scholarly journals Periodic Cycles of Eyewall Convection Limit the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Rong Fang ◽  
Shumin Chen ◽  
Mingsen Zhou ◽  
Weibiao Li ◽  
Hui Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Vertical Transport ◽  
Rapid Intensification ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vertical Advection ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Periodic Cycles

The ability to forecast tropical cyclone (TC) intensity has improved modestly in recent years, partly because of an inadequate understanding of eyewall convection processes. Short-term periodic convection activities (period: 3–5 h) have been identified in a number of TCs, but the effect of these activities on the evolution of TC intensity at the hourly scale is yet to be fully investigated. Using radar observations and a high-resolution numerical simulation based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we analyzed the periodic cycles of eyewall convection associated with the intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017). Results indicate the presence of four short-term periodic cycles (period: 3–5 h) in the eyewall convection, which correspond to TC intensification. We further divided each cycle into three stages. The periodic evolution of convection inhibited the rapid intensification of the TC. The highest and lowest intensification rates were associated with the first and third stages according to the virtual potential temperature tendency in the eyewall region, respectively. Heating was dominated by the vertical advection associated with sensible heat and latent heat, which were controlled by the eyewall convection and structure. Of the three stages in each cycle, the vertical transport released the largest amount of latent heat in the first stage; consequently, the highest intensification rate occurred in this stage. In the second stage, heating was reduced because of decreased latent heat and increased cooling of sensible heat associated with vertical advection as the eyewall intensified. Vertical transport was the weakest in the third stage; this resulted in the smallest amount of heating, which limited the rapid intensification of the TC.

scholarly journals Contributions of Surface Sensible Heat Fluxes to Tropical Cyclone. Part II: The Sea Spray Processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 4218-4236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanhong Ma ◽  
Jianfang Fei ◽  
Xiaoping Cheng ◽  
Yuqing Wang ◽  
Xiaogang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Equivalent Potential ◽  
Moisture Effects ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Surface Enthalpy

Abstract In Part II of this study, the roles of surface sensible heat fluxes (SHX) in tropical cyclones (TCs) are further investigated in the context of sea spray processes. Results show that the sea spray evaporation is favorable for the TC intensification through enhancing the surface latent heat fluxes (LHX). Unlike the results in Part I, the removal of SHX has led to a somewhat weaker TC by inclusion of sea spray. This is because the spray-mediated latent heat fluxes are simultaneously diminished after cutting down the SHX. Without the warming of SHX from the ocean, the surface air becomes cooler and thereby closer to saturation, which substantially hinders the evaporation of sea spray droplets. Therefore, the SHX are instrumental for sustaining the release of latent heat fluxes by sea spray evaporation. In the experiments of Part I and this study, the reduced total surface enthalpy fluxes as a result of the removal of SHX do not necessarily result in weakened TCs, while the larger LHX basically correspond to stronger TCs. This suggests that the TC intensity is largely dependent on the LHX rather than the total surface enthalpy fluxes, although the latter is generally dominated by the former. Relative roles of thermal and moisture effects in radially elevating the surface equivalent potential temperature θe are also compared. The contributions of thermal effects account for 30%–35% of the total changes in θe for mature TCs, no matter whether SHX from the ocean are included. This further implies that the SHX contribute insignificantly to the spinup of a TC.

Sensitivity of Numerical Simulation of Early Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Emily (2005) to Cloud Microphysical and Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterizations

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (12) ◽  
pp. 4819-4838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanli Li ◽  
Zhaoxia Pu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Planetary Boundary Layer ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Convective Heating ◽  
Rapid Intensification ◽  
Arw Model

Abstract An advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) Model is used to simulate the early rapid intensification of Hurricane Emily (2005) using grids nested to high resolution (3 km). A series of numerical simulations is conducted to examine the sensitivity of the simulation to available cloud microphysical (CM) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes. Results indicate that the numerical simulations of the early rapid intensification of Hurricane Emily are very sensitive to the choice of CM and PBL schemes in the ARW model. Specifically, with different CM schemes, the simulated minimum central sea level pressure (MSLP) varies by up to 29 hPa, and the use of various PBL schemes has resulted in differences in the simulated MSLP of up to 19 hPa during the 30-h forecast period. Physical processes associated with the above sensitivities are investigated. It is found that the magnitude of the environmental vertical wind shear is not well correlated with simulated hurricane intensities. In contrast, the eyewall convective heating distributions and the latent heat flux and high equivalent potential temperature (θe) feeding from the ocean surface are directly associated with the simulated intensities. Consistent with recognized facts, higher latent heat release in stronger eyewall convection, stronger surface energy, and high θe air feeding from the ocean surface into the hurricane eyewall are evident in the more enhanced convection and intense storms. The sensitivity studies in this paper also indicate that the contributions from the CM and PBL processes can only partially explain the slow intensification in the ARW simulations. Simulation at 1-km grid resolution shows a slight improvement in Emily’s intensity forecast, implying that the higher resolution is somewhat helpful, but still not enough to cause the model to reproduce the real intensity of the hurricane.

The Coherence of Mary Barton: Romance, Realism, and Utopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Carlyle ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Mode Of Production

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.

Assessing Weight Conservation Non-Verbally: The Problem of Conceptualization among African Children

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-855
Author(s):  
Bernice N. Ezeilo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Weight Discrimination ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
African Children ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
World Environment

This study examined the criteria used by 138 Zambian children in their responses to Furth's non-verbal weight conservation test via posttest interviews. Thirty seven and seven tenths percent of the children responded by weight, 29% by size, 4.4% by size and weight, and 1.4% by size and shape. Others either did not respond at all or gave other nonrelevant responses. Of the conservers, 46% responded by weight while 53% responded by nonweight criteria. The remaining 1% gave nonrelevant responses. All were expected to respond by weight alone. These results raise some doubt about the validity of evidence for weight conservation among African children, based on Furth's non-verbal technique. To improve communication of the weight concept, it is recommended that this test be modified to include a pretraining in size-weight discrimination. A major obstacle to the effective use of the clinical method, by the non-indigenous, for the study of cognitive processes in Third World environment is the problem of verbal communication, so attempts are made to use non-verbal methods. One such attempt was made by Heron and Simonsson (3) who used Furth's non-verbal conservation test to study weight conservation by Zambian children. Furth (2) developed this technique for studying weight conservation of deaf children. It involves essentially three stages. The first requires practice with weights of different sizes. Second, there is practice with obviously equal and obviously unequal balls of plasticine. The third stage is the test. The two practice stages were to ensure that the children had fully understood that same weight was indicated by a horizontal movement of both hands simultaneously and that a judgment of heavier must be communicated by allowing the hand to fall sharply on the table.

DRAMATURGI KESENIAN TRADISIONAL DALUPA PRODUKSI SANGGAR SENI DATOK RIMBA DI WOYLA ACEH BARAT

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Susandro Susandro ◽  
Rika Wirandi ◽  
Hatmi Negria Taruan
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Folk Tale ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Banda Aceh

Dalupa art emerged from the creative process of the people of West Aceh which can be stretched into three stages. First, Dalupa was originally a folk tale or folklore that was narrated from generation to generation. Second, the Dalupa then manifests (a person wearing the costume of a Dalupa character) so that it can be witnessed in person. At this stage, the Dalupa character does not manifest itself in the form of theater or dance. Its presence is only intended to entertain or enliven an event, such as weddings, processions, campaigns and so on. Third, the Dalupa character is presented by considering the dramatic element; arrangement of a series of events that tell the beginning of the appearance to the end of the Dalupa story. This study aims to record and describe how the process of creating the Dalupa art, as mentioned in the third stage. The method used is qualitative with the dramaturgy approach. This study shows the results that the art of Dalupa presents a story about the origin of the appearance of Dalupa with the manifestation of organized events. On this basis, it can be concluded that Dalupa art can be categorized as dramatic or theater art.Keywords: dalupa, creation process, dramatic, dramaturgy.AbstrakKesenian Dalupa muncul dari proses kreatif masyarakat Aceh Barat yang dapat direntangkan menjadi tiga tahap. Pertama, Dalupa mulanya merupakan cerita rakyat atau folklor yang dinarasikan secara turun-temurun. Kedua, Dalupa kemudian mewujud (seseorang yang mengenakan kostum tokoh Dalupa) sehingga dapat disaksikan secara langsung. Pada tahap ini, tokoh Dalupa mewujud tidaklah dalam bentuk kesenian teater atau tari. Kehadirannya hanya bertujuan untuk menghibur atau meramaikan suatu acara, seperti pernikahan, arak-arakan, kampanye dan sebagainya. Ketiga, tokoh Dalupa dihadirkan dengan mempertimbangkan unsur dramatika; penataan rangkaian peristiwa yang menceritakan awal kemunculan hingga akhir kisah Dalupa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencatat serta memaparkan bagaimana proses penciptaan kesenian Dalupa, sebagaimana disebut pada tahap ketiga. Metode yang dilaksanakan yaitu kualitatif dengan pendekatan dramaturgi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil bahwa kesenian Dalupa menyajikan cerita tentang asal mula kemunculan Dalupa dengan perwujudan peristiwa-peristiwa yang tertata. Atas dasar tersebut, dapat dismpulkan bahwa kesenian Dalupa dapat dikategorikan sebagai seni dramatik atau teater.  Kata Kunci: dalupa, proses penciptaan, dramatika, dramaturgi. Authors: Susandro : Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia Aceh Rika Wirandi : Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia Aceh Hatmi Negria Taruan : Institut Seni Budaya Indonesia Aceh References:Barba, Eugenio. (2010). On Directing and Dramaturgy: Burning the House. New York: Routledge.Harymawan. (1993). Dramaturgi. Bandung: Rosdakarya.Herman, RN. (2016). Dalupa: Teater Tradisional Pantai Barat. Buletin Tuhoe edisi XVII. Banda Aceh: JKMA Aceh.Koster, G.L. (1998). Kacamata Hitam Pak Mahmud Wahid Atau Bagaimanakah Meneliti Puitika Sebuah Sastra Lisan?, dalam Pudentia MPSS (Ed.), Metodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Yayasan Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan.Moleong, Lexy J. (2005). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Ed. Revisi cetakan keduapuluhsatu. Bandung: Rosdakarya.Pramayoza, Dede. (2013). Dramaturgi Sandiwara: Potret Teater Populer Dalam Masyarakat Poskolonial. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.Soedarsono, R.M. (2001). Metodologi Penelitian Seni Pertunjukan dan Seni Rupa. Bandung: MSPI (Masyarakat Seni Pertunjukan Indonesia).SSDR. (2019). “Dramaturgi Kesenian Tradisional Dalupa”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: _________  2020, Aceh Barat.Stokes, Jane. (2007). How to do Media and Kultural Studies: Panduan Untuk Melaksanakan Penelitian dalam Kajian Media dan Budaya. Terj. Santi Indra Astuti. Yogyakarta: Bentang.Taruan, H.N. (2020). “Dramaturgi Kesenian Tradisional Dalupa”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: _________  2020, Aceh Barat.  Wirandi, R. (2020). “Dramaturgi Kesenian Tradisional Dalupa”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: _________  2020, Aceh Barat.

The Intensity- and Size-Dependent Response of Tropical Cyclones to Increasing Vertical Wind Shear

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Finocchio ◽  
Rosimar Rios-Berrios
Keyword(s):  
Wind Field ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Rapid Intensification ◽  
Vertical Coupling ◽  
Tangential Wind

AbstractThis study describes a set of idealized simulations in which westerly vertical wind shear increases from 3 to 15 m s−1 at different stages in the lifecycle of an intensifying tropical cyclone (TC). The TC response to increasing shear depends on the intensity and size of the TC’s tangential wind field when shear starts to increase. For a weak tropical storm, increasing shear decouples the vortex and prevents intensification. For Category 1 and stronger storms, increasing shear causes a period of weakening during which vortex tilt increases by 10–30 km before the TCs reach a near-steady Category 1–3 intensity at the end of the simulations. TCs exposed to increasing shear during or just after rapid intensification tend to weaken the most. Backward trajectories reveal a lateral ventilation pathway between 8–11 km altitude that is capable of reducing equivalent potential temperature in the inner core of these TCs by nearly 2°C. In addition, these TCs exhibit large reductions in diabatic heating inside the radius of maximum winds (RMW) and lower-entropy air parcels entering downshear updrafts from the boundary layer, which further contributes to their substantial weakening. The TCs exposed to increasing shear after rapid intensification and an expansion of the outer wind field reach the strongest near-steady intensity long after the shear increases because of strong vertical coupling that prevents the development of large vortex tilt, resistance to lateral ventilation through a deep layer of the middle troposphere, and robust diabatic heating within the RMW.

EFFECT OF CONDENSATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATORS FOR BROILER HOUSES

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350009 ◽  
Author(s):  
HWATAIK HAN ◽  
SANG-HOON NAM ◽  
GEON-SOO HAN
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Harsh Environments ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Outdoor Temperature ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Temperature Efficiency ◽  
Plate Type

This study experimentally investigates the effect of internal condensation on the performance of a heat recovery ventilator. Experiments were performed using a plate-type sensible heat exchanger element that was designed for very humid and dusty environments such as chicken broiler houses. The results of these experiments show that the temperature efficiency considering condensation is always greater than that without considering latent heat. As outdoor temperature decreases or indoor relative humidity increases, temperature efficiency increases owing to an increase in the rate of condensation. The present polypropylene-based sensible heat exchanger element could be a solution for harsh environments because it can discharge condensate water by gravity and is resistant to moisture and other toxic gases.

scholarly journals Low-level jets and above-canopy drainage as causes of turbulent exchange in the nocturnal boundary layer

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4507-4519 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. El-Madany ◽  
H. F. Duarte ◽  
D. J. Durden ◽  
B. Paas ◽  
M. J. Deventer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Intermittent Turbulence ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
Vertical Wind Velocity

Abstract. Sodar (SOund Detection And Ranging), eddy-covariance, and tower profile measurements of wind speed and carbon dioxide were performed during 17 consecutive nights in complex terrain in northern Taiwan. The scope of the study was to identify the causes for intermittent turbulence events and to analyze their importance in nocturnal atmosphere–biosphere exchange as quantified with eddy-covariance measurements. If intermittency occurs frequently at a measurement site, then this process needs to be quantified in order to achieve reliable values for ecosystem characteristics such as net ecosystem exchange or net primary production. Fourteen events of intermittent turbulence were identified and classified into above-canopy drainage flows (ACDFs) and low-level jets (LLJs) according to the height of the wind speed maximum. Intermittent turbulence periods lasted between 30 and 110 min. Towards the end of LLJ or ACDF events, positive vertical wind velocities and, in some cases, upslope flows occurred, counteracting the general flow regime at nighttime. The observations suggest that the LLJs and ACDFs penetrate deep into the cold air pool in the valley, where they experience strong buoyancy due to density differences, resulting in either upslope flows or upward vertical winds. Turbulence was found to be stronger and better developed during LLJs and ACDFs, with eddy-covariance data presenting higher quality. This was particularly indicated by spectral analysis of the vertical wind velocity and the steady-state test for the time series of the vertical wind velocity in combination with the horizontal wind component, the temperature, and carbon dioxide. Significantly higher fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and shear stress occurred during these periods. During LLJs and ACDFs, fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 were mostly one-directional. For example, exclusively negative sensible heat fluxes occurred while intermittent turbulence was present. Latent heat fluxes were mostly positive during LLJs and ACDFs, with a median value of 34 W m−2, while outside these periods the median was 2 W m−2. In conclusion, intermittent turbulence periods exhibit a strong impact on nocturnal energy and mass fluxes.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN DAYA IMUN KELUARGA MELALUI TOGA BERBASIS KEGIATAN PKK DESA KREBET

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 991
Author(s):  
Nur Chayati ◽  
M. Fariez Kurniawan ◽  
Ambar Relawati
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Family Resilience ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
Religious Aspects

ABSTRAKKrebet adalah sentra industri batik kayu yang mempunyai potensi kepariwisataan baik dari sisi budaya maupun alamnya. Pemberdayaan kelompok PKK di desa Krebet sangat bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan ketahanan keluarga baik dari segi ekonomi, sosial, budaya maupun agama. Berbagai keterampilan yang diperoleh, akan bisa membekali anggotanya  untuk bisa hidup lebih baik. Kondisi pandemi Covid sangat membutuhkan daya imun yang cukup kuat untuk bisa menangkal virus Covid-19. Hasil need assessment menunjukkan bahwa kelompok PKK memerlukan tambahan informasi tentang Toga. Toga termasuk tanaman yang murah dalam produksinya, tidak membutuhkan lahan yang luas, cocok ditanam baik di dataran rendah maupun tinggi, sudah dikenal masyarakat Indonesia serta cara pengolahan hasil produksi yang mudah untuk skala rumah tangga. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat adalah mengenalkan tentang jenis Toga, manfaat Toga dan pengolahan Toga sederhana. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat diikuti oleh 14 peserta diawali pemberian pendidikan kesehatan tentang Toga dan manfaatnya, dan tata cara budidaya Toga. Kegiatan berikutnya adalah praktek mengolah jahe menjadi puding. Evaluasi berdasarkan kuesioner menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan peserta sebelum dan setelah pemberian pendidikan kesehatan. Kata kunci: toga; desa wisata krebet; covid-19; pemberdayaan masyarakat; ketahanan keluarga.ABSTRACTKrebet is the center of the wooden batik industry that has tourism potential both in terms of culture and nature. The main activities carried out by mothers are mostly housewives, and are involved in PKK social activities. The Covid-19 pandemic requires a strong immune system to be able to ward off the Covid-19 virus. The results of the assessment in the area, the agreed skill to be taught to PKK mothers is the cultivation of the Toga plant. Toga is a plant that is cheap to produce, does not require a large area of land, suitable for planting in both the lowlands and highlands, well known to the Indonesian people and  an easy way of processing production for household scale. Empowerment of the PKK group is very useful for increasing family resilience in terms of economic, social, cultural and religious aspects. Various skills obtained will be able to equip its members to be able to live better. This community service activity was attended by 14 participants, carried out in three stages, namely providing health education about Toga and its benefits, as well as procedures for cultivating Toga. The third stage is the practice of how to process the Toga. The evaluation was carried out by giving a questionnaire of knowledge about Toga and skills in practicing how to process Toga results before and after the activity. The results of data analysis showed an increase in participants' knowledge before and after the provision of health education. Keywords: toga; krebet tourism village; covid-19; community empowerment; family resilience

scholarly journals Ablation and Heat Balance of the Yukikabe Snow Patch in the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sato ◽  
S. Takahashi ◽  
R. Naruse ◽  
G. Wakahama
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Heat Balance

A good correlation was found between the ablation of snow and degree day index (cumulative values of positive daily mean air temperature) during the summer of 1978 on the Yukikabe snow patch in the Daisetsu mountains, central Hokkaido. The volume change of the snow patch in the ablation season of any year can hence be estimated from air temperature using this relationship. Each of the heat-balance terms controlling the ablation is evaluated separately by using empirical equations and assumed values for meteorological parameters at the snow patch. Triangular diagrams are constructed in order to illustrate the relative contributions of sensible heat, latent heat, and net radiation, the main three heat sources. A higher contribution from sensible and latent heat is found for the snow patches of Japan than for many glaciers and ice caps elsewhere. This may be due to higher mid-summer air temperatures than in other glaciated parts of the world.

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