Antibiogram and recent incidence of multi-drug resistant carbapenemase producing Escherichia coli isolated from paediatric patients

Objective: To gauge the recent breadth of MDR E. coli along with antibiogram of carbapenemase producing (CP) E. coli among children from an institute which receives patients from all over Punjab. Methods: The bacterial strains of E. coli isolated from various specimens of patients were collected from April 2017 to August 2018 and processed using standard biochemical tests and API 20E system (bioMerieux). Phenotypic screening for CP E. coli was done by the modified Hodge test, whereas antibiotic susceptibility testing was done with Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results: Total of 6,468 bacterial strains were isolated, out of which 1,552 (24%) were E. coli. Carbapenem resistance was observed in 245 (16%) strains, amongst which 113 (46%) were confirmed to be CP. E. coli isolated from males were higher as compared to females (p<0.05). Majority of the organisms were isolated from blood (37.2%) samples. The hospital discharged about 65% of patients, while 23% left against medical advice. Overall MDR amongst E. coli was 93.26%. Colistin sulphate (15.9%) and nitrofurantoin (16.8%) showed the most efficacy followed by amikacin (15%) and fosfomycin (10.6%). Conclusion: The isolation of high number of MDR E. coli amongst the paediatric patients is worrisome, which could serve as a potential source of horizontal genes transfer to other genera. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.928 How to cite this:Nosheen S, Bukhari NI, Ejaz H, Abbas N. Antibiogram and recent incidence of multi-drug resistant carbapenemase producing Escherichia coli isolated from paediatric patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.928 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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High frequency of simultaneous presence of ESBL and carbapenemase producers among nosocomial coliform isolates in Faisalabad, Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.12669/pjms.37.1.3192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sofia Irfan ◽

Aysha Azhar ◽

Asad Bashir Awan ◽

Salman Ahmad ◽

Abdul Haque

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Original Work ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Simultaneous Presence ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

E Coli ◽

Creative Commons ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Open Access Article ◽

Phenotypic Susceptibility

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to find prevalence of relevant ESBL and carbapenemase producing genes in nosocomial E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates and to check phenotypic susceptibility of all ESBL positive isolates to carbapenems. Methods: Forty ESBL producing clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (n=33) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=7) were examined for the presence of β-lactamase genes (CTX-M, CTX-M-1, 2, 3, 4 and TEM). Carbapenem resistance was checked phenotypically and by presence of blaNDM-1 gene. Results: Nine (27%) were positive for CTX-M genes, and 10 (30%) for TEM among E. coli isolates. Importantly, six isolates showed co-existence of CTX-M and TEM genes. In K. pneumoniae, two (28%) isolates were positive for CTX-M and one (14%) for TEM genes. Eight (24%) E. coli and one (14%) K. pneumoniae isolates were positive for CTX-M-1. Respective figures for CTX-M-4 were three (10%) and one (14%). CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-3 groups were not represented. Twenty (50%) isolates were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem out of which only four isolates expressed blaNDM-1 gene. Conclusions: The significant presence of both ESBL and carbapenemase producers and co-existence of ESBL and carbapenemases in the same isolates is worrisome. Abbreviations: ESBL: Extended spectrum β-lactamase. MBL: Metallo-betlactamase. PCR: Polymerase chain reaction. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3192 How to cite this:Irfan S, Azhar A, Bashir A, Ahmed S, Haque A. High frequency of simultaneous presence of ESBL and carbapenemase producers among nosocomial coliform isolates in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):34-39. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3192 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Carbapenemase production in hospital isolates of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Serbia

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp150917260t ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (8) ◽

pp. 715-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anika Trudic ◽

Zora Jelesic ◽

Mira Mihajlovic-Ukropina ◽

Deana Medic ◽

Branka Zivlak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Novi Sad

Background/Aim. Carbapenem resistance has escalated in medically important enterobacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli worldwide. Multidrug-resistant strains represent an important source of concern as effective therapeutic options of infections they cause are limited or none. There were no comprehensive studies considering the presence of carbapenemase production in enterobacteria in Serbia so far. The aim of the study was to determine carbapenemase production in hospital isolates of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli in Serbia. Methods. Strains of K. pneumoniae and E. coli resistant to at least one carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem) were collected from November 2013 to May 2014. Isolates were obtained from clinical samples of patients treated in 14 hospitals in Serbia. Carbapenem resistance was confirmed using phenotypic tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in National Reference Laboratory for Registration and Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Strains in Novi Sad. Results. Of 129 collected strains, 121 (93.8%) were K. pneumoniae and 8 (6.2%) were E. coli. Seventy (54.3%) strains were obtained from urine, 26 (20.2%) from blood, 19 (14.7%) from wound secretions and 14 (10.9%) from lower respiratory tract secretions. Carbapenemase genes were detected in 58 (45%) isolates. The gene bla New Delhimetallo-beta-lactamases (blaNDM) was found in 33 (27.3%) K. pneumoniae, bla oxacillinases-48 (blaOXA-48) in 10 (8.3%), bla K. pneumonia carbapenemase (blaKPC) in 1 (0.8%), and 7 (5.4%) strains harbored both blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. Seven E.coli harbored blaNDM gene. Conclusions. In Serbia, the most common type of carbapenemase in both multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli is NDM. Co-production of OXA-48 and NDM was found in K. pneumoniae. To our knowledge, KPC production was detected for the first time in Serbia.

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Detection of Carbapenemase Production in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1011.049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 438-450

Author(s):

Harvinder Kaur Sneha Mohan ◽

Tarana Sarwat Dalip K. Kakru

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Polymyxin B ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Klebsiella Species ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Carbapenem Resistant

The increasingly frequent application of carbapenemases induces a selective pressure on bacteria to acquire resistance against carbapenems. A large variety of carbapenemases have been identified in Enterobacteriaceae. The emergence of carbapenemases in E. coli and Klebsiella species possess a serious therapeutic problem in hospitals because carbapenems are often antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. The main aim of this study to determine the carbapenem-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Detection of carbapenemase enzyme in the carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. This is a cross-sectional study, performed in the bacteriological laboratory. A total of 204 strains of Escherichia coli and 122 strains of Klebsiella species were isolated from patients admitted & attending the OPD at Sharda Hospital during the study period. The identification of the clinical isolates was based on morphological and biochemicals characterization. Result: Among the total number of bacterial growth received during the study period, the E. coli (204) was more in number as compared to other bacterial strains followed by Klebsiella species (122), Pseudomonas species (117), Staphylococcus aureus (100) and Enterococcus species (80). Among the following specimen i.e, urine (58.8%), was highly received during the study period followed by pus (15.3%) and sputum (7.5%). Colistin (100%) and Polymyxin B (100%) is found to be the most sensitive drug. Gentamicin (19.6%) and Cefuroxime (12.2%) are the least sensitive drugs. In the present study, we found that the Klebsiella species (75%) and Escherichia coli (64%) was the major reason of carbapenemase production but the organisms incidentally were susceptible to colistin and polymyxins (100%) followed by other antibiotics. This is a welcome finding in times of increasing carbapenem resistance & is reason enough to suggest the use of Polymyxins in the health care settings where the carbapenems to be used for the treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae.

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Emergence of High Level Carbapenem and Extensively Drug Resistant Escherichia coli ST746 Producing NDM-5 in Influent of Wastewater Treatment Plant, Seoul, South Korea

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.645411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hanseob Shin ◽

Yeonghyeon Kim ◽

Dukki Han ◽

Hor-Gil Hur

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Wastewater Treatment ◽

South Korea ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Extensively Drug Resistant ◽

High Level

High level carbapenem and extensively drug resistant (XDR) Escherichia coli strain N7, which produces a variant of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-5), was isolated from the influent of the Jungnang wastewater treatment plant located on Han River, Seoul, South Korea. Phenotypic and genotypic resistances to carbapenem were tested using agar and broth dilution methods, and polymerase chain reaction. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to characterize the genetic structure of strain N7. E. coli strain N7, which harbors the blaNDM–5 gene, showed high level of carbapenem resistance at concentrations of doripenem (512 mg/L) and meropenem (256 mg/L), and XDR to 15 antibiotics. Based on the genomic sequence analysis, two plasmids, a hybrid IncHI2/N-type and an IncX3 type, were present. The former contains a cluster (blaNDM–5-bleMBL-trpF-dsbD) bracketed by multi-insertional sequences, IS3000, ISAba125, IS5, and IS26. The latter carries the following resistance genes: blaCTX–14, aac(3)-IV, aadA1, aadA2, aph(3′)-Ia, aph(4)-Ia, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA12, fosA3, oqxA, oqxB, mph(A), and floR, and cmlA1. The chromosome, contig3, and contig5 also carry blaCTX–64 and mdf(A), tet(A), and erm(B), tet(M) and aadA22, respectively. Strain N7 also harbors virulence factors such as fimH, flu, ecpABCDE, sfmA, hlyE, and gadA. This study demonstrates the emergence of high level carbapenem resistant XDR E. coli strain N7 containing blaNDM–5 in aquatic environment, Seoul, South Korea. Due to the presence of mobile genetic elements, this strain could horizontally transfer resistance genes, including blaNDM–5 to environmental bacteria. Thus, it is necessary to conduct continuous surveillance for carbapenem resistance in various aquatic environments.

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High prevalence of qnrA and qnrB genes among fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from a tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00475-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chibuzor M. Nsofor ◽

Mirabeau Y. Tattfeng ◽

Chijioke A. Nsofor

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Diffusion Technique ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

And Control

Abstract Background This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of qnr genes among fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (FREC) isolates from Nigeria. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion technique. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify Escherichia coli (E. coli) and for the detection of qnr genes. Results A total of 206 non-duplicate E. coli were isolated from 300 clinical specimens analyzed. In all, 30 (14.6%) of these isolates were FREC; the resistance to fluoroquinolones among these 30 FREC showed 80% (24), 86.7% (26), 86.7% (26), 100% (30), 86.7% (26), 93.3% (28) and 86.7% (26) were resistant to pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. The distribution of FREC among the various sample sources analyzed showed that 14%, 10%, 13.3%, 16.7% and 20% of the isolates came from urine, stool, high vaginal swab, endo cervical swab and wound swab specimens, respectively. More FREC were isolated from female samples 73.3% (22) compared to male samples 26.7% (8) and were more prevalent among the age group 26–35 years (40%). Twenty eight out of the 30 (93.3%) FREC isolates possessed at least one fluoroquinolone resistance gene in the form of qnrA 10 (33.3%) and qnrB 18 (60%), respectively; qnrS was not detected among the FREC isolates analyzed and 13.5% of the isolates possessed both the qnrA and qnrB genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these isolates were genetically diverse. Conclusions These findings suggest a possible resistance to fluoroquinolone is of high interest for better management of patients and control of antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria.

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Mechanistic insights into synergy between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02074-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amit Gaurav ◽

Varsha Gupta ◽

Sandeep K. Shrivastava ◽

Ranjana Pathania

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Infection Model ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has become a global health problem. Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen due to its capacity to persist in the hospital environment. It has a high mortality rate and few treatment options. Antibiotic combinations can help to fight multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, but they are rarely used in the clinics and mostly unexplored. The interaction between bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics are mostly reported as antagonism based on the results obtained in the susceptible model laboratory strain Escherichia coli. However, in the present study, we report a synergistic interaction between nalidixic acid and tetracycline against clinical multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and E. coli. Here we provide mechanistic insight into this dichotomy. The synergistic combination was studied by checkerboard assay and time-kill curve analysis. We also elucidate the mechanism behind this synergy using several techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, morphometric analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline combination displayed synergy against most of the MDR clinical isolates of A. baumannii and E. coli but not against susceptible isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination is also effective in vivo in an A. baumannii/Caenorhabditis elegans infection model (p < 0.001)

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ESBL Activity, MDR, and Carbapenem Resistance among Predominant Enterobacterales Isolated in 2019

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10060744 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 744

Author(s):

Altaf Bandy ◽

Bilal Tantry

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽

Chi Square ◽

E Coli ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Resistance Rates

Antimicrobial-resistance in Enterobacterales is a serious concern in Saudi Arabia. The present study retrospectively analyzed the antibiograms of Enterobacterales identified from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 from a referral hospital in the Aljouf region of Saudi Arabia. The revised document of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) CR-2015 and Magiorakos et al.’s document were used to define carbapenem resistance and classify resistant bacteria, respectively. The association of carbapenem resistance, MDR, and ESBL with various sociodemographic characteristics was assessed by the chi-square test and odds ratios. In total, 617 Enterobacterales were identified. The predominant (n = 533 (86.4%)) isolates consisted of 232 (37.6%), 200 (32.4%), and 101 (16.4%) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, respectively. In general, 432 (81.0%) and 128 (24.0%) isolates were of MDR and ESBL, respectively. The MDR strains were recovered in higher frequency from intensive care units (OR = 3.24 (1.78–5.91); p < 0.01). E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistance rates to imipenem (2.55 (1.21–5.37); p < 0.01) and meropenem (2.18 (1.01–4.67); p < 0.04), respectively, were significantly higher in winter. The data emphasize that MDR isolates among Enterobacterales are highly prevalent. The studied Enterobacterales exhibited seasonal variation in antimicrobial resistance rates towards carbapenems and ESBL activity.

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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of potentially human‐pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from riding horses

BMC Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s12917-021-02832-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pouya Reshadi ◽

Fatemeh Heydari ◽

Reza Ghanbarpour ◽

Mahboube Bagheri ◽

Maziar Jajarmi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Health Concern ◽

Zoonotic Potential ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

E Coli ◽

Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Abstract Background Transmission of antimicrobial resistant and virulent Escherichia coli (E. coli) from animal to human has been considered as a public health concern. This study aimed to determine the phylogenetic background and prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli and antimicrobial resistance in healthy riding-horses in Iran. In this research, the genes related to six main pathotypes of E. coli were screened. Also, genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance against commonly used antibiotics were studied, then phylo-grouping was performed on all the isolates. Results Out of 65 analyzed isolates, 29.23 % (n = 19) were determined as STEC and 6.15 % (n = 4) as potential EPEC. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (46.2 %) and ceftriaxone (38.5 %). blaTEM was the most detected resistance gene (98.4 %) among the isolates and 26.15 % of the E. coli isolates were determined as multi-drug resistant (MDR). Three phylo-types including B1 (76.92 %), A (13.85 %) and D (3.08 %) were detected among the isolates. Conclusions Due to the close interaction of horses and humans, these findings would place emphasis on the pathogenic and zoonotic potential of the equine strains and may help to design antimicrobial resistance stewardship programs to control the dissemination of virulent and multi-drug resistant E. coli strains in the community.

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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Colony Check Assay for the Identification of Serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 Colonies Isolated on Plating Media

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-555 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (7) ◽

pp. 1212-1218 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BURTON BLAIS ◽

MYLÈNE DESCHÊNES ◽

GEORGE HUSZCZYNSKI ◽

MARTINE GAUTHIER

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

High Throughput Screening ◽

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽

Test Results ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Enrichment Broth ◽

Substrate Solution ◽

E Coli ◽

Assay Performance

A simple immunoenzymatic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) colony check (ECC) assay was developed for the presumptive identification of priority EHEC colonies isolated on plating media from enrichment broth cultures of foods. With this approach, lipopolysaccharide extracted from a colony is spotted on the grid of a polymyxin-coated polyester cloth strip, and bound E. coli serogroup O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 antigens are subsequently detected by sequential reactions with a pool of commercially available peroxidase-conjugated goat antibodies and tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution. Each strip can accommodate up to 15 colonies, and test results are available within 30 min. Assay performance was verified using colonies from a total of 73 target EHEC isolates covering the range of designated priority serogroups (all of which were reactive), 41 nontarget E. coli isolates including several nontarget Shiga toxin–producing E. coli serogroups (all unreactive), and 33 non–E. coli strains (all unreactive except two bacterial strains possessing O-antigenic structures in common with those of the priority EHEC). The ECC assay was reactive with target colonies grown on several types of selective and nonselective plating media designed for their cultivation. These results support the use of the ECC assay for high-throughput screening of colonies isolated on plating media for detecting priority EHEC strains in foods.

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Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Escherichia coli isolated from the water supply of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2020.1-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Natapol Pumipuntu ◽

Sangkom Pumipuntu

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Water Samples ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae ◽

Smallholder Dairy Farms

Background and Aim: The problem of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in both humans and animals is an important public health concern globally, which is likely to increase, including in Thailand, where carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), such as Escherichia coli, are of particular concern. They are pathogens found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals as well as in the environment. They may cause opportunistic infection and are often resistant to antibiotics in various fields especially in animal husbandry, such as pets or livestock farms. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli from water samples of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four water samples were collected from 32 dairy farms in Kaeng Khoi district, Muak Lek district, and Wang Muang district of Saraburi Province, and Kantharawichai district and Mueang district of Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. All samples were cultured and isolated for E. coli by biochemical tests. All E. coli isolates were tested for drug susceptibility using imipenem, meropenem, and drug resistance genes of carbapenemases such as blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaOXA48 of drug-resistant E. coli isolates detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: A total of 182 E. coli isolates were found (140 and 42 isolates from Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, respectively). Drug sensitivity tests found that two isolates of E. coli from water in Kaeng Khoi were resistant to imipenem; therefore, the incidence of E. coli resistance to carbapenem was 1.43% of Saraburi Province. On the other hand, there was no incidence of drug-resistant E. coli in Maha Sarakham. In addition, the detection of the drug-resistant gene of E. coli in both isolates by PCR showed the expression of blaNDM. Conclusion: This study reports E. coli resistance to antimicrobial drugs on livestock farms. It can be considered to be the first report of E. coli CRE detection in a dairy farm at Saraburi, which should be the subject of further extended study.

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