Accelerating growth of silver fir seedlings under controlled environments

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 835-839
Author(s):  
Sunil Puri ◽  
M. A. Tak
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Shoot Weight

Studies on Abiespindrow seedlings were conducted to accelerate and attain maximum growth under controlled environmental conditions. Seedlings of age 7, 19, and 31 months collected from Manali, Shilaru, and Kashmir provenances were treated for 90 days with four photoperiods (natural day length and 12, 18, and 24 h light) and two nitrogen levels (1.0 and 1.5 g/seedling). A positive response to light and N application was observed. Initially, light had no effect on roots (up to 45 days) but later on a significant increase in length and weight of roots was observed. Root to shoot ratio decreased with light but increased with N applied to seedlings. The interaction among photoperiod, N, provenance, and age, calculated from analysis of variance, was significant for root length and root and shoot weight at 45 and 90 days. The maximum percent increase in growth and biomass was observed in the 1-0 age from the Kashmir provenance.

Environmental and Genetic Control of Reproduction in Danthonia caespitosa Populations

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Hodgkinson ◽  
JA Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
The North ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Controlled Environments

Seedlings and older plants of five populations of Danthonia caespitosa from south-eastern Australia were grown in controlled environments and in a transplant garden to determine the effect of day length, temperature, and vernalization of floral initiation and inflorescence development. The populations were selected from widely separated sites which spanned the latitudinal range (31-42°S.) for the species and extended from a hot, semiarid environment in the north to a relatively cool and moist temperature environment in the south. Examination of herbarium specimens indicated that seed set could occur as early as mid September at the northern limit for the species and not before mid January at the southern limit (Tasmania). In a uniform transplant garden located at Deniliquin (latitude 35° 23′S.) plants from the northern site reached anthesis 4 weeks earlier than plants from southern sites. Controlled environment experiments revealed that D. caespitosa is a long-day plant. Northern populations required a 9 . 5 hr day length or longer for floral induction compared with 11 hr or longer for southern populations. The number of days in inductive conditions (outside, day length 13.5 hr) required for floral initiation was 5-7 for the three most northern populations and 21-25 days for the two southern populations. Inflorescence development (initiation to flag leaf stage) was considerably slower in southern populations. All but the most northern population responded to vernalization. Flowering was earlier in temperatures that were optimal for plant growth. At high temperatures (36/31°C day/night) flowering was not significantly delayed for the three most northern populations, but was for the two southern populations, and florets contained caryopses in only the three northern populations. These results suggest that in cool and moist temperate habitats reproduction of this species is programmed by day length and temperature effects on floral initiation and development to coincide with a predictable growing season, whereas in hot semiarid habitats this control is relaxed, which permits opportunistic reproduction whenever soil moisture and temperature permit growth.

Inflorescence development of semidwarf and standard height wheat cultivars in different photoperiod and nitrogen treatments

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

A comparative study was made of the growth and development of the shoot apex/inflorescence in two contrasting spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars: Marquis—a standard height, day-length-sensitive type; and Pitic 62—a semidwarf, Norin 10 derivative with relatively low day-length sensitivity. The effects of 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, and 24-h photoperiods and of two nitrogen levels in 12 and 20 h on both cultivars were determined, as well as those of two phosphorus levels on Marquis in 20 h.Apical primordium production continued for a longer duration in Pitic than in Marquis, and the initiation of spikelet primordia was delayed. Spikelet development was more synchronous in Pitic than in Marquis in all treatments. Apical spikelet formation always coincided in both cultivars with the initiation of rachis internode extension. Inflorescence development after termination of spikelet primordia formation was as fast in Pitic as in Marquis (or faster in short photoperiods).In general, increasing N increased the rate and duration of primordium production (apical spikelet formation occurring later at high N), and delayed inflorescence development and extension. These effects were more pronounced in Pitic, resulting in much greater N responses for spikelet and grain numbers per spike, and for grain yields per spike. Effects of high P were similar to those of high N. Increasing photoperiod increased the rate, but decreased the duration of primordium production, and accelerated the development and the extension growth of the inflorescence.The results are discussed in relation to a postulated involvement of endogenous gibberellins and inhibitors in the regulation of inflorescence growth and development.

Effects of applied nitrogen on grass yield, nitrogen content, tillers and leaves in field swards

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
P. Joy Pearse
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
N Application ◽  
Blade Width ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Positive Effect

SummaryEffects of three levels of N application and four intervals between harvests on field swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) were studied during 6-week periods in summer and spring. Ryegrass was compared with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in spring and autumn.An increase in the interval between harvests from 1 to 6 weeks allowed a larger, positive response to applied N to develop in respect of dry-matter yield, weight per tiller, and leaf blade and sheath length. Response to N was expressed more in terms of larger leaf blades than in a larger number of tillers. Tall fescue leaf blade size was increased more than that of ryegrass by a period of uninterrupted growth in May.Within 1 week of its application, N had increased the N content of both emerging and dying leaf blades and had increased the width and reduced the weight per unit area of the emerging blades. The positive effect of N on blade width (and on blade length where uninterrupted growth was allowed) and its negative effect on weight per unit area were ‘carried through’ the sward, to be recorded a second time when that generation of blades had become the dying blades.Applied N increased the number of tillers, the rate of emergence of new tillers, the proportion of tiller buds which developed into tillers, and the proportion of relatively young tiller buds which developed.

scholarly journals Calibration and Algorithm Development for Estimation of Nitrogen in Wheat Crop Using Tractor Mounted N-Sensor

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjeet Singh ◽  
Rajneesh Kumar ◽  
Ankit Sharma ◽  
Bhupinder Singh ◽  
S. K. Thind
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Application ◽  
Algorithm Development ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Different Levels

The experiment was planned to investigate the tractor mounted N-sensor (Make Yara International) to predict nitrogen (N) for wheat crop under different nitrogen levels. It was observed that, for tractor mounted N-sensor, spectrometers can scan about 32% of total area of crop under consideration. An algorithm was developed using a linear relationship between sensor sufficiency index (SIsensor) andSISPADto calculate theNappas a function ofSISPAD. There was a strong correlation among sensor attributes (sensor value, sensor biomass, and sensor NDVI) and different N-levels. It was concluded that tillering stage is most prominent stage to predict crop yield as compared to the other stages by using sensor attributes. The algorithms developed for tillering and booting stages are useful for the prediction of N-application rates for wheat crop. N-application rates predicted by algorithm developed and sensor value were almost the same for plots with different levels of N applied.

Eucalyptus Physiology. II. Temperature Responses

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Paton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Temperature Responses ◽  
Temperature Optima ◽  
Southern Species

Seedlings of 13 Eucalyptus species were grown at three temperature regimes. One species was exposed to sublethal high temperatures. Another species was frost-hardened by low temperatures. Maximum growth of species from hot low latitudes of Australia involved high-temperature optima. These were higher than the medium optima of species from the cooler southern latitudes. Such relationships between temperature optimum for growth and temperature of location of seed source were also observed among latitudinal provenances of E. camaldulensis and among altitudinal provenances of E. paucifora and E. viminalis. These examples of adaptive variation involved temperature optima, not maximum growth rate. The absence of high optima in southern species and high-altitude provenances was often associated with severe growth abnormalities and poor survival of plants grown at 33°C and above. Frost resistance of E. viminalis depended on exposure to near freezing, hardening temperatures for about 2 days. Altitudinal ecotypes for level of resistance and for rate of hardening were sometimes detected in such low-temperature responses. These results support the concept that the distribution of Eucalyptus species is related to their tolerance of extreme conditions rather than to their maximum growth rate under less severe conditions. The relative insensitivity of the genus to day length suggests that this concept should emphasize the importance of temperature but exclude day length and the combined effects of both.

scholarly journals The influence of defoliation and nitrogen on the regrowth of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth). 1. Dry matter production and tillering.

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-101
Author(s):  
A. Dovrat ◽  
G.P. Dirven ◽  
B. Dienum
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
N Application ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Chloris Gayana ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Chloris Gayana Kunth

In pot experiments Rhodes grass (cv. "Common" and "Katambora") was fertilized with 1.43 and 8.29 meq N/100 g soil over a period of 56 days and was cut every 14 or 28 days. Cutting at 28 days considerably increased total shoot weight. Root weight per pot of low-N plants was 31 and 23% higher than that of high-N plants at 14- and 28-day cutting intervals, respectively. N application generally increased the average number of harvest tillers, but individual tillers regrew a fewer number of times than those receiving low N. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Thuja x ‘Green Giant’

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
N Application ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Complete Nutrient Solution

Abstract Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Green Giant’ arborvitae (Thuja L. x ‘Green Giant’) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers containing a pine bark: sand (8:1 by vol) substrate. Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at N application rates (NARs) of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm) supplied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Both shoot and root dry weights were significantly affected by NAR. Maximum shoot weight, as predicted by a quadratic plateau model, was reached at a NAR of approximately 100 mg/liter (ppm), representing a 200% increase over controls [0 mg/liter (ppm) N]. Maximum and minimum root dry weights occurred at 0 mg/liter (ppm) N and approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively, representing a 37% decrease. Root length decreased 36% at a NAR of approximately 50 mg/liter (ppm). Root diameter (root area ÷ root length) increased before reaching a plateau at approximately 130 mg/liter (ppm) N indicating that root length decreased faster than root area at low N concentrations. Shoot concentrations of N, P, Mg, and S were maximized at approximately 71,41,48, and 52 mg/liter (ppm) N, respectively. Uptake of K and Ca were unaffected by N concentrations.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Application Frequency for Drip-irrigated Tomatoes

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilton P. Cook ◽  
Douglas C. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Raised Bed

Studies were conducted to determine the effect of N application frequency through drip irrigation on soil NO3-N movement in the bed profile and on yield and N uptake by tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `Sunny') at two locations. Increasing N application frequency resulted in increased yields at Clayton, N. C., but not at Charleston, S.C. The number of fruit produced was not affected by N treatment at either location, but fruit size increased with increasing N application frequency at Clayton. Foliage N concentration decreased seasonally, but neither foliage N concentration nor total N content of the above-ground portion of the plants was affected by N application frequency. Regardless of N application frequency, NO3-N concentrations within the raised bed decreased with time due to plant uptake and leaching. Nitrogen levels declined most rapidly in the area closest to the drip tube.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS AND APPLICATION SCHEDULING ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
N Level

A field trial was conducted to assess the effect of Nitrogen (N) levels and application scheduling on the growth and grain yield of maize. The results revealed that growth and grain yield traits of maize were influenced significantly (P<0.01) due to different Nitrogen (N) levels and application schedule. Crop fertilized with the highest Nitrogen (N) level of 180 kg per ha resulted from 185.07 cm plant height, 11.94 leaves per plant, 473.92 cm leaf area per plant, 1.73 cobs per plant, 347.91 grains per cob, 15650.33 kg biomass yield and 3030.28 kg grain yield per ha. The crop receiving Nitrogen (N) at the rate of 120 kg per ha gave 177.67 cm plant height, 10.91 leaves per plant, 464.44 cm leaf area per plant, 1.60 cobs per plant, 237.04 grains per cob, 14241.80 kg biomass yield and 2762.30 kg grain yield per ha; while lowest Nitrogen (N) rate of 60 kg per ha resulted from 170.26 cm plant height, 9.89 leaves per plant, 455.15 cm leaf area per plant, 1.47 cobs per plant, 307.41 grains per cob, 13672.13 kg biomass yield and 2541.32 kg grain yield per ha. The effect of the scheduling of Nitrogen (N) application suggested that Nitrogen (N) applied in four equal splits, 25% each, 14, 28 and 42 days after emergence (DAE) ranked 1st.

scholarly journals Pengaruh kekeringan terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan berbagai varietas padi (Oryza sativa L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
Anugrah Syaputra ◽  
Nurhayati Nurhayati ◽  
Cut Nur Ichsan
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Growth Characters ◽  
Plot Design

Abstrak. Padi  (Oryza sativa L.) sebagai tanaman penghasil beras dan sumber pangan pokok bagi masyarakat di Indonesia mempunyai kedudukan penting dalam program ketahanan pangan. Kondisi sumber daya yang terbatas maupun keadaan cuaca yang terus berubah berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan padi. Perubahan karakter morfologis sebagai bentuk penyesuaian pada kondisi kekeringan dapat dilihat dari daun, serta akarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kekeringan dan varietas terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan padi. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui interaksi antara kekeringan dan varietas terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan padi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di rumah kasa kebun percobaan 1 Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh, yang berlangsung sejak bulan April hingga Juli 2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Split Plot Design (Rancangan Petak Terpisah; RPT), dengan dua faktor yaitu kekeringan dan varietas. kekeringan menjadi petak utama yang terdiri dari 2 (dua) taraf yaitu pengairan normal, dan kekeringan, sedangkan varietas sebagai anak petak terdiri dari 3 (tiga) varietas yaitu varietas Situ Patenggang, varietas Pula Gajah, dan varietas Sanbei. Parameter pertumbuhan yang diamati terdiri dari tinggi tanaman, lingkar rumpun, jumlah anakan, berat brangkasan basah, berat brangkasan kering, berat tajuk basah, berat tajuk kering, berat kering akar, panjang akar, dan rasio tajuk akar. Hasil perlakuan kekeringan berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman umur 3 MST dan tidak berpengaruh nyata pada 5, dan 7 MST, lingkar rumpun, jumlah anakan, berat brangkasan basah, berat brangkasan kering, berat tajuk basah, berat tajuk kering, berat kering akar, panjang akar, dan rasio akar tajuk. Varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap berat brangkasan basah, berat brangkasan kering, berat tajuk basah , berat tajuk kering, berat kering akar, jumlah anakan, dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap lingkar rumpun. Varietas Sanbei memperlihatkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik  dibandingkan dengan varietas Situ Patenggang dan varietas Pula Gajah. Terdapat interaksi yang tidak nyata antara varietas dan kekeringan terhadap karakteristik pertumbuhan padi. Abstract. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as crop for staple food for the people of Indonesia has an important position in food security programs. The condition of limited resources and weather conditions affect morphological and growth characters to adjust drought conditions. It can be seen on the leaves, and roots. This study aims to determine the effect of drought and varieties on rice growth characteristics. This research was held in screen house of experimental field no.1 of Agricultural Faculty of Syiah Kuala University of Darussalam Banda Aceh, which lasted from April to July 2017. This research used Split Plot Design, with two factors. The main plot for drought consisting of 2 (two) levels namely normal irrigation, and drought. The used of varieties as subplot consists of 3 (three) varieties namely Situ Patenggang varieties, Pula Gajah, and Sanbei. The observed growth parameters consisted of plant height, stem perimeter, number of tillers, wet biomass weight, dry biomass weight, wet shoot weight, dry shoot weight, root dry weight, root length, and root shoot ratio. Result of drought treatment had significant effect on plant height of 3 MST and no significant effect on 5, and 7 MST, stem perimeter, number of tiller, wet biomass weight, dry biomass weight, wet shoot weight, dry biomass weight, dry root weight, root length, and root shoot ratio. Varieties had significant effect on wet biomass weight, dry biomass weight, wet shoot weight, dry shoot weight, dry root weight, number of tillers, and there were very significant effect on the stem perimeter of rice plants. Sanbei variety shown better growth than Situ Patenggang and Pula Gajah. There is no real interaction between varieties and drought on rice growth characters.

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