scholarly journals Identification of a ubiquitous family of membrane proteins and their expression in mouse brain

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457
Author(s):  
T.R. Grossman ◽  
J.M. Luque ◽  
N. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Unique Structure ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Novel Protein

A family of genes encoding membrane proteins with a unique structure has been identified in DNA and cDNA clones of various eukaryotes ranging from yeast to human. The nucleotide sequences of three novel cDNAs from Drosophila melanogaster and mouse were determined. The amino acid sequences of the two mouse proteins have human homologs. The gene (TMS1) encoding the yeast member of this family was disrupted, and the resulting mutant showed no significant phenotype under several stress conditions. The expression of the mouse genes TMS-1 and TMS-2 was examined by in situ hybridization of sections from brain, liver, kidney, heart and testis of an adult mouse as well as in a 1-day-old whole mouse. While the expression of TMS-2 was found to be restricted to the central nervous system, TMS-1 was also expressed in kidney and testis. The expression of TMS-1 and TMS-2 in the brain overlapped and was localized to areas associated with glutamatergic excitatory neurons, such as the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. High-magnification analysis indicated that both mRNAs are expressed in neurons. Semiquantitative analysis of mRNA expression was performed in various parts of the brain. The conservation, unique structure and localization in the mammalian brain of this novel protein family suggest an important biological role.

Overlapping and diverse distribution of Na–K ATPase isozymes in neurons and glia

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (S1) ◽  
pp. S255-S259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen J. Sweadner
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The Na–K ATPase is the plasma membrane enzyme that catalyzes the active uptake of K+ and extrusion of Na+, thereby establishing ion concentration gradients between the inside and outside of the cell. It consumes a large fraction of the energy used in the brain. The enzyme is present in both neurons and glia. Studies of ion flux and of the properties of membrane-associated ATPase activity have suggested that there is more than one functional type of Na–K ATPase in the central nervous system. Molecular cloning has demonstrated that there are three different genes encoding catalytic (α) subunits and at least two genes encoding glycoprotein (β) subunits; all are expressed in the brain. This brief review summarizes the current understanding of Na–K ATPase isozyme distribution and properties. Both neurons and glia can express different isoforms in a cell-specific manner.Key words: Na–K ATPase, monoclonal antibody, immunofluorescence, central nervous system, retina, in situ hybridization.

scholarly journals Limbic Expression of mRNA Coding for Chemoreceptors in Human Brain—Lessons from Brain Atlases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6858
Author(s):  
Fanny Gaudel ◽  
Gaëlle Guiraudie-Capraz ◽  
François Féron
Keyword(s):  
G Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trace Amines ◽  
Chemical Senses ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Atlases

Animals strongly rely on chemical senses to uncover the outside world and adjust their behaviour. Chemical signals are perceived by facial sensitive chemosensors that can be clustered into three families, namely the gustatory (TASR), olfactory (OR, TAAR) and pheromonal (VNR, FPR) receptors. Over recent decades, chemoreceptors were identified in non-facial parts of the body, including the brain. In order to map chemoreceptors within the encephalon, we performed a study based on four brain atlases. The transcript expression of selected members of the three chemoreceptor families and their canonical partners was analysed in major areas of healthy and demented human brains. Genes encoding all studied chemoreceptors are transcribed in the central nervous system, particularly in the limbic system. RNA of their canonical transduction partners (G proteins, ion channels) are also observed in all studied brain areas, reinforcing the suggestion that cerebral chemoreceptors are functional. In addition, we noticed that: (i) bitterness-associated receptors display an enriched expression, (ii) the brain is equipped to sense trace amines and pheromonal cues and (iii) chemoreceptor RNA expression varies with age, but not dementia or brain trauma. Extensive studies are now required to further understand how the brain makes sense of endogenous chemicals.

Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Parr ◽  
M.J. Shea ◽  
G. Vassileva ◽  
A.P. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Discrete Domains ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
The Brain

Mutation and expression studies have implicated the Wnt gene family in early developmental decision making in vertebrates and flies. In a detailed comparative analysis, we have used in situ hybridization of 8.0- to 9.5-day mouse embryos to characterize expression of all ten published Wnt genes in the central nervous system (CNS) and limb buds. Seven of the family members show restricted expression patterns in the brain. At least three genes (Wnt-3, Wnt-3a, and Wnt-7b) exhibit sharp boundaries of expression in the forebrain that may predict subdivisions of the region later in development. In the spinal cord, Wnt-1, Wnt-3, and Wnt-3a are expressed dorsally, Wnt-5a, Wnt-7a, and Wnt-7b more ventrally, and Wnt-4 both dorsally and in the floor plate. In the forelimb primordia, Wnt-3, Wnt-4, Wnt-6 and Wnt-7b are expressed fairly uniformly throughout the limb ectoderm. Wnt-5a RNA is distributed in a proximal to distal gradient through the limb mesenchyme and ectoderm. Along the limb's dorsal-ventral axis, Wnt-5a is expressed in the ventral ectoderm and Wnt-7a in the dorsal ectoderm. We discuss the significance of these patterns of restricted and partially overlapping domains of expression with respect to the putative function of Wnt signalling in early CNS and limb development.

Organization and expression of the chicken N-myc gene

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2017-2026
Author(s):  
S Sawai ◽  
K Kato ◽  
Y Wakamatsu ◽  
H Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Noncoding Exon ◽  
Exon 1 ◽  
Myc Gene ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Flanking Region ◽  
High Level

We cloned the chicken N-myc gene and analyzed its structure and expression. We found that it consisted of three exons with coding regions in exons 2 and 3. Comparison to mammalian N-myc genomic sequence indicated that nucleotide sequences of the 5'-flanking region, noncoding exon 1, and introns were not conserved, but coding and 3' noncoding sequences showed significant homology to mammalian N-myc. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of chicken and mammalian N-myc proteins revealed nine conserved domains interrupted by different lengths of nonhomologous sequences. Two of the domains were specific to N-myc proteins, and the other seven were common to c-myc proteins. Northern blot (immunoblot) and in situ hybridization analyses of 3.5-day-old chicken embryos revealed that high-level expression of the N-myc gene was confirmed to certain tissues, e.g., the central nervous system, neural crest derivatives, and mesenchyme of limb buds. In the beak and limb primordia, N-myc expression in the mesenchyme was higher toward the distal end, suggesting possible involvement in positional assignment of the tissue within the rudimentary structures.

scholarly journals Neuronal MCP-1 Expression in Response to Remote Nerve Injury

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Flügel ◽  
Gerhard Hager ◽  
Andrea Horvat ◽  
Christoph Spitzer ◽  
Gamal M. A. Singer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Nerve Lesion ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant ◽  
Direct Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Activation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inducible Protein ◽  
The Brain

Direct injury of the brain is followed by inflammatory responses regulated by cytokines and chemoattractants secreted from resident glia and invading cells of the peripheral immune system. In contrast, after remote lesion of the central nervous system, exemplified here by peripheral transection or crush of the facial and hypoglossal nerve, the locally observed inflammatory activation is most likely triggered by the damaged cells themselves, that is, the injured neurons. The authors investigated the expression of the chemoattractants monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1, regulation on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and interferon-gamma inducible protein IP10 after peripheral nerve lesion of the facial and hypoglossal nuclei. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed an induction of neuronal MCP-1 expression within 6 hours postoperation, reaching a peak at 3 days and remaining up-regulated for up to 6 weeks. MCP-1 expression was almost exclusively confined to neurons but was also present on a few scattered glial cells. The authors found no alterations in the level of expression and cellular distribution of RANTES or IP10, which were both confined to neurons. Protein expression of the MCP-1 receptor CCR2 did not change. MCP-1, expressed by astrocytes and activated microglia, has been shown to be crucial for monocytic, or T-cell chemoattraction, or both. Accordingly, expression of MCP-1 by neurons and its corresponding receptor in microglia suggests that this chemokine is involved in neuron and microglia interaction.

scholarly journals Expression and distribution of synaptotagmin isoforms in the zebrafish retina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Henry ◽  
Christina Joselevitch ◽  
Gary G. Matthews ◽  
Lonnie P. Wollmuth
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Ribbon Synapses ◽  
The Family ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Asynchronous Release ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTSynaptotagmins belong to a large family of proteins. While various synaptotagmins have been implicated as Ca2+ sensors for vesicle replenishment and release at conventional synapses, their roles at retinal ribbon synapses remain incompletely understood. Zebrafish is a widely used experimental model for retinal research. We therefore investigated the homology between human, rat, mouse, and zebrafish synaptotagmins 1 to 10 using a bioinformatics approach. We also characterized the expression and distribution of various synaptotagmin (syt) genes in the zebrafish retina using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization, focusing on the family members whose products likely underlie Ca2+-dependent exocytosis in the central nervous system (synaptotagmins 1, 2, 5 and 7). We find that most zebrafish synaptotagmins are well conserved and can be grouped in the same classes as mammalian synaptotagmins, based on crucial amino acid residues needed for coordinating Ca2+ binding and determining phospholipid binding affinity. The only exception is synaptotagmin 1b, which lacks 34 amino acid residues in the C2B domain and is therefore unlikely to bind Ca2+ there. Additionally, the products of zebrafish syt5a and syt5b genes share identity with mammalian class 1 and 5 synaptotagmins. Zebrafish syt1, syt2, syt5 and syt7 paralogues are found in the zebrafish brain, eye, and retina, excepting syt1b, which is only present in the brain. The complementary expression pattern of the remaining paralogues in the retina suggests that syt1a and syt5a may underlie synchronous release and syt7a and syt7b may mediate asynchronous release or other Ca2+ dependent processes in different types of retinal neurons.

Nose to Brain Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-299
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Varun Garg ◽  
Neeraj Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
System A ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Nose to brain drug delivery system is an interesting approach to deliver a drug directly in the brain through the nose. Intranasal drug delivery is very beneficial because it avoids first-pass metabolism and achieves a greater concentration of drugs in the central nervous system (CNS) at a low dose. This delivery system is used for the treatment of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, dementia, brain cancer, etc. To treat such types of diseases, different formulations like nanoparticles (NPs), microemulsions, in situ gel, etc. can be used depending on the physiochemical properties of the drug. In this review, some essential characteristics related to the delivery of nose to the brain and their possible obstacles are underlined, which include anatomy and physiology of nose to brain delivery. This review also summarizes innovations from the past three to five years.

scholarly journals Cloning of DNA corresponding to rare transcripts of rat brain: evidence of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control and of the existence of nonpolyadenylated transcripts.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 2187-2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Brilliant ◽  
N Sueoka ◽  
D M Chikaraishi
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Clone ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
The Brain

To examine the expression of genes encoding rare transcripts in the rat brain, we have characterized genomic DNA clones corresponding to this class. In brain cells, as in all cell types, rare transcripts constitute the majority of different sequences transcribed. Moreover, when compared with other tissues or cultured cells, brain tissue may be expected to have an even larger set of rare transcripts, some of which could be restricted to subpopulations of neural cells. We have identified seven clones whose transcripts are nonabundant, averaging less than three copies per cell. Clone rg13 (rat genomic 13) RNA was detected only in the brain, whereas RNA of a second clone, rg40, was also detected in the brain and in a melanoma. Transcripts of rg13 were found in cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and regions underlying the cortex, whereas rg40 transcripts were not detected in the cerebellum. Transcripts of both rg13 and rg40 were found in pelleted polysomal RNA. RNA of another clone, rg34, was found in the brain, liver, and kidney but was found in pelleted polysomal RNA only in the brain, suggesting that its expression may be post-transcriptionally controlled. The remaining four clones represent rare transcripts that are common to the brain, liver, and kidney; rg18 RNA is restricted to the nucleus, whereas rg3, rg26, and rg36 transcripts are found in the cytoplasm of all three tissues. Transcripts of the brain-specific clone, rg13, and the commonly expressed clone, rg3, are nonpolyadenylated, presumably belonging to the high-complexity, nonpolyadenylated class of transcripts in the mammalian brain.

scholarly journals Protein-, (Poly)peptide-, and Amino Acid-Based Nanostructures Prepared via Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2603
Author(s):  
Spyridon Varlas ◽  
Georgia L. Maitland ◽  
Matthew J. Derry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Direct Construction ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Proteins And Peptides ◽  
Novel Protein

Proteins and peptides, built from precisely defined amino acid sequences, are an important class of biomolecules that play a vital role in most biological functions. Preparation of nanostructures through functionalization of natural, hydrophilic proteins/peptides with synthetic polymers or upon self-assembly of all-synthetic amphiphilic copolypept(o)ides and amino acid-containing polymers enables access to novel protein-mimicking biomaterials with superior physicochemical properties and immense biorelevant scope. In recent years, polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has been established as an efficient and versatile alternative method to existing self-assembly procedures for the reproducible development of block copolymer nano-objects in situ at high concentrations and, thus, provides an ideal platform for engineering protein-inspired nanomaterials. In this review article, the different strategies employed for direct construction of protein-, (poly)peptide-, and amino acid-based nanostructures via PISA are described with particular focus on the characteristics of the developed block copolymer assemblies, as well as their utilization in various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Cellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization (catFISH) in the transcardially perfused rat brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Gheidi ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Christopher J Fitzpatrick ◽  
Rachel L Atkinson ◽  
Jonathan D Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Compartment Analysis ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cellular Compartment ◽  
Study Gene Expression ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCellular compartment analysis of temporal activity by fluorescent in situ hybridization (catFISH) allows high spatiotemporal resolution mapping of immediate early genes in the brain in response to internal/external stimuli. One caveat of this technique and indeed other methods of in situ hybridization is the necessity of flash-freezing the brain prior to staining. Often however, the mammalian brain is transcardially perfused to use the brain tissue for immunohistochemistry, the most widely-used technique to study gene expression. The present study illustrates how the original catFISH protocol can be modified for use in adult rats that have been transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde. c-Fos activity induced by either an auditory tone or status epilepticus was visualized using the catFISH procedure. Analysis of the rat prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala shows that a clear distinction can be made between the compartmental distribution of c-Fos mRNA in the nuclei and cytoplasmic regions. Furthermore, the qualitative proportion of c-Fos compartmentalization is similar to previous reports of c-Fos expression pattern in rodents navigating novel environments. c-Fos catFISH on perfused rodent brains is an valuable addition to the traditional histological methods using fluorescently labeled riboprobes, and opens several avenues for future investigations.

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