Gender Differences in the Maltreatment-Youth Offending Relationship: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483802110521
Author(s):  
Susan Baidawi ◽  
Nina Papalia ◽  
Rebecca Featherston
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
The Individual

Maltreated and child welfare-involved youth are over-represented in juvenile justice systems. These youth are at a greater risk of serious offending and justice system entrenchment relative to their non-maltreated peers. Understanding gender differences in the pathways to justice involvement and the nature of offending among maltreated children is critical for informing policy and practice. Yet, this body of evidence is fragmented. This scoping review identified and narratively synthesized evidence from studies reporting on gender differences in the individual characteristics, maltreatment experiences, child protection involvement and offending profiles of maltreated youth who offend. A comprehensive search of four databases generated 11,568 publications, from which 180 met the review’s inclusion criteria. These primary studies included participants aged 8–21 years with a history of childhood maltreatment and youth offending and reported at least one gendered analysis. Some consistent findings were reported across studies. A greater level of child welfare involvement and maltreatment exposure (particularly sexual abuse and multi-type maltreatment) was found for justice involved girls, relative to boys. Maltreated and child welfare-involved boys appear more likely to offend than girls, but findings about how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship were inconsistent. Child welfare systems involvement (particularly foster care and residential care) appeared to be an important moderator for girls, and school performance mediated outcomes for boys. Across this body of evidence, few studies accounted for under-reporting of abuse and neglect when using youth self-report measures of maltreatment. Future research is needed which explicitly explores how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship.

scholarly journals Global Impact of COVID-19 on Weight and Weight-Related Behaviors in the Adult Population: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1876
Author(s):  
Han Shi Jocelyn Chew ◽  
Violeta Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Screen Time ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To provide an overview of what is known about the impact of COVID-19 on weight and weight-related behaviors. Methods: Systematic scoping review using the Arksey and O’Malley methodology. Results: A total of 19 out of 396 articles were included. All studies were conducted using online self-report surveys. The average age of respondents ranged from 19 to 47 years old, comprised of more females. Almost one-half and one-fifth of the respondents gained and lost weight during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. Among articles that examined weight, diet and physical activity changes concurrently, weight gain was reported alongside a 36.3% to 59.6% increase in total food consumption and a 67.4% to 61.4% decrease in physical activities. Weight gain predictors included female sex, middle-age, increased appetite, snacking after dinner, less physical exercise, sedentary behaviors of ≥6 h/day, low water consumption and less sleep at night. Included articles did not illustrate significant associations between alcohol consumption, screen time, education, place of living and employment status, although sedentary behaviors, including screen time, did increase significantly. Conclusions: Examining behavioral differences alone is insufficient in predicting weight status. Future research could examine differences in personality and coping mechanisms to design more personalized and effective weight management interventions.

Misperceptions of Friendly Behavior as Sexual Interest: A Survey of Naturally Occurring Incidents

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Abbey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Sexual Intent ◽  
The Individual

The studies described in this article examine retrospective reports of naturally occurring misperceptions of friendliness as sexual interest. Previous research has demonstrated that men perceive other people and situations more sexually than women do. The purpose of this research was to examine how this gender difference in perceptions of sexuality is exhibited in actual interactions between women and men. Two surveys of undergraduates were conducted. The results indicated that a large percentage of both women and men had experienced such misperceptions, although more women had than men. Most of these incidents were quickly resolved without problems; however, others involved some degree of forced sexual activity and left the individual feeling angry, humiliated, and depressed. Gender differences in the characteristics of these incidents and reactions to them are described. The implications of these findings for future research on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent are discussed.

Gender Differences in Grief Reactions following the Death of a Parent

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lawrence ◽  
Elizabeth L. Jeglic ◽  
Laura T. Matthews ◽  
Carolyn M. Pepper
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Death Of A Parent ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Grief Reactions

This study examined gender differences in psychological functioning in a sample of college students who lost a parent to death. Male and female students ( n = 65) who had a parent that had died were asked to complete a series of self report questionnaires to assess psychological distress, feelings of grief and bereavement, and coping strategies. Overall, no gender differences were found between bereaved students on measures of psychological distress. However an avoidant coping style was related to symptoms of depression in females, but not in males. Students who lost a mother were more likely to report symptoms of depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation as compared to students who lost a father. Future research implications and the clinical importance of these findings are discussed.

Permanency and Safety Among Children in Foster Family and Kinship Care: A Scoping Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Bell ◽  
Elisa Romano
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Kinship Care ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Placement Stability ◽  
Foster Family ◽  
Placement Types

Over the past 25 years, kinship care placements have risen dramatically, such that when a child enters into care, child welfare agencies must first attempt to identify safe living arrangements with relatives or individuals known to the child before searching for alternatives. Despite the growing emphasis on kinship care, little is known about its impact on child outcomes in comparison to other placement types (e.g., foster family). Therefore, the aim of this scoping review was to evaluate quantitative research on children in out-of-home care from 2007 to 2014 with regard to the following outcomes: (1) permanency (i.e., reunification, reentry, placement stability, and adoption/guardianship) and (2) safety (e.g., additional reports to child welfare). Based on these objectives, the review identified 54 studies that examined permanency and safety among children in two major placement types, namely foster family and kinship care. Across studies, children in kinship care experienced greater permanency in terms of a lower rate of reentry, greater placement stability, and more guardianship placements in comparison to children living with foster families. Children in kinship care, however, had lower rates of adoption and reunification. The findings also indicated that differences in these variables diminish over time. Findings for safety outcomes were mixed. Study methodological limitations and recommendations for future research are considered.

Managing Pain

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Allcock ◽  
Ruth Day
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Patient’S Experience ◽  
Emotional Component ◽  
Individual Nature ◽  
The Individual

This chapter aims to provide you with the knowledge to be able to take an evidence-based approach to the nursing management of people who are experiencing pain. As a practising nurse, pain will be something that many of your patients will experience; however, one individual’s pain may be very different from another person’s. Pain can vary depending on the circumstances in which it is experienced and the individual characteristics of the person experiencing it. Understanding someone’s pain experience is therefore challenging because you cannot see someone’s pain or easily judge how bad it is, what it feels like, or how it affects him or her. This chapter provides you with knowledge and skills to recognize, assess, and manage the patient’s experience of pain effectively with evidence-based strategies. The variability of the experience of pain makes defining pain difficult. Pain is something that we have all experienced at some point in our lives and therefore, through these experiences, we have developed an understanding of what we consider to be pain. One of the most widely accepted definitions is that of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), which defines pain as:…An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. (Merskey and Bogduk,1994)…Although this definition is often quoted, the difficulty in defining pain is illustrated by the fact that the IASP added a note (go to http://www.iasp-pain.org/ and search for ‘pain definitions’) to highlight the individual nature of pain and the fact that pain is a sensory experience with an emotional component. The individual nature of pain is also highlighted by another commonly used definition:…Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is and happens whenever he/she says it does. (McCaffery, 1972)…This definition highlights the fact that pain is an individual experience and that measuring pain objectively is difficult. Therefore asking the person and actively listening to the self-report of the experience is the best way in which to understand another person’s pain. A common criticism of McCaffery’s definition is that some people cannot say what they are experiencing.

scholarly journals Resilience and disaster research

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-547
Author(s):  
Helena Bakić
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Mental Health Disorder ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
The Individual

Disasters pose a significant threat to the long-term well-being of individuals, communities and societies. Therefore, studying resilience, defined as the process of maintaining and recovering psychological well-being after adversity, is crucial for disaster preparedness and mitigation. The aims of this paper are to summarize the historical context of resilience research, present the key concepts, discuss current measurement approaches and propose future research directions. Key determinants of resilience - risk, positive adaptation and resources - are discussed with the focus on studies of adults affected by disasters. This narrative review demonstrates that research up to date has focused mostly on finding the individual characteristics that predict the absence of psychopathology or mental health disorder symptoms, while other types of resources or dynamic relations between key aspects of resilience have been neglected. Future studies should aim to include multiple measurement points, high- and low-risk groups, long-term follow-up and broader perspectives on both psychological well-being and potential resources.

Preventing and responding to errors in US child protection

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Jill Duerr Berrick ◽  
Jaclyn Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Protection Policy ◽  
Risk Assessment Tools ◽  
The Us ◽  
Child Protection Policy

This chapter demonstrates how concerns about avoiding errors and mistakes have been at the centre of child protection policy and practice in the US for many years. In particular the chapter focuses on providing a summary of the state of the art relating to risk assessment tools and predictive analytics as strategies to reduce error in child welfare decision making. It also examines whether our understanding of ‘error’ needs to shift to account for the unknowns. When social workers make decisions based upon fundamental principles, and when they determine that it is in the interests of a child to privilege one principle over another, the result may appear in hindsight as an “error”, but when made as a decision guided by one widely-held principle which was in direct conflict with another. Examining child welfare decision making as a process of selecting and then privileging one principle over another narrows what we might otherwise think of as an ‘error’ and instead recasts some decisions as exceedingly difficult to get ‘right’.

A Scoping Review of Literature on Sex and Gender Differences Among Dementia Spousal Caregivers

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. e802-e815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifah Arbel ◽  
Kathleen S Bingham ◽  
Deirdre R Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Spousal Caregivers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences

Abstract Background and Objectives Sex and gender differences among dementia spousal caregivers have been investigated, but never systematically reviewed or synthesized. A synthesis of findings can help facilitate specificity in practice and in health policy development. As a first step towards such a synthesis, this scoping review reports the available evidence, identifies research gaps, and suggests possible directions for future research. Research Design and Methods A scoping review methodology was used to identify articles, and to chart and analyze data. Systematic searches for published, empirical studies, with an explicit goal or hypothesis related to sex or gender differences were conducted in seven databases. Results Sixty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Most (n = 45) were quantitative, cross-sectional studies. Caregivers included in the studies were generally 61–70 years old, Caucasian, middle-class, and highly educated. The most extensively investigated differences are: depression, burden, objective physical health, and informal supports. Discussion and Implications This scoping review is the first to summarize and critique the research on sex and gender differences that are specific to dementia spousal caregivers. The review can be used by researchers to make decisions regarding future systematic reviews and primary studies. To further strengthen the evidence base, future studies may benefit from including more caregivers of ethnic minorities, using more qualitative, longitudinal, or experimental designs, and focusing on variables needed to inform caregiving models and theories. Overall, this scoping review contributes to furthering gender-sensitive practices and policies that are better tailored to the specific needs of this population.

Taking Levels of Analysis in Humor more Seriously: Comment on Romero and Arendt

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Sosik
Keyword(s):  
Operational Definition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Team Cooperation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Humor is a phenomenon that can simultaneously coexist at the individual, dyadic, and group levels, making its measurement and conceptualization complex. In a recent field study, Romero and Arendt (2011) examined relationships between four humor styles (i.e., affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, self-defeating) and four outcomes (i.e., stress, satisfaction with co-workers, team cooperation, organizational commitment), however, the latter was apparently measured as a self-report at the individual level of analysis. Their interesting results indicated different humor styles can have either positive or negative effects on these outcome variables. However, if their operational definition—and hence their conceptualization—of humor is based on self-report by the initiator, it may be problematic to use it at the dyadic and group levels because it potentially mixes levels of analysis and may cause misalignment between data and theory. Cautions and implications for future research are discussed.

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