Whether the Middle Eocene Salt-Forming Brine in the Kuqa Basin Reached the Potash-Forming Stage: Quantitative Evidence from Halite Fluid Inclusions

The Kuqa Basin is an important potentially potash-bearing basin in China, and thick salt-bearing strata were deposited under the influence of multistage Tethyan transgression-regression cycles during the Eocene. At present, research on the process of potash formation in the Kuqa Basin has mostly focused on traditional salt mineralogy, whole-rock geochemistry, and evaporite sedimentary evolution characteristics. However, research on the original ore-forming parent fluid directly related to potash formation has not yet been carried out, directly hindering further evaluation of potash mineralization. Therefore, this paper takes the internal factors controlling potash formation as the starting point and analyzes the physical and chemical properties, such as the homogenization temperatures ( T h ) and chemical compositions, of primary halite fluid inclusions. A total of 220 T h data from fluid inclusions were obtained, and the temperatures ranged from 9.4 to 54.1°C, indicating a high-temperature brine environment conducive to the rapid deposition of the potash deposit. In total, 22 halite fluid inclusions were analyzed for chemical components. The highest KCl content reached 0.59%, which was higher than the lowest industrial grade of potassium-rich brine (0.5%), indicating that the brine experienced a high degree of evaporation and concentration during the salt-forming period and reached the potash precipitation stage. This paper provides quantitative data on the evolution of the sedimentary environment in the Kuqa Basin and supports future potash exploration.

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Comparison of Pineapple Leaf and Cassava Peel by Chemical Properties and Morphology Characterization

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.384 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 974 ◽

pp. 384-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Zawawi Daud ◽

Halizah Awang ◽

Angzzas Sari Mohd Kassim ◽

Mohd Zainuri Mohd Hatta ◽

Ashuvila Mohd Aripin

Keyword(s):

Lignin Content ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Green Technology ◽

Test Method ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Cassava Peels ◽

Pineapple Leaves ◽

Cassava Peel

Proper waste management in Malaysia is needed for the organic wastes such as pineapple leaf and cassava peel where affects the increase the amount of solid waste dump into landfill. Thus, to overcome this problem agro waste material can be constructed in many production industries to commercialize the use of alternative fibre for the paper industry. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the use of fibrous in pineapple leaf and cassava peel by production of alternative fibre based on chemical properties and surface morphology characteristic. This study conducted for the chemical composition by analysed by TAPPI Test method, Chlorination method and Kuchner-Hoffner method. Every chemical components analyse; Cellulose (Kuchner-Hoofner), Holocellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose (Chlorination method), Hemicellulose, Ash content (T211-om-93), Lignin content (T222-om-98) and Sodium Hydroxide soluble (T203-om-88). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and determine the morphological characteristic of both crops. The result indicates that pineapple leaf more suitable for becoming an alternative fibre than cassava peels. Pineapple leaves have a high Holocellulose content (85.7%), cassava peels 66%, followed by Cellulose pineapple leaf (66.2%), cassava peels (37.9%). However, hemicellulose content in pineapple leaf (19.5%) less than cassava peels (37.0%). Lignin content of pineapple leaf is lower (4.2%) compared to cassava peels (7.52%) in this study. From SEM images, cassava peel contained abundance fibre such as hemicellulose and cellulose that is held by the lignin in it and Pineapple leaves give a condensed composition of fibre structure. The chemical compositions and morphology study of pineapple leaf and cassava indicate pineapple leaf have a high percentage to be used as an alternative pulp in paper making industry, promoting the green technology. However, cassava peels make some of properties that can also be through for the paper industry.

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The Cenozoic Malaguide Basin from Sierra Espuña (Murcia, S Spain): An Example of Geological Heritage

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences11010034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Santiago Moliner-Aznar ◽

Manuel Martín-Martín ◽

Tomás Rodríguez-Estrella ◽

Gregorio Romero-Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Middle Eocene ◽

Geological Heritage ◽

Passive Margin ◽

Early Miocene ◽

Late Oligocene ◽

Deep Basin ◽

Sedimentary Evolution ◽

Early Oligocene ◽

Upper Oligocene ◽

Very High

The Cenozoic Malaguide Basin from Sierra Espuña (Internal Betic Zone, S Spain) due to the quality of outcropping, areal representation, and continuity in the sedimentation can be considered a key-basin. In the last 30 years, a large number of studies with very different methodological approaches have been done in the area. Models indicate an evolution from passive margin to wedge-top basin from Late Cretaceous to Early Miocene. Sedimentation changes from limestone platforms with scarce terrigenous inputs, during the Paleocene to Early Oligocene, to the deep basin with huge supplies of turbidite sandstones and conglomerates during the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene. The area now appears structured as an antiformal stack with evidence of synsedimentary tectonics. The Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary basin evolution is related to three phases: (1) flexural tectonics during most of the Paleogene times to create the basin; (2) fault and fold compartmentation of the basin with the creation of structural highs and subsiding areas related to blind-fault-propagation folds, deforming the basin from south to north during Late Oligocene to Early Aquitanian times; (3) thin-skin thrusting tectonics when the basin began to be eroded during the Late Aquitanian-Burdigalian. In recent times some works on the geological heritage of the area have been performed trying to diffuse different geological aspects of the sector to the general public. A review of the studies performed and the revisiting of the area allow proposing different key-outcrops to follow the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Cenozoic basin from this area. Eight sites of geological interest have been selected (Cretaceous-Cenozoic boundary, Paleocene Mula Fm, Lower Eocene Espuña-Valdelaparra Fms, Middle Eocene Malvariche-Cánovas Fms, Lowermost Oligocene As Fm, Upper Oligocene-Lower Aquitanian Bosque Fm, Upper Oligocene-Aquitanian Río Pliego Fm, Burdigalian El Niño Fm) and an evaluation has been performed to obtain four parameters: the scientific value, the educational and touristic potential, and the degradation risk. The firsts three parameters obtained values above 50 being considered of “high” or “very high” interest (“very high” in most of the cases). The last parameter shows always values below 50 indicating a “moderate” or “low” risk of degradation. The obtained values allow us considering the tectono-sedimentary evolution of this basin worthy of being proposed as a geological heritage.

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Evaluations of Surface PM10 Concentration and Chemical Compositions in MERRA-2 Aerosol Reanalysis over Central and Eastern China

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13071317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1317

Author(s):

Xiaodan Ma ◽

Peng Yan ◽

Tianliang Zhao ◽

Xiaofang Jia ◽

Jian Jiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Mainland China ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Observation Data ◽

Causative Factors ◽

Routine Sampling ◽

Aerosol Compositions ◽

Modern Era

The chemical composition dataset of Aerosol Reanalysis of NASA’s Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, version 2 (MERRAero) has not been thoroughly evaluated with observation data in mainland China due to the lack of long-term chemical components data. Using the 5-year data of PM10 mass concentrations and chemical compositions obtained from the routine sampling measurements at the World Meteorological Organization the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme regional background stations, Jing Sha (JS) and Lin’An (LA), in central and eastern China, we comprehensively evaluate the surface PM10 concentrations and chemical compositions such as sulfate (SO42−), organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) derived from MERRAero. Overall, the concentrations of PM10, SO42−, OC and BC from the MERRAero agreed well with the measurements, despite a slight and consistent overestimation of BC concentrations and a moderate and persistent underestimation of PM10 concentrations throughout the study period. The MERRAero reanalysis of aerosol compositions performs better during the summertime than wintertime. By considering the nitrate particles in PM10 reconstruction, MERRAero performance can be significantly improved. The unreasonable seasonal variations of PM10 chemical compositions at station LA by MERRAero could be causative factors for the larger MERRAero discrepancies during 2016–2017 than the period of 2011–2013.

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Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽

Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽

Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽

Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽

Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Ash Content ◽

Hot Water ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

End Use ◽

The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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Mineralogical and chemical properties inversed from 21-lunar-day VNIS observations taken during the Chang’E-4 mission

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93694-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qinghong Zeng ◽

Shengbo Chen ◽

Yuanzhi Zhang ◽

Yongling Mu ◽

Rui Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impact Crater ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Infrared Imaging ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Landing Site ◽

Radiative Transfer Model ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Impact Melt ◽

And Chemical Properties

AbstractWe report on the mineralogical and chemical properties of materials investigated by the lunar rover Yutu-2, which landed on the Von Kármán crater in the pre-Nectarian South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin. Yutu-2 carried several scientific payloads, including the Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS), which is used for mineral identification, offering insights into lunar evolution. We used 86 valid VNIS data for 21 lunar days, with mineral abundance obtained using the Hapke radiative transfer model and sparse unmixing algorithm and chemical compositions empirically estimated. The mineralogical properties of the materials at the Chang’E-4 (CE-4) site referred to as norite/gabbro, based on findings of mineral abundance, indicate that they may be SPA impact melt components excavated by a surrounding impact crater. We find that CE-4 materials are dominated by plagioclase and pyroxene and feature little olivine, with 50 of 86 observations showing higher LCP than HCP in pyroxene. In view of the effects of space weathering, olivine content may be underestimated, with FeO and TiO2 content estimated using the maturity-corrected method. Estimates of chemical content are 7.42–18.82 wt% FeO and 1.48–2.1 wt% TiO2, with a low-medium Mg number (Mg # ~ 55). Olivine-rich materials are not present at the CE-4 landing site, based on the low-medium Mg #. Multi-origin materials at the CE-4 landing site were analyzed with regard to concentrations of FeO and TiO2 content, supporting our conclusion that the materials at CE-4 do not have a single source but rather are likely a mixture of SPA impact melt components excavated by surrounding impact crater and volcanic product ejecta.

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The Extraction of Main Chemical Compositions in Rumex Root

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.372 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 382 ◽

pp. 372-374

Author(s):

Yong Jiang ◽

Zhi Bin Jiang ◽

Guo Jie Shao ◽

Dong Cheng Guo ◽

Yu Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Experimental Basis ◽

Development And Utilization ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Root Methods ◽

And Chemical Properties

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to study the compositions of the polygonaceae medicinal plants called rumex root. Methods: Solvent method and chromatography was used to purificate the chemical compositions of Rumex, and the molecular structure of the compound was identified by physical and chemical properties and spectral data. Results: Two compounds were obtained from the ethanol extract of rumex root, which were identified as Chrysophanol and Physcione. Conclusions: Experimental basis was provided for the further study of the active ingredients of rumex root and the development and utilization of medical resources.

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Globular clusters and the evolution of their multiple stellar populations

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921315010546 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (S316) ◽

pp. 328-333

Author(s):

W. Chantereau ◽

C. Charbonnel ◽

G. Meynet

Keyword(s):

Globular Clusters ◽

Main Sequence ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Stellar Populations ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Low Mass Stars ◽

Sequence Band ◽

Low Mass ◽

Chemical Distribution ◽

Host Stars

AbstractOur knowledge of the formation and early evolution of globular clusters (GCs) has been totally shaken with the discovery of the peculiar chemical properties of their long-lived host stars. Therefore, the interpretation of the observed Colour Magnitude Diagrams (CMD) and of the properties of the GC stellar populations requires the use of new stellar models computed with relevant chemical compositions. In this paper we use the grid of evolution models for low-mass stars computed by Chantereau et al. (2015) with the initial compositions of second-generation stars as predicted by the fast rotating massive stars scenario to build synthesis models of GCs. We discuss the implications of the assumed initial chemical distribution on 13 Gyr isochrones. We build population synthesis models to predict the fraction of stars born with various helium abundances in present day globular clusters (assuming an age of 13 Gyr). With the current assumptions, 61 % of stars on the main sequence are predicted to be born with a helium abundance in mass fraction, Yini, smaller than 0.3 and only 11 % have a Yini larger than 0.4. Along the horizontal branch, the fraction of stars with Yini inferior to 0.3 is similar to that obtained along the main sequence band (63 %), while the fraction of very He-enriched stars is significantly decreased (only 3 % with Yini larger than 0.38).

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Insights Into Antioxidant Activities and Anti-Skin-Aging Potential of Callus Extract From Centella Asiatica (L.)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-218867/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Visarut Buranasudja ◽

Dolly Rani ◽

Ashwini Malla ◽

Khwanlada Kobtrakul ◽

Sornkanok Vimolmangkang

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Callus Culture ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Centella Asiatica ◽

Skin Aging ◽

Dermal Fibroblasts ◽

Bioactive Metabolites ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Scale Production

Abstract Formation of oxidative stress in dermal fibroblasts plays crucial roles in aging processes of skin. The use of phytochemicals that can promote capacity of fibroblasts to combat oxidative stress is an attractive strategy to prevent skin aging and promote skin beauty. Callus culture offers a powerful platform for sustainable, rapid and large-scale production of phytochemicals to serve extensive demands of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. Here, we demonstrated the application of callus culture of Centella asiatica to produce bioactive metabolites. The 50% ethanolic extract of callus culture has distinctive features of chemical compositions and biological profiles. Results from TLC and HPLC analysis showed that callus extract has unique chemical components, compared with those isolated from authentic plant. Moreover, callus extract possesses promising antioxidant and anti-skin-aging activities. Pre-treatment with callus extract attenuated H2O2-induced-cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblasts. The results from RT-qPCR clearly suggested that the upregulation of cellular antioxidant enzymes appeared to be major contributor for the protective effects of callus extract against oxidative stress. Moreover, supplementation with callus extract inhibited induction of matrix metalloprotease-9 following H2O2 exposure, suggesting its potential anti-skin-aging activity. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of C. asiatica callus extract as anti-skin-aging agent in cosmeceutical preparations.

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Performance of Natural Coagulants in the Treatment of Vegetable Oil Industrial Effluent

Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/ajarr/2020/v12i130278 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 12-21

Author(s):

C. F. Okey- Onyesolu ◽

C. C. Okoye ◽

C. N. Ude ◽

O. D. Onukwuli ◽

O. E. Achugbu

Keyword(s):

Vegetable Oil ◽

Industrial Wastewater ◽

Industrial Effluent ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Fish Scale ◽

Coagulant Dosage ◽

Natural Coagulants ◽

Egg Shell

The potentials of natural coagulants (egg shell and fish scale) in the treatment of vegetable oil industrial wastewater were investigated. The coagulants were characterized to determine their chemical compositions, functional groups and morphology using proximate analysis method, Fourier Infra-red spectroscope (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) respectively. The industrial wastewater was equally characterized to determine its heavy metal composition and physico-chemical properties. The effects of various process parameters such as pH, coagulants dosage, time and temperature were examined during the treatment of the waste water using the natural coagulants. The proximate analysis shows that Fish Scale Coagulant (FSC) contains more carbohydrate, 42.30% while Egg Shell Coagulant (ESC) has protein content of 39.65%. It was discovered that the coagulating properties of both FSC and ESC improve after extraction due to presence of isocyanates, isothiocyadilimides, azides, ketenes, aldehydes and ketone. The turbidity of the wastewater was very high (365NTU) above the WHO recommended value. The process variables have significant effects on the coagulation with best removal efficiency of 88.54% for ESC and 74.12% for FSC at pH of 4.0 (ESC) and pH of 7.0(FSC); 0.5 g/L (ESC) and 0.04 g/L (FSC) coagulant dosage and temperature of 40°C. Therefore, both coagulants are effective in treating vegetable oil effluent but egg shell coagulant was found to be a better coagulant. Further research on optimization, kinetics and thermodynamics of the coagulation process using ESC and FSC should be carried out.

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Chemical composition of germinating Tunisian almond (Prunus Amygdalus Mill.) seedlings oil

Kuwait Journal of Science ◽

10.48129/kjs.v48i2.9308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Refka Dhouibi ◽

◽

Hanen Oueslati ◽

Senda Bahri ◽

Khaled Jabou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipolytic Activity ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Prunus Amygdalus ◽

Almond Oil ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Total Fatty Acids

Almonds (Prunus amygdalus) are a rich source of many essential nutrients. However, there is a lack of enough information on almond varieties' biochemical composition, especially at the germination stage. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the chemical components of the germinating Tunisian almonds. The study included determining the content of oils, proteins, fatty acids, and triglycerides during germination. Results indicated that the oleaginous seeds are rich in oil (55 to 65% of the dry mass) and crude protein (21.825 mg/mL). The dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids are oleic and linoleic acids which represent 64.53% and 24.38%, respectively, while palmitic acid is the most dominant saturated fatty acid with 7.65% of the total fatty acids. Also, the primary molecular types of triglycerides detected by L.C. analysis are triolein (32.3%) and dioleolinolein (24.0%), followed by palmitodiolein (12.5%) and oleodilinolein (12.6%.). The physico-chemical properties study revealed that almond oil remains stable, thus preserving its quality and nutritional value, even during transition from dormancy to germination. On the other hand, we also detected the presence of a lipolytic activity which is maximum on the 3rd day of germination (4.66 mUI). Our results indicate that almond oil plays an important role in human nutrition due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, and it is more stable than other oils.

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