Proximity and High Density of Convenience Stores Was Associated With Obesity in Children of a Rural Community of Mexico: Using a Geographic Information System Approach

Background: Food environment (FE) has been linked to obesity in urban areas, but there is limited information in rural areas, particularly in developing countries, where prevalence of obesity is high. Objective: To determine the association between FE and childhood obesity using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Methods: A total of 218 (8-10 years) children participated in a cross-sectional study. Weight, height, and body fat were measured. Geolocation of convenience stores (CS) and participants’ households was collected, and the amount of processed food (PF) in the stores was measured. The proximity to the nearest CS and the number of CS within a 250-m buffer from each participant’s household was calculated using GIS. Linear regression models between obesity measurements and FE were performed. Results: The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 32%. A total of 91% of the children had access to a CS within 250 m. On average, 48% of the shelf-space of the CS were occupied with PF. A positive association between the density of CS with body fat % (β = .145; 95% CI, 0.048-0.241, P = .004), abdominal fat % (β = .206; 95% CI, 0.048-0.241, P = .003), and body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score (BMIz; β = .028; 95% CI, 0.005-0.062, P = .005) was found. Living closer to CS was associated with increases in body fat % (β = −0.009; 95% CI, −0.017 to −0.001, P = 0.025), abdominal fat % (β = −0.012; 95% CI, −0.023 to −0.001, P = 0.033), and BMIz (β = −0.002, 95% CI, −0.004 to −0.001, P = 0.003). Conclusion: In a rural community in Mexico, a high density and low proximity to CS is associated with obesity in school-aged children.

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Use of GIS to Measure Food Environment and Its Relationship with Obesity in School-aged Children in Mexico (P04-142-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz051.p04-142-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olga García ◽

Yessica Tenorio ◽

Dolores Ronquillo ◽

Maiza Campos-Ponce ◽

Elizabeth Elton-Puente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Food Environment ◽

Abdominal Fat ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Processed Food ◽

Shelf Space ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Convenience Stores ◽

Total Body Fat ◽

Total Body

Abstract Objectives To determine the association between food environment and obesity in school-aged children using Geographic Information Database (GIS). Methods A total of 218 school-age children (8.4 ± 1.5 y) from a low-income setting in Mexico participated in this cross-sectional study. Weight and height were measured in all children to calculate BMI- for-age z-score (BMIz). Body composition (total body fat and abdominal fat) was measured using DXA. Geolocation of both convenience stores (CS) and participants’ households was collected and introduced into a GIS database. The shelf-space of processed foods and unprocessed foods available at each CS was measured. The distance to the closest CS, the number of CS, and the shelf-space of processed foods of CS within a 250 m radius from each participant's household was calculated using GIS. Multivariable model assessing the association between obesity and food environment were performed controlling for confounders, using SPSS v23.0. Results More than half of the children (55%) were girls, and 52% of the children had elevated body fat % (>30% for girls and >25% for boys). A total of 58 food venues were found in this community; from these venues, 40 were CS. 91% of the children had access to a CS within a 250 m radius. In average, 48% of the shelf-meters of the CS were of processed food. A positive association between BMIz (β = 0.028; IC 95%: 0.005,0.047; P < 0.05), total body fat % (β = 0.145, IC 95%: 0.048, 0.241; P < 0.05) and abdominal fat % (β = 0.206, IC 95%: 0.069,0.343; P < 0.05) was found with the distance to the nearest CS within the 250 radius. However, a negative association was found between BMIz (β = −0.002; IC 95%: −0.004, −0.001; P < 0.05), total body fat % (β = −0.009, IC 95%: −0.017, −0.001; P < 0.05) and abdominal fat % (β = −0.012, IC 95%: −0.023, −0.001; P < 0.05) with the proximity of CS. Finally, BMIz was positively associated with the meters of processed foods in the CS within 250 m radius (β = 0.002; IC 95%: 0.001,0.003; P < 0.05). Conclusions A high density and proximity of convenience stores with a high availability of processed food were associated with obesity in children of this community. GIS methods may provide a new approach to assess food environment and its association with obesity risk factors in different settings and populations. Funding Sources CONACYT.

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Nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents: associated gender, environmental and socio-economic factors

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980008002693 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1306-1317 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri ◽

Habiba Ben Romdhane ◽

Pierre Traissac ◽

Sabrina Eymard-Duvernay ◽

Francis Delpeuch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Cultural Tradition ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents and associated factors.DesignA cross-sectional study based on a national stratified random cluster sample.Subjects and methodsIn all, 1295 boys and 1577 girls aged 15–19 years, of whom 28·4 % had already left school. Socio-economic characteristics of the parents, anthropometric measurements, food behaviours and physical activity of the adolescents were recorded during home visits.ResultsPrevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity (WHO/National Center for Health Statistics reference) were, respectively, 8·1 %, 17·4 % and 4·1 % among boys and 1·3 %, 20·7 % and 4·4 % among girls; abdominal obesity was highly prevalent among both sexes. Prevalence of overweight differed by region (from 11·5 % to 22·2 %) and was higher in urban v. rural areas for males (21·7 % v. 10·4 %) but not for females (21·7 % v. 19·2 %). These differences were partially mediated by socio-economic and lifestyle factors for males. For females, influence of cultural factors is hypothesised. In rural areas, overweight was more prevalent among boys of higher economic level households, having a working mother or a sedentary lifestyle; for girls, prevalence increased with the level of education of the mother. In urban areas, prevalence of overweight was related to eating habits: it was higher for boys with irregular snacking habits and for girls skipping daily meals. Urban girls having left school were also more overweight.ConclusionOverweight and abdominal obesity in late adolescence have become a true public health problem in Tunisia with the combined effects of cultural tradition for girls in rural areas, and of rapid economic development for boys and girls in cities.

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Prevalence and associated risk factor of hypertension among individuals of age 18-59 years in South-eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study

Nepalese Heart Journal ◽

10.3126/njh.v16i1.23894 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prajjwal Pyakurel ◽

Deepak Kumar Yadav ◽

Jeevan Thapa ◽

Nishant Thakur ◽

Pramita Sharma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Anthropometric Measurement ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

South Eastern ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the rising burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing region. It has also been recognized as one of the major public health problems in the developing countries since the early seventies and the rate is increasing not only in urban areas but in rural areas with low socio-economic condition. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Jogidaha Village Development Comittee(VDC) and Triyuga Municipality of Udaypur district of South-Eastern Nepal. A total of 430 participants of age 18-59 years were selected. Semi-structured questionnaire (WHO NCD STEPS instrument) was used to collect information on demographic variables and associated risk factors with use of show cards. Clinical and anthropometric measurement were done. Primary outcome was prevalence of hypertension. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed to show strength of association among various risk factors with hypertension. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be 25.1%. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 49.8%. Hypertension was significantly associated with age (AOR=1.09, CI=1.05-1.10) and gender (male >female; AOR= 2.12,CI =1.22-3.68). Similarly, increased waist-hip ratio(7.12; CI 2.87-17.67),alcohol consumption(OR=2.82,CI=1.77-4.52), and use of tobacco products (OR =1.8,CI=1.02-3.20) showed significant association with hypertension. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of hypertension in rural districts of South-Eastern Nepal. A community-based preventive approach with early detection and treatment and life-style modification is needed to reduce the burden of disease and make sustainable changes.

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Urban-Rural Differences in Nutritional Status and Dietary Intakes of School-Aged Children in Cambodia

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11010014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yoko Horiuchi ◽

Kaoru Kusama ◽

Sar Kanha ◽

Nobuo Yoshiike ◽

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Urban Rural

: This study aimed to describe the nutritional status and dietary patterns of Cambodian school-aged children compared with those in the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS; Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam in 2011) and to clarify the urban-rural differences using data from a nationally representative sample. The survey was conducted in 2014/2015 with a sample of 2020 children aged 6–17 years from 136 randomly selected schools. Standardized anthropometric measurements and a 1-day dietary survey by 24-hour recall method were conducted. Extended analyses in the present study revealed that the difference between rural and urban areas was similar to that of the SEANUTS; the overall prevalence of stunting remained high (33.2%). Stunting was more prevalent in children living in rural areas than in those in urban areas (total: 36.4% vs 20.4%). In contrast, the overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was not as high (3.1%), but was higher among urban children in all age groups compared with those living in rural areas (total: 6.4% vs 2.3%). Overall, the dietary intake of children did not meet the local recommended dietary allowances, which was similar to the results of the SEANUTS and differed across urban and rural areas.

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School environment and obesity in primary schools. An analysis of the WHO European COSI in Austria

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.322 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Author(s):

A Aufschnaiter ◽

K Schindler ◽

B Fuchs-Neuhold ◽

K Maruszczak ◽

E Pail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrition Education ◽

Rural Areas ◽

School Environment ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Substantial Contribution ◽

Significant Difference ◽

School Playgrounds

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity in childhood and the associated secondary diseases are constantly on the increase. Studies show that the school environment can have an influence on the weight of children. The Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) of the WHO is a Europe-wide epidemiological monitoring of anthropometric sizes of school children aged six to nine, with Austria participating in COSI for the first time in 2016. Methods A retrospective secondary data analysis based on two standardized questionnaires was performed. On the one hand, data on determinants specific to the school field were collected, on the other hand anthropometric data of children in third grade were measured. Across Austria, data from 97 schools and 2530 children were collected and evaluated using descriptive and inductive statistical methods. Results In 43,3 % of the schools, an existing playground can be used outside school opening hours. 73,2 % of the schools integrate nutrition education into their school curriculum either as a separate subject or in combination with another subject. Milk and dairy products are available in 60,8 % of schools, fresh fruit in 63,9 % and vegetables in 51,5 %. 28,3 % of the examined, 8 to 9-year-old children are overweight or obese (n = 658), while boys have a significant higher BMI than girls (p < 0,001). Also, in urban areas children have a significant higher BMI on average than in rural areas (p = 0,025). No significant relationship could be identified between the duration of physical education lessons per week and the BMI. However, a significant difference in childreńs BMI became visible when school playgrounds were also accessible outside opening hours (p = 0,018). Conclusions The alarming number of overweight children in Austria should be diminished through policies and further interventions. Schools can make a substantial contribution to this. The course of the development could be closely observed through possible further surveys by COSI. Key messages 73,2% of the schools include nutrition education in their curricula. Yet, about every third Austrian child aged between 8 and 9 is overweight, with boys being significantly more overweight than girls. If school playgrounds are accessible outside opening hours, the childreńs BMI is significantly lower. In urban areas, children have a significantly higher BMI than in rural areas.

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Are parental dietary patterns associated with children’s overweight and obesity in China?

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-020-1910-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Daisheng Tang ◽

Tao Bu ◽

Xuefan Dong

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Great Influence ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Nutrition Survey ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Background It is believed that parents have a great influence on their children’s dietary behaviours. However, it is not clear whether parental food patterns are associated with children’s nutritional status in China, which includes a vast territory with rich, diverse cultures. The goal of this project is to systematically study the associations between parental food intake and children’s overweight and obesity in China, according to children’s ages and regional differences. Methods Based on individual food consumption data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) package in 2011, cross-sectional studies have previously been conducted to analyse the association between different categories of food intake of parents and children. The current study extends this research by directly. Results Our analysis results show that parental food intake is highly correlated with children’s food intake, with the estimated coefficients of most food intake categories being greater than 0.5. Furthermore, this association between parental food intake and children’s overweight and obesity is most significant in young children, but it begins to weaken in relation to children aged between 13 and 18. Additionally, the associations between parental food intake and children’s overnutrition are more significant in rural areas than they are in urban areas. Conclusions The association between parental food intake and childhood overweight and obesity is significant, although it varies considerably according to food categories, children’s ages and area differences. These results show promise for intervening in the overnutrition of children by controlling household dietary patterns according to children’s developmental stages and regional differences.

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Epidemiological Study and Spatial Modeling of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Bushehr Province Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) from 2011 to 2015

Journal of Community Health Research ◽

10.18502/jchr.v8i3.1566 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Dehghani ◽

Mohamad Hasan Lotfi ◽

Hossein Falahzadeh ◽

Katayon Vahdat ◽

Zahra Shabani

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Geographic Information System ◽

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽

Health Problem ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Important Health ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: It is generally accepted that cutaneous leishmaniasis is considered as an important health problem all over the world which is caused by leishmaniasis protozoan. This disease is also known as a health problem in some regions of Iran including Bushehr province. The present study investigated the geographical dispersion and the epidemiological characteristics of subjects with the cutaneous leishmaniasis in this province from 2011 to 2015. Method: In this cross-sectional and analytical study, the epidemiologic data including the age, gender, residential area, and counties with this disease was analyzed and collected from 663 patients who were followed up and treated from 2011 to 2015. Results: 422 (63.7%) of studied people were residents of urban areas and 241 (36.3%) lived in rural areas. 59.4% (394 people) were male and 40.6% (269) were female. The mean age of the subjects was 21.91± 17.01 (ranging from 1 to 80). Kangan County with an average 5-year incidence of 17.72 per a hundred thousand people had the highest incidence, but Tangestan County with the incidence of 8.47 per a hundred thousand people had the lowest average incidence. Based on GIS results, Jam County, which was not recognized as the focus of this disease in the past, has been considered as a new focus of disease in recent years. Conclusion: The geographic information system (GIS) is regarded as an effective tool for the organization of diseases and health data. The crisis can be identified and controlled by taking proper measures with the discovery of spatial accumulation of diseases.

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Epidemiological study of obesity and overweight among adolescents in schools in district Ghaziabad

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193089 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 3177

Author(s):

Susmita Thakur ◽

Narendra Singh ◽

Mitasha Singh

Keyword(s):

Private School ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Government Schools ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Government School ◽

Obesity And Overweight ◽

The Government

Background: Developing countries are experiencing an epidemic of obesity and overweight. Adolescence is the stage when the lifestyle behavior sets in and decides the future pattern of health. The objective was to study the prevalence and correlates of overweight and obesity among school going adolescents of district Ghaziabad.Methods: A school based cross sectional survey was conducted in district Ghaziabad. Adolescents (10-19 years) from both urban and rural government and private schools were included. Multistage sampling technique was used to study 1128 study population. Anthropometry and a structured questionnaire were used as study tool.Results: In urban area, the proportion of underweight students in government schools (20.9%) was significantly more than the private school (13.8%) whereas the number of overweight students in private school (18.2%) was significantly more than the government schools (10.3%). In rural area underweight students in government school (30.5%) was significantly more than the private school (21.3%) whereas the number of overweight students in private school (11.3%) was significantly more than the government school (3.2%). Obesity was significantly associated with the area of residence, type of school, consumption of carbonated drinks, fast foods and decreased physical activity.Conclusions: An overall higher prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in urban areas and increasing trend in rural areas too alarm us to focus on the modifiable risk factors.

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Anthropometry of women of childbearing age in Morocco: body composition and prevalence of overweight and obesity

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2003570 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 523-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Rekia Belahsen ◽

Mohamed Mziwira ◽

Fatima Fertat

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Anthropometric Measurements ◽

Women Of Childbearing Age ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Moroccan Women

AbstractObjective:To determine the prevalence of obesity and body fat distribution of Moroccan women of childbearing age, using a panel of anthropometric measurements.Design and setting:A cross-sectional survey conducted in 1995 in an agricultural community, El Jadida province of Morocco. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences and triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), sum of all and sum of trunk skinfold thicknesses were determined.Subjects:In total, 1269 women aged 15–49 years from urban and rural areas were surveyed.Results:The means of all anthropometric measurements including body fat were higher in urban than in rural women and increased with age. Trunk fat contributed 50% of total fat. Globally, 4.7% of women were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg m−2), 35.2% were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg m−2), 10.1% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg m−2) and 16.8% had central obesity (WHR > 0.85). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in the urban than in the rural area. Underweight prevalence decreased with age, whereas that of overweight and obesity increased. All anthropometric parameters adjusted for age increased with the increase of BMI and WHR.Conclusions:Although undernutrition is still prevalent, there is an alarming prevalence of overweight and obesity in Moroccan women of childbearing age. The results indicate a shift in this country from the problem of dietary deficiency to the problem of dietary excess, and alert one to the necessity of establishing an intervention to prevent obesity-related diseases. It is necessary to address which of the anthropometric variables studied here is the best predictor of obesity-related diseases in this population.

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-aged children in urban, rural and mountain areas of the Veneto Region, Italy

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007001152 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 887-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Chiara Bertoncello ◽

Romina Cazzaro ◽

Anna Ferraresso ◽

Roberto Mazzer ◽

Giorgio Moretti

Keyword(s):

Confidence Interval ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Task Force ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Veneto Region ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Mountain Areas ◽

School Aged Children ◽

North East

AbstractObjectiveTo define the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-aged children resident in mountain areas, rural areas and urban areas.Design, setting and subjectsThe sample (n= 12 832; 50.7% boys) included 9- and 11-year-old children of the Veneto Region of north-east Italy. Overweight and obesity status were determined using the International Obesity Task Force cut-off points for body mass index. The prevalence of overweight and obese subjects was calculated with a confidence interval of 95%. The Mantel–Haenszel method was used to compare the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity among children resident in mountain areas, rural areas and urban areas.ResultsAmong boys the prevalence of overweight was 21.06%, while obesity prevalence was 5.92%; among girls overweight prevalence was 21.30%, while obesity prevalence was 5.15%. The prevalence was higher among 11-year-old boys (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.33) and 9-year-old girls (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01–1.26). Children resident in rural areas presented a higher risk of overweight and obesity compared with children resident in mountain areas (Mantel–Haenszel OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.13–1.42;χ2= 17.55;P< 0.0001) and in urban areas (Mantel–Haenszel OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.07–1.31;χ2= 10.39;P< 0.001).ConclusionsA relevant prevalence of overweight and obesity was found; the excess weight concerns one child in four. There are differences linked to different geographical areas that must be further investigated.

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