scholarly journals Evolution of crabs – history and deconstruction of a prime example of convergence

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Scholtz
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compact Body ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Compared with the elongate bodies of shrimps or lobsters, crabs are characterised by a compact body organisation with a depressed, short carapace and a ventrally folded pleon. The evolutionary transformation from a lobster-like crustacean towards a crab is called ‘carcinization’ and has been interpreted as a dramatic morphological change. Nevertheless, the crab-shape evolved convergently in a number of lineages within Decapoda. Accordingly, numerous hypotheses about internal and external factors have been presented, which all try to explain these frequent convergent carcinization events despite the seemingly fundamental changes in the body organisation. However, what a crab is lies greatly in the eye of the beholder and most of the hypotheses about the lobster/crab transformation are biased by untested assumptions. Furthermore, there are two meanings of the word ‘crab’ within decapods: one, the phylogenetic meaning, refers to the clade Brachyura; the other, more general and typological use of the word crab, describes decapods with a certain body shape. These two meanings should not be confused when the issue of carcinization is discussed. Here, I propose a definition of what a crab is, i.e. what is meant when we speak about carcinization. I show that not all Brachyura are crabs in the typological sense. Carcinization occurred at least twice within the clade. Among Anomala there is further evidence that crab-shaped Lithodidae derived from a hermit-crab like ancestor. Carcinization is not restricted to Anomala plus Brachyura (Meiura) but is also found in Achelata, namely in slipper lobsters. A deconstruction of the crab-shape reveals that parts of it appear in various combinations among all decapod groups. Only a certain threshold of number and quality of crab-features makes us call an animal a ‘crab’. This reveals that carcinization does not involve such dramatic changes in morphology as has been suggested. Moreover similar alterations of body shapes appear frequently in other crustacean taxa and in various animal groups as diverse as sharks and sea urchins. Hence morphological constraints, macroevolution, trends, tendencies, or underlying synapomorphies of any kind are not necessary assumptions for the explanation of the evolution of crabs.

scholarly journals Anthropometry and Size Groups in the Clothing Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
Monika Balach ◽  
Marzanna Lesiakowska-Jablonska ◽  
Iwona Frydrych
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Modal Group

AbstractIt appears that from generation to generation the anthropometric dimensions of the human population are changing. The aim of this paper was to examine the extent of these changes and the need for generating updated measurements for the clothing industry. The clothing industry uses mannequins and avatars to represent the modal group of the population. The industry tends to use three different categories for the human body shape (endomorphic, mesomorphic, and ectomorphic). The clothing industry should focus on specific measurements of the body rather than general categories and create more body shapes to satisfy customer needs. The paper also aimed at showing the problems faced by clothing designers. The traditional way of measuring takes into account only selected dimensions of the human body; this does not reflect the “true” overall body shape. The dimension tables used by the apparel industry are based on the fourth anthropometric photograph taken between 1987 and 1989. These tables are still in the use currently; however, after 30 years they are outdated and should be revised for the young contemporary generation. This study can be used for the development of new dimension tables as well as defining methods aimed at improving the quality of measurements for clothing engineering purposes. This is an important issue, because the National Institute of Anthropometry does not deal with such problems (the measurements are conducted mainly for understanding the human body shape rather than any other application), which means that anthropometric measurements are not ideally suited to applications of clothes fitting.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

STRATEGI MENINGKATKAN LOYALITAS KONSUMEN MAKANAN KHAS KOTA CURUP KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onsardi Onsardi
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The title of this study is the Strategy of Increasing Consumer Food Loyalty in CurupCity, Rejang Lebong Regency (Case Study in "Henvian" Typical Food Industry). Thisresearch is based on the importance of strategies in increasing business and consumerloyalty to products sold.Strategies to increase business and consumer loyalty can bedone with a SWOT analysis. Place of this research is the "Henvian" shop that sellstypical Rejang lebong food. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative.Informants in this study were people who were considered to know for certain about theHENVIAN Specialty Food Store in Curup City, Rejang Lebong Regency. The dataanalysis technique used in this study is a SWOT analysis to determine the strengths,weaknesses, opportunities and threats in a typical Rejang Lebong food business.By using SWOT analysis techniques that consist of strengths (weakness), weaknesses(weakness), opportunities (opportnity) and threats (threath). The results of this studycan be concluded that the internal factors that are the strength of the marketing strategyare the quality of the product that is good at a price affordable to the public andtourists, service that is friendly and responsive to consumer needs, as well astechnological advancements that facilitate the promotion of business. Internal factorsthat are a weakness are often lack of stock, there are some products that do not meet thestandard packaging, the product shelf life is short, employees do not use uniforms.External factors that become opportunities are a fairly high economic community,abundant raw materials while external factors that are a threat are the manycompetitors, an unstable economy, the price of basic needs increases. Based on theresults of the SWOT analysis of internal and external factors, the strategy used is toimprove product quality by improving the appearance of packaging and quality ofcontent and quality of service by providing uniforms to employees and providingstandards of service to consumers. .Keywords: Strategy, Consumer Loyalty, SWOT

Gorontalo Province Tourism: Leading Sector In The Middle Of Weakness And Challenge

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herwin Mopangga ◽  
Fitriaty Puhi
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Regional Income ◽  
Sustainable Tourism Development ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Tourism shows a significant contribution to foreign exchange and regional income in Indonesia. Defined as a priority and leading sector in the RPJMD, tourism development in the Regencies and the Province of Gorontalo must measure the results, benefits and impacts for all stakeholders. Contribution to regional income (PAD) and the composition of internal and external factors in each of the leading destinations is needed for the purpose of determining the strategy and policy of sustainable tourism development. The study concluded that tourism sector was relatively small in its contribution to each PAD total by Regencies in Gorontalo Province. The low of PADsp is relevant to the low occupancy rate (TPK) of the hotel and the length of stay (LoS). The lack of retribution income from recreation and sports spot is relevant to the lack of activities to support the attractiveness such as art and cultural attractions and local products that can be souvenirs for tourists. Infrastructure facilities at leading tourism objects are relatively incomplete or do not meet tourism standards. The low of PAD, TPK LoS can also explain that the increase in tourists to Gorontalo is only a transit to the other tourist objects outside of Gorontalo Province.Keywords: Tourism, Leading Sector, Gorontalo, Income, Swot Analysis

METHODOLOGY FOR CHOOSING THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2003-2012
Author(s):  
O.V. Karpets ◽  
◽  
A.V. Sinitsyn ◽  
A.V. Firsova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This article discusses the problem of choosing the correct and effective organizational structure of enterprise management for its correct functioning. The existing types of organizational structures of enterprise management, which are used in practice today, are analyzed, and their positive, negative sides and the type of enterprises for which they can be used are revealed. Along with this, this article discusses and describes methods for choosing an organizational structure for an enterprise. Also, during the study, internal and external factors were identified that affect the choice of an organizational structure. Based on the analysis, a methodology for choosing the most effective type of organizational structure for enterprises was drawn up. The question of choosing an organizational structure is acute for every manager at the very beginning of the operation of an enterprise, because the quality of performance of functions, both of individual divisions and of the entire enterprise as a whole, directly depends on this. Among many types of organizational structures in this study, the types of organizational structures that are most adaptable to changes in external and internal factors are identified. This study provides methods and tools for selecting the appropriate organizational structure for any enterprise. At the moment, some methods, be it goal structuring or computer modeling, are not widely used, which in turn makes it difficult to choose an effective organizational structure for enterprise management. The choice of an effective organizational structure is an extremely urgent problem today for every entrepreneur, who is interested in the stable economic activity of his or her enterprise.

scholarly journals Tindakan Preventif Kepolisian dalam Menanggulangi Penyalahgunaan Minuman Keras (Miras) di Wilayah Hukum Polda Bali

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Satria Adhi Wiguna ◽  
Anak Agung Sagung Laksml Dewi ◽  
Luh Putu Sury Ani
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Real Condition ◽  
The Real ◽  
Community Or ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Alcohol is a stimulant because the elements it contains can rejuvenate the body, but this view is wrong because stimulants are only temporary. People who drink alcohol lack a sense of prevention or inhibition.People who drink alcohol lack a sense of prevention or inhibition. The research used in this research is a type of empirical research, where research is carried out on the real condition of the community or environment, with the aim of finding facts or existing legal problems. Seeing the obstacles faced by the police in implementing the "Alcohol Abuse Law" in the Bali police area, many factors have caused the Bali Police to face many obstacles in implementing the Anti Alcohol Abuse (Miras) Law, including internal and external factors that make Bali. Based on the background of the problems described, it can be concluded that the actions taken by the police to address alcohol abuse in the Bali Police area. Within the jurisdiction of the Polda in Bali, the obstacles faced by the police in enforcing laws regarding alcohol abuse.

scholarly journals Analisis Dampak Impor Cina terhadap Kebertahanan dan Pertumbuhan Industri Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil Indonesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-108
Author(s):  
Laela Dika Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test Result

AbstractWe try to analyze the impact of Chinese Textile and Garment (T&G) imports, and the internal and external factors to the firm survival and growth of T&G industry in Indonesia, for the period study of 2002 to 2007. Probit regression model is used to analyze the impact of Chinese imports to the survival of firm, while OLS regression model is used to analyze its growth. It shows that the ability of firms' survival is influenced by the internal and external factors. The Chinese imports give positive impact to the firms' survival ability. On the other hand, firm's growth is only affected by its internal characteristics, while the impact of Chinese imports is proven not significant. The Heckman test result stated that there are no correlation between firms' ability to survive and the firm growth behavior.Keywords: Growth, Survival, Chinese Imports, Textile, Indonesian Textile and Garment IndustryAbstrakStudi ini menganalisis dampak dari penetrasi impor TPT Cina, faktor internal, serta faktor eksternal terhadap kebertahanan dan pertumbuhan perusahaan dalam industri TPT Indonesia periode tahun 2002-2007. Metode probit regression digunakan untuk mengetahui dampak impor Cina terhadap kebertahanan perusahaan, sementara regresi linear sederhana (OLS) digunakan untuk menganalisis pertumbuhannya. Ditemukan bahwa kebertahanan perusahaan dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik internal dan eksternal, serta impor Cina yang memberikan dampak positif. Sementara pertumbuhan perusahaan hanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal, di mana impor Cina tidak memberikan dampak signikan. Hasil pengujian Heckman menyatakan tidak ada indikasi hubungan antara kebertahanan perusahaan dengan perilaku pertumbuhannya.Kata kunci: Pertumbuhan, Kebertahanan, Impor Cina, Tekstil, Industri Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil Indonesia

Body shapes and apparel fit for overweight and obese women in the US: the implications of current sizing system

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eonyou Shin ◽  
Elahe Saeidi
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Sizing System ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Apparel Fit

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to categorize the whole body shapes of overweight and obese females in the US and examine apparel fit based on the current ASTM sizing standards related to the body shapes categorized.Design/methodology/approachBody scan data from 2,672 subjects were used. To categorize their whole body shapes using 97 body measurements, principal component analysis with varimax rotation, a hierarchical cluster analysis and K-means cluster analysis were used. To compare the ASTM sizing standards for plus sizes (curvy and straight) and missy sizes (curvy and straight), five body parts (bust, under bust, waist, top hip, hip) using the formula for fit tolerance (measurement plus half of the interval) were compared with the ASTM sizing standards to determine the size appropriate for each body part.FindingsFive whole body shapes among overweight and obese females in the US were categorized: Rectangle-curvy; parallelogram-moderately curvy; parallelogram-hip tilt; inverted trapezoid-moderately curvy and inverted trapezoid-hip tilt. When the body measurements in each body shape were compared with the current ASTM sizing systems for both misses and plus sizes, four-fifths or more of overweight and obese female adults in the US would find it difficult to obtain a perfect fit for both tops and bottoms.Originality/valueIdentifying whole body shapes among overweight and obese women in the US contributes significantly, as it will help apparel companies that target the markets of larger women develop a new sizing system. This study is the first attempt to analyze fit by comparing the ASTM sizing charts with body measurements in each body shape group. Further, the study contributes to the body-related literature by filling gaps in missing whole BS categories among overweight and obese females.

Selected methods of conservative treatment in painful hallux valgus therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wódka ◽  
Agnieszka Jankowicz-Szymańska ◽  
Eliza Smoła ◽  
Marta Bibro
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Hallux Valgus ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
The Right ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Hallux valgus is one of the most common deformities within forefoot region. Reasons for this deformity are not entirely clear. The available literature lists both internal and external factors. Researchers dealing with hallux valgus emphasize that this deformation is accompanied by pain, reduced quality of life, changed foot statics, cosmetic problems and problems with buying the right footwear. The occurrence of pain may significantly affect the quality of everyday functioning and the broadly understood quality of life. The purpose of the following publication is to review selected interactions in the area of physiotherapy and orthopedic measures in the therapy of people reporting pain within the hallux valgus region.

scholarly journals Analysis of growth and quality of seaweed carrageenan Kappaphycus alvarezii in different locations on the Banggai’s Waters, Central Sulawesi

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Frederik Dony Sangkia ◽  
Grevo S Gerung ◽  
Roike I Montolalu
Keyword(s):  
Red Algae ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Seaweed Cultivation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Seaweed Production ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Analisis pertumbuhan dan kualitas karagenan rumput laut Kappaphycus alvarezii pada lokasi berbeda di Wilayah Perairan Banggai ProvinsiSulawesi Tengah Seaweed is a potential of coastal resources. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed or some species of red algae (Rhodophyceae). Seaweed growth is strongly influenced by two factors: internal and external factors. But twthat determine the success of the seaweed growth is the management carried out by people working on it. Banggai Regency is one of the largest seaweed production centers in Central Sulawesi. The main objective of this studyis toexamine the potential of seaweed cultivation (Kappaphycus avarezii) by looking at the growth and the carrageenan, inBanggai waters, Central SulawesiProvince. The temperature range obtained during this study r25to 31ºC. The results of carrageenananaliysis wasvery different due to differences inlocation, showed by content.  The highest and lowest ashcontentwere obtained from two locations, 1,8% (Jayabakti) and 2.8% (Liang), respectively.Rumput laut merupakan sumberdaya pesisir yang sangat potensial. Karagenan merupakan polisakarida yang diekstraksi dari beberapa spesies rumput laut atau alga merah (rhodophyceae). Pertumbuhan rumput laut sangat dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor yaitu faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Namun yang sangat menentukan keberhasilan pertumbuhan rumput laut yaitu pengelolaan yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Kabupaten Banggai merupakan salah satu sentral produksi rumput laut terbesar di Sulawesi Tengah. Tujuan utama penelitian ini mengkaji tentang potensi budidaya rumput laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) yang dikembangkan dengan melihat pertumbuhan dan analisis karaginannya di perairan Kabupaten Banggai Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Kisaran suhu yang didapat selama penelitian ini adalah berkisar 25–31ºC. Hasil analisa rendemen karagenan ini sangat berbeda yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan lokasi memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kandungannya. Nilai kadar abu tertinggi dan terendah berturut-turut yang di peroleh dari kedua lokasi ini adalah 1,8% (Jaya Bakti) dan 2,8% (Liang).

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