scholarly journals Effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis on fermentation, dynamics of bacterial community and their functional shifts of whole-plant corn silage

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Bai ◽  
Marcia Franco ◽  
Zitong Ding ◽  
Lin Hao ◽  
Wencan Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Relative Abundances

Abstract Background Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) and Bacillus subtilis (BS) are usually used as feed supplements directly or bacterial inoculants in biological feeds for animals. However, few research have reported the effects of BA and BS on fermentation characteristics and bacterial community successions of whole-plant corn silage during ensiling. If the BA and BS inoculants have positive effects on silages, then they could not only improve fermentation characteristics, but also deliver BA or BS viable cells to ruminants, which would play its probiotic effect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of BA and BS on the fermentation, chemical characteristics, bacterial community and their metabolic pathway of whole-plant corn silage. Results Freshly chopped whole-plant corn was inoculated without or with BA and BS, respectively, and ensiled for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 60 d. Results showed that BA and BS inoculations increased lactic acid concentrations of whole-plant corn silages compared with control, and BA inoculation decreased acetic acid concentrations, whereas BS inoculation decreased fiber contents and increased crude protein (CP) content. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate contents and lower starch contents were observed in BA- and BS-inoculated silages compared with that in control. The decreased CP content and increased non-protein nitrogen content were observed in BA-inoculated silage, which was consistent with the higher amino acid metabolism abundances observed in BA-inoculated silage. In addition, it was noteworthy that BA and BS inoculations increased the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and decreased the relative abundances of drug resistance: antimicrobial pathways. We also found that the bacterial metabolism pathways were clearly separated into three clusters based on the ensiling times of whole-plant corn silage in the present study. There were no significant differences in bacterial community compositions among the three groups during ensiling. However, BA and BS inoculations decreased the relative abundances of undesirable bacteria such as Acetobacter and Acinetobacter. Conclusion Our findings suggested that the BS strain was more suitable as silage inoculants than the BA strain in whole-plant corn silage in this study.

scholarly journals Bacterial Succession Pattern during the Fermentation Process in Whole-Plant Corn Silage Processed in Different Geographical Areas of Northern China

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Hongyan Han ◽  
Lin Sun ◽  
Na Na ◽  
Haiwen Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Bacterial Succession ◽  
Fermentation Quality

Whole-plant corn silage is a predominant forage for livestock that is processed in Heilongjiang province (Daqing city and Longjiang county), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Helin county and Tumet Left Banner) and Shanxi province (Taigu and Shanyin counties) of North China; it was sampled at 0, 5, 14, 45 and 90 days after ensiling. Bacterial community and fermentation quality were analysed. During fermentation, the pH was reduced to below 4.0, lactic acid increased to above 73 g/kg DM (p < 0.05) and Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial community and had a reducing abundance after 14 days. In the final silages, butyric acid was not detected, and the contents of acetic acid and ammonia nitrogen were below 35 g/kg DM and 100 g/kg total nitrogen, respectively. Compared with silages from Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, silages from Shanxi contained less Lactobacillus and more Leuconostoc (p < 0.05), and had a separating bacterial community from 14 to 90 days. Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with pH in all the silages (p < 0.05), and positively correlated with lactic and acetic acid in silages from Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia (p < 0.05). The results show that the final silages had satisfactory fermentation quality. During the ensilage process, silages from Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia had similar bacterial-succession patterns; the activity of Lactobacillus formed and maintained good fermentation quality in whole-plant corn silage.

Comparative denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of fungal communities associated with whole plant corn silage

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 829-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A May ◽  
Brenda Smiley ◽  
Michael G Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Significant portions of grain produced for livestock consumption are converted into ensiled forage. Silage producers have long recognized the positive effects of using an inoculant to insure the proper transformation of forage into a palatable and digestible feedstuff. When silage is fed from a storage structure, exposure to air stimulates the growth of epiphytic aerobes that may result in the loss of up to 50% of the dry matter. Moreover, fungi have been found to be associated with ensiled forage, but their growth is normally suppressed by the anaerobic conditions. However, the introduction of oxygen results in a fungal bloom, and the fungi and the associated metabolites may result in lost productivity in the livestock consuming the contaminated forage. In this study, we report on the diversity of the fungal community associated with whole plant corn silage during the ensiling process, and the effect of two different bacterial inoculants as compared with the uninoculated natural epiphytic fermentation on the distribution of the fungi associated with the silage. The fungal community from duplicate mini-silo packages of the same treatment was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and direct sequencing of the resulting operational taxonomic units. This method proved useful in analyzing the complex microbial communities associated with the forage in that it was possible to determine that one inoculant dramatically influenced the fungal community associated with whole plant corn silage.Key words: fungi, silage, DGGE, OTU.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with formic acid and formic acid–formaldehyde

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thompson ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
C. R. Lonsdale ◽  
M. J. Haines ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Total Amino Acids

1. A primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL., cv. S23) was partially wilted and ensiled after the application of eitherformic acid–water (1:3, w/v; 7.1 1/t fresh herbage; control diet C) or formic acid–formaldehyde (1:1, w/w; 8·81/t fresh herbage; formaldehyde treated diet F) which supplied 50gHCHO/kg crude protein (nitrogen (N) × 6·25). The two silages were fed separately and a third diet comprising formaldehyde-treated silage, supplemented with urea (20 g/kg dry matter dm) at the time of feeding was also examined (dietFU).2. The three diets were fed at a level of 16 g dm/kg live weight to six 3- to six-month-old cattle fitted with rumen and re-entrant duodenal cannulas in two 3 × 3 LatinSquare experiments, and measurements were made of the digestion of energy, carbohydrateand N.3. The formaldehyde-treated silage had a lower content of fermentation acids and ammoma-N and a higher content of water-soluble carbohydrate and total amino acids. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, energy and N were depressed (P < 0·05, P < 0·05 and P < 0·01 respectively) by treatment with formaldehyde, but cellulose and neutral-detergent fibre digestibility were unaffected.4. Within the rumen the digestion of organic matter, cellulose and neutral-detergent fibre were unaffected by formaldehyde treatment or supplementation with urea. Microbial protein synthesis in the rumen was similar for the three diets (average 131 g/kg apparently digested organic matter in the rumen).5. The application of formic acid-formaldehyde increased (P < 0·05) the amount of food protein escaping degradation in the rumen (4·76 diet C, 6·89 diet F; 7·07 diet FU g/kg protein intake). The contribution of amino acidsof dietary origin al the duodenum increased (P < 0·05) from 50 (diet C) to 80 (diet F) and 82 (diet FU) g/kg DM intake, and the flow of total amino acids at the duodenum was 33% higher (P < 0·001) in cattle fed formic acid–form aldehyde silage diets compared withthe control silage due to the reduction in degradation of protein at ensiling and in therumen.

Forage conservation in round bales or silage bags: effect on ensiling characteristics and animal performance

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
R. E. McQueen ◽  
E. Charmley ◽  
R. S. Bush
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Acetic Acids

In the first of two experiments to determine the ensiling characteristics of big bale silage, forage was ensiled in round bales (1.2 m diameter × 1.2 m length) at 350–400 (wetter) or 450–500 (drier) g kg−1 dry matter (DM) content by wrapping in plastic. Initial fermentation was more rapid in the wetter bales, as shown by a more rapid and extensive drop in pH and increase in concentration of lactic and acetic acids. The initial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) log counts ranged from 105 and 107 units and were higher for the wetter bales through day 9. By day 58, counts had declined and there were no differences due to moisture level. Water soluble carbohydrate content was higher (P < 0.01) for the drier bales. Ammonia N was higher (P < 0.01) in the wetter bales. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) did not differ (P > 0.05) due to moisture level at day 9 or day 58. In the second experiment, bales ensiled at (mean ± SE) 390 ± 90 g kg−1 DM content (bale silage) were compared for ensiling characteristics and nutritive value with similar forage chopped and packed in a plastic bag (bag silage). The bag silage had a faster and more extensive drop in pH and increase in concentrations of lactic and acetic acids. Temperatures were approximately 6 °C higher in the bag than in the bale silages over the first 30 d. LAB counts increased faster in the bag silage and then declined and were lower (P < 0.05) than in the bale silage at day 60. Clostridia counts were low in the bag silage and in some bales but exceeded 106 viable spores in other bales. There were no differences between the two silages in digestibility by sheep. However, beef calves fed the bag silage gained more weight with better feed efficiency than those fed bale silage (P < 0.01). Calves fed the bale silage responded to protein (soybean meal) supplementation with increased gain and improved feed conversion, but there was no response with the bag silage. The bag silage had, on average, less NPN (468 vs. 585 g kg−1 total N) than the bale silage. Key words: Silage, big round bales, bag, protein supplementation, cattle performance

Increased intake responses from beef steers zero-grazed on Lolium perenne selected for high levels of water soluble carbohydrate

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 86-86
Author(s):  
M.R.F. Lee ◽  
R.T. Evans ◽  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
M.O. Humphreys ◽  
M. K. Theodorou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Fresh forages may result in the loss of up to 40% of dietary nitrogen as rumen ammonia, as the microbial population is unable to utilise all the non-protein nitrogen released from rapidly degradable plant proteins. This may be due to the characteristically low levels of readily available energy released in the rumen, primarily as a result of the low levels of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) in traditional forages. In a previous experiment Lee et al, (1999) found an increase in liveweight gain of pre-weaned lambs grazing Lolium perenne selected for high WSC concentrations. This study examined whether the enhanced performance on high WSC grass may be related to increased supply of nitrogen to the small intestine.

Effect of silage additives on the microbial succession and fermentation process of alfalfa and whole-plant maize silages

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 156-156
Author(s):  
K. K. Bolsen ◽  
B. E. Brent ◽  
Chunjian Lin
Keyword(s):  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Microbial Succession ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Alfalfa is recognized as more difficult to ensile than maize. Typically, multiple alfalfa cuttings are harvested at various stages of maturity, and numerous maize hybrids that vary in their nutritive value are used for silage production in North America. The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of commercial bacterial inoculant and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) additions on the microbial succession and silage fermentation process of two cuttings of alfalfa and three whole-plant maize hybrids.In 1989, second and fourth cuttings of alfalfa were mowed and swathed at the late-bud, 10% bloom, and 50% bloom stages of maturity within each cutting and wilted in the windrow for 5 to 6 hours prior to precision chopping. Three maize hybrids (Pioneer 3377, 3379, and 3389) were grown under irrigation in 1989 and harvested at the two-third milk line of kernel maturity.

scholarly journals Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Ya Tao ◽  
Dongze Niu ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Sasa Zuo ◽  
Qizhong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Oxytropis glabra (OG) is a leguminous forage that is potentially valuable for solving the shortage of feed for livestock production, while, in large quantities, it may be toxic because of its swainsonine (SW) content. In this study, OG was ensiled with whole-plant corn (Zea mays L.) at 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 0:10 ratios on a fresh matter basis, and, after 60 d of ensiling, the chemical composition, fermentation characteristic, SW removal rate, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, and their capabilities for SW removal were analyzed. As the proportion of corn in the silage increased, the pH, as well as the propionic acid, ammonia-N, dry matter, crude protein, and SW contents, decreased linearly, while the lactic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and residual water-soluble carbohydrate contents increased linearly. Lactobacillus plantarum was the most common microorganism present in all mixture silages. Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillusbrevis were prevalent at lower ratios of corn to OG. Meanwhile, the LAB strains belong to L. amylovorus and L. plantarum had a higher SW removal rate. Our results suggested that ensiling OG with whole-plant corn improves fermentation and decreases SW content, and that 5:5 is the optimal ratio, so this type of mixed silage could make OG useable for ruminant production.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF GENUS BACTERIA BACILLUS ON QUALITY OF Lactuca sativa L.

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
O. V. Doroshchuk ◽  
J. N. Kalatskaja ◽  
N. A. Laman ◽  
V. V. Minkova ◽  
M. N. Mandrik-Litvinkovich
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Wide Range

Primal problem of vegetable growing is constant supply of the population with all types of vegetables, including green cultures. Green cultures are vegetables that have high nutritional value and precocity. However they often are infected by phytopathogenic microorganisms already at initial stages of ontogenesis at cultivation in closed soil conditions. It leads to emergence of disjointed shoots, deterioration of growth and development of plants and loss of quality. Now in the Republic of Belarus a number of biological substances on the basis of bacteria Bacillus was developed. They are used against diseases of plants of mushroom and bacterial etiology. However there is not information about influence of bacteria on quality of products of green cultures. The aim of the work was studying of influence of two strains of bacteria Bacillus that were introduced in peat substrate on efficiency and quality of lettuce. Two strains of bacteria Bacillus were used in the work. They were selected from the soil. The strains are Bacillus subtilis M9/6 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM that have high antagonistic activity to a wide range of phytopathogens. Cultivation of plants carried out in containers of 250 ml under light installations with illuminating intensity 13-15 thousand luxury and lasting irradiating of 14 hours before technical ripeness of lettuce. It was established that the application of strain Bacillus subtilis M9/6 (in concentration 106 cells/ml, 10 ml/l of substrate) and the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM (5 ml/l of substrate) in substrate before sowing increased nutrition value of lettuce. Dry matter content, water-soluble carbohydrates (mono - and disaccharides) content and vitamin C content increased. The bacterial strain B. amyloliquefaciens 23TM also promoted accumulation of vitamin B2. The content of nitrates in lettuce leaves decreased on 50,3% and 39,1%, respectively. It was shown that the application of bacteria in substrate before sowing of crop has a greater influence on quality of lettuce, than watering of shoots.

scholarly journals Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Inoculation on Chemical Composition, Fermentation, and Bacterial Community Composition of Ensiled Sweet Corn Whole Plant or Stover

Fermentation ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Zhi-Yuan Ma ◽  
Emilio Ungerfeld ◽  
Zhu Ouyang ◽  
Xiao-Ling Zhou ◽  
Xue-Feng Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Genus Lactobacillus

Sweet corn is a feed resource with a high content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) available for ruminant production. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus plantarum on fermentation and nutritional quality of sweet corn silage. Sweet corn whole plant (WP) and sweet corn stover (CS) were ensiled in mini silos with or without inoculation of L. plantarum. Proximate composition and fermentation variables, and composition of the bacterial community, were evaluated before ensiling and at the end of the first, second, and third month after ensiling. There was fiber degradation in CS silage after three months of ensilage, but not in WP silage. Inoculation of WP silage, but not of CS silage, with L. plantarum, increased starch content. The relative abundance of genus Lactobacillus was increased by inoculation with L. plantarum by 14.2% and 82.2% in WP and CS silage, respectively. Inoculation with L. plantarum was not necessary to achieve adequate fermentation of either WP or CS silage, as the abundance of native lactic acid bacteria in both materials seemed suitable for adequate fermentation. That said, increased starch content in WP resulting from inoculation with L. plantarum can increase the nutritive value of WP for ruminants.

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