Physiological responses to a cold, wet, and windy environment during prolonged intermittent walking

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. R226-R233 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Weller ◽  
C. E. Millard ◽  
M. A. Stroud ◽  
P. L. Greenhaff ◽  
I. A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Walking Exercise ◽  
Body Cooling

The potentially deleterious influence of body cooling on the thermoregulatory and metabolic responses to prolonged walking exercise has not been established. To address this problem, 10 men completed a 6-h intermittent (15 min rest, 45 min exercise) walking protocol in a thermoneutral (+15 degrees C) condition (Neutral) and a cold (+5 degrees C), wet, and windy condition (Cold). The first two exercise periods were conducted at a higher intensity (Higher, 6 km/h and 10% incline) than the subsequent four exercise periods (Lower, 5 km/h and 0% incline). Rectal temperature was lower and heart rate no different in Cold compared with Neutral, whereas the following were higher: oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine, and blood lactate and glucose. There was no environmental influence on these variables during Higher. In conclusion, heat production during Lower was not sufficient to offset heat loss to the cold environment, and the resulting reduction in rectal temperature and metabolic perturbations may be detrimental if exercise is prolonged.

Physiological responses to cold stress during prolonged intermittent low- and high-intensity walking

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (6) ◽  
pp. R2025-R2033 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Weller ◽  
C. E. Millard ◽  
M. A. Stroud ◽  
P. L. Greenhaff ◽  
I. A. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Walking Exercise

In a previous study [Am. J. Physiol. 272 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 41): R226-R233, 1997], the physiological responses to 240 min of intermittent low-intensity walking exercise in a cold (+5 degrees C), wet, and windy environment (Cold) may have been influenced by a 120-min preceding phase of intermittent higher-intensity exercise. Furthermore, the physiological responses observed during this latter phase may have been different if it had been more prolonged. To address these questions, active men attempted a 360-min intermittent (15 min of rest, 45 min of exercise) exercise protocol in Cold and a thermoneutral environment (+15 degrees C, Neutral) at a low (0% grade, 5 km/h; Low; n = 14) and a higher (10% grade, 6 km/h; High; n = 10) intensity. During Low, rectal temperature was lower in Cold than in Neutral, whereas O2 consumption, carbohydrate oxidation, plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine, and blood lactate were higher. During High, Cold had a similar but less marked influence on the thermoregulatory responses to exercise than during Low. In conclusion, the physiological responses to Low are similarly influenced by Cold whether or not they are preceded by High. Furthermore, during intermittent exercise up to an intensity of approximately 60% of peak O2 consumption, a cold, wet, and windy environment will influence the physiological responses to exercise and potentially impair performance.

Wetting and the physiological responses of grain-fed cattle in a heated environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Gaughan ◽  
M. Shane Davis ◽  
Terry L. Mader
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Carry Over

A controlled crossover experimental design was used to determine the effect of altered water sprinkling duration on heifers subjected to heat stress conditions. Heifers were subjected to 3 days of thermoneutral conditions followed by 3 days of hot conditions accompanied by water sprinkling between 1300 and 1500 h (HOT1–3). Then on the following 2 days (HOT4–5), environmental conditions remained similar, but 3 heifers were sprinkled between 1200 and 1600 h (WET) and 3 were not sprinkled (NONWET). This was followed by a 1-day period (HOT6) in which environmental conditions and sprinkling regimen were similar to HOT1–3. Rectal temperature (RT) was collected hourly, and respiration rate (RR) was monitored every 2 h on HOT Days 2, 4, 5, and 6. Dry matter intake and rate of eating were also determined. Sprinkling reduced RR and RT (P < 0.01) of all heifers during HOT1–3. During HOT4–5, WET heifers had lower (P < 0.05) RT than NONWET from 1300 to 700 h and lower RR from 1400 to 2000 h. Dry matter intake of NONWET heifers was reduced by 30.6% (P < 0.05) during HOT4–5 and by 51.2% on HOT6. On HOT4–5 the dry matter intakes of WET heifers were similar to intakes under thermoneutral conditions. During HOT6, RT was again reduced following sprinkling in all heifers. Comparison of RT and RR of NONWET and WET heifers on HOT1–3 v. HOT6 revealed that under similar environmental conditions, NONWET heifers had increased RT, partially due to carry-over from HOT4–5. However, NONWET heifers had 40% lower feed intake but tended to have lower RR on HOT6 v. HOT1–3. Only RR of WET heifers was greater on HOT6, possibly a result of switching from a 4-h back to a 2-h sprinkling period, while maintaining a 62% greater intake (5.80 v. 3.58 kg/day) than NONWET heifers during this time. Results suggest that inconsistent cooling regimens may increase the susceptibility of cattle to heat stress and elicit different physiological and metabolic responses.

Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Exercise on Treadmill, Elliptical Trainer, and Stepper: Practical Implications for Training

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew N. Bosch ◽  
Kirsten C. Flanagan ◽  
Maaike M. Eken ◽  
Adrian Withers ◽  
Jana Burger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Trained Runners ◽  
Practical Implications

Elliptical trainers and steppers are proposed as useful exercise modalities in the rehabilitation of injured runners due to the reduced stress on muscles and joints when compared to running. This study compared the physiological responses to submaximal running (treadmill) with exercise on the elliptical trainer and stepper devices at three submaximal but identical workloads. Authors had 18 trained runners (male/female: N = 9/9, age: mean ± SD = 23 ± 3 years) complete randomized maximal oxygen consumption tests on all three modalities. Submaximal tests of 3 min were performed at 60%, 70%, and 80% of peak workload individually established for each modality. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption, heart rate, fuel utilization, and energy expenditure were determined. The value of maximal oxygen consumption was not different between treadmill, elliptical, and stepper (49.3 ± 5.3, 48.0 ± 6.6, and 46.7 ± 6.2 ml·min−1·kg−1, respectively). Both physiological measures (oxygen consumption and heart rate) as well as carbohydrate and fat oxidation differed significantly between the different exercise intensities (60%, 70%, and 80%) but did not differ between the treadmill, elliptical trainer, and stepper. Therefore, the elliptical trainer and stepper are suitable substitutes for running during periods when a reduced running load is required, such as during rehabilitation from running-induced injury.

scholarly journals Metabolic, muscle damage and heart rate responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu matches of varied duration

Kinesiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Vidal Andreato ◽  
Valeria Leme Gonçalves Panissa ◽  
Emerson Franchini ◽  
Solange Marta Franzói de Moraes ◽  
Eloa Jacques Pastório ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Varied Duration

The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes during matches of varied duration. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 29±5 years old, body mass: 77.5±6.3 kg, body fat: 10.0±5.2%, systematic BJJ practice: 10±2 years) were analyzed in matches of varied duration (2-min, 5-min, 8-min and 10-min). Blood collection was performed to determine energetic demands, hormonal responses and muscle damage. The main results showed that a longer duration of combat generated higher lactate (p&lt;.001) and glucose (p=.004) concentrations. However, when the data were corrected for the effort time, higher lactate concentrations (p&lt;.001) and higher heart rates (p&lt;.001) were found in shorter duration combats. No changes were observed concerning insulin (p=.870), triglycerides (p=.219), total cholesterol (p=.170), albumin (p=.060) and urea (p=.772) values. For markers of muscle damage, no alterations were detected for creatine kinase (p=.401). However, evidence of muscle damage was found, as increased lactate desidrogenase (p=.012) and creatinine (p=.002) concentrations were observed, particularly in the matches of a longer duration. Thus, it is concluded that different combat times have a direct influence on the physiological, hormonal and metabolic responses.

Cardiac autonomic function during hypothermia and its measurement repeatability

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary J. Hodges ◽  
Steven A.H. Ferguson ◽  
Stephen S. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Mild Hypothermia ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Mean Square Difference ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

This study examined the effect of mild hypothermia (a 0.5 °C decrease in rectal temperature) on heart rate variability (HRV), with the identical hypothermia protocol performed twice and compared using intraclass correlation coefficient (r) analysis to study the repeatability. Twelve healthy males each completed 1 neutral (23 °C) and 2 cold (0 °C) trials. In the neutral trial, participants sat quietly for 30 min. In the cold trials, baseline data were obtained from a 5-min sample following 30 min of quiet sitting at 23 °C, followed by passive exposure to 0 °C; hypothermic measures were taken from a 5-min period immediately prior to rectal temperature decreasing by 0.5 °C. HRV was obtained from a 3-lead electrocardiogram. There were no differences (all p > 0.05) in baseline measures between the neutral and the 2 cold trials, suggesting no precooling anxiety related to the cold trials. Heart rate, together with HRV measures (i.e., root mean square difference of successive normal RR intervals, triangular interpolation of NN interval histogram, low-frequency oscillations (LF), and high-frequency oscillations (HF)), increased (all p < 0.05) with mild hypothermia and showed excellent reliability between the 2 cold trials (all r ≥ 0.81). In contrast, the LF/HF ratio decreased (p < 0.05) and had only fair reliability between the 2 cold trials (r = 0.551). In general, hypothermia led to increases in heart rate, together with most measures of HRV. Although it was counterintuitive that both sympathetic and vagal influences would increase simultaneously, these changes likely reflected increased stress from whole-body cooling, together with marked cardiovascular strain and sympathetic nervous system activity from shivering to defend core body temperature. An important methodological consideration for future studies is the consistent and repeatable HRV responses to hypothermia.

Seasonal changes in physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained on semi-arid pasture

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHINDE ◽  
S. A. KARIM ◽  
S. K. SANKHYAN ◽  
R. BHATTA
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Fodder Trees ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep

A study on the energy expenditure of sheep was carried out at the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, India during August 1995 to July 1996 by conducting two experiments: one on tracheal cannulated rams maintained on stall-feeding in autumn 1995 (Expt 1) followed by year-round grazing on silvipasture (Cenchrus ciliaris pasture interspersed with fodder trees) over three seasons: monsoon, winter and summer, 1995/96 (Expt 2). Physiological responses and energy expenditure measurement of housed and grazing sheep were recorded at 06.00, 14.00 and 22.00 h for 5 consecutive days in each season. Tracheostomized sheep harness with meteorological balloon were used for collection of expired air and measurement of energy expenditure. Rectal temperature (RT) of sheep at 06.00 h was similar in all the seasons except for a significant (P<0·05) lower value in monsoon. The rise of RT from 06.00 to 14.00 h in grazing animals was 1·6 °C, higher than that in housed sheep (0·9 °C). Skin temperature (ST) was least in winter and highest at 14.00 h in the monsoon and autumn seasons. Respiration rate (RR) showed a marked rise at 14.00 h in all the seasons. The heart rate (HR) of grazing sheep was higher, irrespective of season, at 14.00 h. At 06.00 and 22.00 h, the heart rate was higher in winter and summer than in the monsoon season. Overall energy expenditure (EE) was 4·85 MJ/24 h during winter which increased to 5·85 MJ/24 h in summer and 6·70 MJ/24 h in the monsoon. The mean rise in energy expenditure per °C rectal temperature in all the seasons was 338 kJ/kg W0·75. Comparable mean values per 10 °C ambient temperature and 10 °C black globe temperature were 404 and 173. The increase in energy expenditure of grazing compared to housed sheep in monsoon, winter and summer was 78, 15 and 33 % respectively. The mean value was +43%.

Physiological Responses of Endurance-Trained Male Wheelchair Athletes to a 10-Kilometer Treadmill Time Trial

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G. Campbell ◽  
Clyde Williams ◽  
Henryk K.A. Lakomy
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Wheelchair Athletes ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose was to examine selected physiological responses of endurance-trained male wheelchair athletes in different Paralympic racing classes (T2, n = 3; T3, n = 8; T4, n = 7) during a 10-km treadmill time trial (TM:10-km). Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak) was determined, and a TM:10-km was completed on a motorized treadmill. From this, % V̇O2peak utilized and the relationship between V̇O2peak and TM:10-km were established. During the TM:10-km, the following dependent variables were examined: propulsion speed, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate. The results showed athletes utilize a high % V̇O2peak (78.4 –13.6%) during the TM:10-km. There was a moderate correlation (r = -.57, p < .01) between VO2peak and TM:10-km. No physiological differences were found between the paraplegic racing classes (T3, T4), which suggests that there is some justification in amalgamating these racing classes for endurance events.

scholarly journals Physiological responses of batsmen during a simulated One Day International century

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Pote
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Training Programmes

Background: There is a limited amount of literature on thephysiological cost of batting. Of the studies that have beencompleted, most have used protocols that are of short durationand high intensity, and it has been questioned whether thisrepresents actual game play. Furthermore, it is difficult to studysports such as cricket due to the intermittent nature of the game.Objective: To determine the physiological responses of batsmenduring a simulated One Day International century.Methods: Seventeen male batsmen from the Rhodes UniversityCricket Club performed a simulated batting work bout knownas the BATEX© protocol. The protocol consisted of six, five oversstages, each lasting 21 minutes. Three of the stages (stages one,three and five) were low-intensity stages and the other three(stages two, four and six) were high-intensity stages. During thework bout selected physiological responses were recorded..Results: Heart rate (124±15-159±14 beats.min-1), oxygen uptake(29.3±6.1-43.4±6.3 ml.kg-1.min-1), energy expenditure (48.1±9.2-109.2±10.5 kJ.min-1) and core temperature (37.7±0.3-38.7±0.4 oC)responses all increased significantly (p<0.05) between stageone and stage six. The respiratory exchange ratio decreasedsignificantly (p<0.05) between stages one and six (0.90±0.19-0.89±0.37).Conclusions: Batting is more physically demanding thanoriginally thought, and as a result training programmes shouldconcentrate on simulating real match play situations to improveperformance and reduce the risk of injury.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MANIPULASI IKLIM KANDANG MELALUI PENGKABUTAN TERHADAP RESPON FISIOLOGIS DAN KETAHANAN PANAS KAMBING SAPERA DAN PERANAKAN ETTAWA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Arif Adham Setiawan ◽  
Erwanto Erwanto ◽  
Madi Hartono ◽  
Arif Qisthon
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Respiration Frequency ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Rate Frequency ◽  
Plot Design

This study aimed to determine the effect of cage microclimate manipulation with misting on physiological responses and heat resistance of goats (Sapera and Ettawa Grade). This research was conducted in April - May 2020 at Telaga Rizki People's Farm, Metro City, Lampung Province. This study used an experimental method, Split Plot design with a completely randomized design (CRD). This study used two treatments, namely modification of the pen consisting of pens without misting (K0) and pens with misting (K1) and two breed of goats, namely Sapera and Ettawa Grade (PE) goats. Each treatment was carried out 3 times. Goats as subplots and microclimate modification of the pen as the main plot. In this study, twelve female goats were used, namely 6 Sapera goats and 6 Ettawa Grade (PE) goats aged 2-3 years. The parameters observed were microclimate condition, namely air temperature, relative humidity (RH), and Temperature Humidity Index (THI), and physiological responses including rectal temperature, respiration frequency, heart rate frequency, and heat tolerance (HTC). The results of the research showed that there was significant effect (P<0.05) of treatments on RH and THI. The resilts also showed that there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of treatments on rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration frequency, HTC and environment temperature. Keywords : Misting, Pens microclimate, Physiological responses

scholarly journals PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SABURAI GOAT ON THE OF ADDITION DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusuma Adhianto ◽  
Muhtarudin . ◽  
Sulastri Sulastri ◽  
Madi Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Feed Addition ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Rate Frequency ◽  
Group 1

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of different level of protein addition in goat ration on feed addition in the ration on feed intake and physiological responses of Saburai goats (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate). Twenty male Saburai goats were randomly divided into 4 treatments group with 5 goats each. Goats in group 1 (PO) were fed with forage, while goats in group 2 (P1), 3 (P2), and 4 (P3) were fed with forage + concentratre with 13%, 16%, and 19% crude protein, respectively. The treatments were P0= feeding forage, P1= feeding forage + concentrate with 13% crude protein (CP), P2= feeding forage + concentrate with 16% CP, and P3 feeding forage + concentrate with 19% CP. The results showed that the rectal temperature and heart rate did not significantly affected (P>0.05) in all treatment, however the heart rate was significantly (P<0.05) affected among the treatments. The conclusion is the addition of different protein level in the ration has no effect on rectal temperature and respiratory rate, but significantly increases the heart rate frequency.

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