomes of physical and mental functioning, fatigue, quality of life (QoL), and brain health. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks following the intervention, and again 12 weeks postintervention. The second intervention evaluated and compared the effects of 12 weeks of total-body recumbent stepper training (TBRST) with BWSTT on outcomes of safety, physical and mental functioning, fatigue, QoL, and equipment preference. Safety of BWSTT and TBRST was established. Significant improvements in fatigue and QoL were observed with both training modalities; however, neither significantly improved physical function. There was some evidence to suggest that long-term BWSTT may improve cognitive performance and brain health, and that TBRST was the preferred exercise modality. Furthermore, most beneficial effects of long-term BWSTT tended not to be maintained when exercise was discontinued. This dissertation established evidence for the potential benefits of BWSTT and TBRST in patients with progressive MS with high disability. BWSTT and TBRST may represent viable alternative strategies for disease management.

scholarly journals The Role of the Skeletal Muscle Secretome in Mediating Endurance and Resistance Training Adaptations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurel B. Leuchtmann ◽  
Volkan Adak ◽  
Sedat Dilbaz ◽  
Christoph Handschin
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Training Adaptations ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
And Function

Exercise, in the form of endurance or resistance training, leads to specific molecular and cellular adaptions not only in skeletal muscles, but also in many other organs such as the brain, liver, fat or bone. In addition to direct effects of exercise on these organs, the production and release of a plethora of different signaling molecules from skeletal muscle are a centerpiece of systemic plasticity. Most studies have so far focused on the regulation and function of such myokines in acute exercise bouts. In contrast, the secretome of long-term training adaptation remains less well understood, and the contribution of non-myokine factors, including metabolites, enzymes, microRNAs or mitochondrial DNA transported in extracellular vesicles or by other means, is underappreciated. In this review, we therefore provide an overview on the current knowledge of endurance and resistance exercise-induced factors of the skeletal muscle secretome that mediate muscular and systemic adaptations to long-term training. Targeting these factors and leveraging their functions could not only have broad implications for athletic performance, but also for the prevention and therapy in diseased and elderly populations.

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