Sodium Bisulfite as SO3 Source for Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Using RBD Stearin as Raw Material

Methyl ester sulfonate is an anionic surfactant that can be synthesized from palm oil as a raw material with the addition of sodium bisulfite and calcium oxide catalyst through transesterification and sulfonation process using microwave-assisted heating. The effect of microwave-assisted heating in the transesterification-sulfonation process was investigated in this study. The transesterification process was carried out using a microwave power of 300 watts for 10 minutes with an addition of a KOH catalyst of 1%. The transesterification process gave a result of palm oil methyl ester with a yield of up to 98% and density of 0.8546 gr/ml, and kinematic viscosity of 3.19 cSt. The sulfonation process is carried out using palm oil methyl ester and sodium bisulfite with a mole ratio of 1:3 and calcium oxide catalyst of 1.5% with the microwave power of 300 watts while varying the sulfonation time and temperature. The physicochemical properties of methyl ester sulfonate were analyzed, and the sulfonate group was characterized using FTIR. The optimum condition gave a yield of up to 98.68%, the density of 0.8657 gr/ml, viscosity of 3.75 cSt, pH of 2.12, and surface tension of up to 27.34 dyne/cm at a temperature of 100oC and sulfonation time of 40 minutes.

Download Full-text

Perbandingan Karakteristik Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat dan Sodium Lauril Sulfonat sebagai Bahan Emulsifier

Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri ◽

10.26578/jrti.v9i2.1715 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 167-176

Author(s):

Eldha Sampepana ◽

Paluphy Eka Yustini ◽

Aditya Rinaldi ◽

Amiroh Amiroh

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Surface Tension ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Interfacial Tension ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Emulsion Stability ◽

Raw Material ◽

Enzymatic Method

Surfactant which is used as raw emulsifier in an industry activity such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfonate is a raw material import, it is petroleum derivative which is not renewable and may cause pollution to the environment, because it is not degraded and are carcinogenic. The purpose of the research is to compare the characteristics of the Quaternary methyl ester sulfonat (MES) and Sodium Lauryl Sulfonat (SLS) as emulsifier. First, make the MES by filtering and eliminating fatty acids of palm oil, then process the MES with enzymatic method become methyl ester, then react it in sulfonation and metanolization process, and also neutralized with NaOH. Next, the MES experiment is compared with SLS and existing MES in the market. The results show that surfactants MES experiment has value hidrofil lipofil balance (HLB) interfacial tension and emulsion stability greater than MES in the market and SLS. And the surface tension of MES experiment is larger than MES in the market, but smaller compared to SLS.ABSTRAKSurfaktan yang digunakan sebagai bahan baku emulsifer dalam aktivitas suatu industri pada saat ini seperti Sodium Lauril Sulfonat merupakan bahan baku import yang merupakan turunan dari minyak bumi, dengan sifat tidak dapat diperbaharui dan dapat menimbulkan pencemaran terhadap lingkungan karena tidak mudah terdegradasi serta bersifat karsinogenik. Metil ester sulfonat dari bahan minyak sawit merupakan surfaktan dengan sifat mudah terdegradasi yang perlu diketahui karakteristiknya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan karakteristik surfaktan metil ester sulfonat (MES) dan Sodium Lauril Sulfonat (SLS) sebagai bahan emulsifier. Mula-mula dilakukan pembuatan MES dengan cara menyaring dan menghilangkan asam lemak minyak sawit terlebih dahulu, kemudian diolah menjadi metil ester secara enzimatis, lalu direaksikan secara sulfonasi dan metanolisis, serta dinetralkan dengan NaOH. Selanjutnya MES hasil percobaan dibandingkan dengan SLS dan MES yang ada dipasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa surfaktan MES memiliki nilai hidrofil lipofil balance (HLB) tegangan antar muka dan stabilitas emulsi lebih besar apabila dibandingkan dengan MES di pasaran dan SLS, kecuali nilai stabilitas emulsi antara MES dan SLS sama. Dan tegangan permukaan MES hasil percobaan, lebih besar dibandingkan dengan MES dipasaran, dan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan SLS. Kata kunci : Metil ester sulfonat, hidrofil lipofil balance, emulsifier, sodium lauril sulfonat , stabilitas emulsi

Download Full-text

THE BIODIESEL PROCESSING FROM OIL OF YELLOWFIN TUNA [Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)] OFFAL USING ACID CATALYST

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.8189 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (4-2) ◽

Author(s):

Latif Sahubawa ◽

Juju Junengsih ◽

Ustadi Ustadi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Yellowfin Tuna ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

National Standards ◽

Raw Material ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

H2so4 Concentration

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels to meet the need of the diesel fuel in Indonesia. One of potential animal oil/fat to be utilized as biodiesel raw material is offal from yellowfin tuna. The objective of the study is to know the free fatty acid (FFA) levels of raw material, influence of the H2SO4 concentration as catalyst on biodiesel conversion, composition of the main Fatty acid compounds from biodiesel, and physical characteristics of biodiesel through esterification and transesterification reaction. In transesterification phase, the variabel is H2SO4 concentration 1.25 %, 1.50% and 1.75 % at 60 °C and 65 °C with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9. Based on experiment results, the know that: FFA content from oli of yellowfin tuna offal amounted to 2.33 %, the largest conversion of methyl ester from spectra of H-NMR, FT-IR, GC-MS and ASTM was produced from the treatment with 1.50 % H2SO4 at 65 °C, with an average yield of 89.09 % and the conversion value of methyl ester was 52.63 %. The main compounds of Fatty acids that formed biodiesel were palmatic acid (43.64 %) and oleic acid (32.08 %). The physical characteristics of biodiesel according to the national standards of Indonesia (NSI) were specific density of 0.8637 60/60 °F g mL–1kinematic viscosity of 2.555 mm2 s–1, pour point is -3 °C and cloud point of 25 °C, while flash point of 25 °C and water content of 0.20 % was not consistent with the SNI.

Download Full-text

Estudio cinético de la sulfonación de ésteres metílicos derivados de la estearina de palma

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol9_num2_art:122 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Jesús Alfonso Torres Ortega ◽

Luis Alejandro Díaz Aldana ◽

Francisco José Sánchez Castellanos

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Kinetic Study ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Palm Stearin ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Second Order ◽

Raw Material ◽

Reaction Velocity ◽

Other Substances

Los ésteres metílicos como alternativa oleoquímica permiten sintetizar compuestos para la fabricación de detergentes, polímeros, recubrimientos, cosméticos, pinturas y otras sustancias. Así, la transformación del aceite de palma se establece como una cadena productiva con múltiples aplicaciones industriales. Las propiedades biológicas del éster metílico sulfonado, derivado del aceite de palma, permiten desarrollar detergentes de baja toxicidad al medio ambiente, son una fuente renovable de materia prima, y con su desarrollo se explota este recurso nacional; se generan así conocimiento y fuentes adicionales de trabajo. La sulfonación de ésteres metílicos es una reacción altamente exotérmica en la que la velocidad de reacción determina la carga térmica que debe disipar el reactor, y por tanto es trascendental para el diseño del reactor de sulfonación y su modelamiento matemático. Mediante técnicas instrumentales se estableció una expresión cinética para la velocidad de reacción. Los ensayos realizados en el laboratorio permitieron la deducción de una cinética de segundo orden para el mecanismo de reacción propuesto; esta velocidad de reacción describe adecuadamente la sulfonación con SO3 de ésteres metílicos derivados de la estearina hidrogenada de palma. Se verificó la cinética de segundo orden de la reacción global del proceso de sulfonación de ésteres metílicos con SO3. Kinetic study of methyl esters sulfonation derived from palm stearin The methyl esters as an alternative to oil-chemical compounds, is an feedstock to manufacture of detergents, polymers, coatings, cosmetics, paints and other substances, establishing them the palm oil transformation like a productive chain with multiple applications at the industry level. Biological properties of biodiesel (methyl ester) sulfonated allow to develop low toxicity detergents to the environment, they are a renewable source of raw material, and with its development it is possible to take advantage of a national sources of knowledge and employment. Methyl esters sulfonation is a reaction highly exothermic, where reaction velocity determines the charge of heat, which should be dissipated by reactor. Therefore, it is important for sulfonation reactor design and its mathematical modelling. In this investigation, a kinetic study for methyl ester from palm oil stearin with sulfur trioxide SO3 sulfonation is presented, whereby with experimental techniques, it was possible to obtain a kinetic expression for reaction velocity. Tests in the laboratory allowed the deduction of a second-order kinetics for the reaction mechanism proposed, the reaction rate described adequately with SO3 sulfonation of methyl esters derived from hydrogenated palm stearin. It was observed second order kinetics of the reaction for the overall process of sulfonation with SO3 methyl esters.

Download Full-text

PEMBUATAN METIL ESTER DARI MINYAK KEMIRI SUNAN DENGAN KEBERADAAN CO-SOLVENT ASETON DAN KATALIS HETEROGEN NATRIUM SILIKAT TERKALSINASI

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v5i3.1540 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 17-23

Author(s):

Muhammad Yusuf Ritonga ◽

Mangunsong Ruben Reinhard Giovani

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Yield Condition ◽

Acid Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Separation And Purification ◽

Process Variables ◽

Homogeneous Catalysts ◽

Methyl Ester Content

Methyl ester can be produced from vegetable oil or animal oil through transesterification process. The problem that often arises in the transesterification process is the long reaction time because of oil and alcohol are not mutually dissolve and also separation and purification catalysts are difficult to homogeneous catalysts. The addition of co-solvent may assist the mixing of the reactants and the use of heterogeneous catalysts can overcome the problem of homogeneous catalysts. Sunan candlenut oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 9.1517% so it needs to be pretreated by esterification so that the raw material has a 1.0538% FFA. The product from this stage was subjected to produce methylester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables were investigated. The propertiesof methyl ester like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, iodine value, acid value, the content of methyl ester, triglycride(TG), diglyceride(DG) and monoglyceride (MG) was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI) and European strandart (EN). On this work the best yield condition , was obtain by using amount of catalyst 3% at 40oC, for reaction time 30 minute in presence of 20% co-solvent of the 96,1493 yield methyl ester. The result of this work showed that sunan candlenut oli is very suitable as the feedstock of methyl ester.

Download Full-text

Pemanfaatan Ampas Tahu Sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Biodiesel

Jurnal Akademika Kimia ◽

10.22487/j24775185.2016.v5.i3.8048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 140

Author(s):

Trisnawati Trisnawati ◽

Daud K. Walanda ◽

Irwan Said

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Raw Material ◽

National Standard ◽

Biodiesel Quality ◽

Pre Treatment

Biodiesel is an alternative raw material for fuel of diesel motor made from vegetable oil. This study attempted to utilize tofu dregs as raw material for biodiesel. This study aimed to determine the yield of biodiesel produced and the content of methyl esters in the biodiesel yield, and to analyze the quality of biodiesel produced based on Indonesian national standard (SNI). This study consisted of four stages: the provision of samples, pre-treatment, esterification and transesterification, and analysis of the quality of biodiesel produced which include the density at 15 °C, the viscosity at 40 °C, and the moisture content. The results showed that the yield of biodiesel was 4.01%, and the content of methyl ester shown by larger Rf (0.87) using eluent of hexane:diethylether:formic acid. Results of the analysis of biodiesel quality obtained the density at 15°C was 864 kg/m3, the viscosity at 40 °C was 2.57 mm2/s, and the water content was 4%. Based on the parameters ofthe density at 15 °C and the viscosity at 40 °C, the product of biodiesel met the requirements of SNI, while in term of the water content the product did not meet the requirements of SNI.

Download Full-text

PENGARUH WAKTU POLIMERISASI PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN POLIESTER DARI ASAM LEMAK SAWIT DISTILAT (ALSD)

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v2i4.1487 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 25-30

Author(s):

Ahmad Rozi Tanjung ◽

Ida Ayuningrum ◽

Renita Manurung

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Iodine Value ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Acid Value ◽

Raw Material ◽

Polymerization Process ◽

Polymerization Reaction ◽

Reactant Ratio ◽

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) can be used as raw material for synthesis polyester. The aim of this research is to synthesis of polyester and to determine the effect of reaction time on polymerization methyl ester PFAD. The esterification stage was done at temperature 70oC, reactiontime 120 minute, reactant ratio 1:8 (PFAD:methanol), concentration of catalyst (H2SO4) 1% (w/w) PFAD;polymerization stage was done at temperature 126-132°C, concentration ofcatalyst (BF3-diethyl etherate) 9.2 % (w/w), variation of polymerization reaction time3, 4, and 5 hours; and polyesterification stage was done at temperature 175-200 oC,reactant ratios (w/w) 1:1 (polymerized ME : ethylene glycol), reaction time 4 hours and all ofstage was stirred at 150 rpm. The results showed, in the esterification stage wasobtained methyl ester with iodine value 77.29 g I2/100 g, viscosity 6.90 cP,density 859.91 kg/m3 and analysis byusing GC-MS showed that the purity of methyl ester was 82.23% andmolecular weight 267.97 g/mol. Decreasing in iodine value from 77.294 I2 g/100 g to 63.45-61.14 gI2/100 g indicated that the polymerization process had takenplace. In polyesterification stage wasobtained gel polyester, viscous, dark brown colored solid at room temperature with acid value from13.13 to 21.65 mg KOH/g, viscosity from 14.3 to 19.1 P, and molecular weight 995.03 to 1,522.07g/mol which is more suitable for application of modified polyester. Analysis by using GC showed that the purity of polyester is equal to 65.49%.

Download Full-text

The Synthesis of CME (Coconut Methyl Ester) With Organic Catalyst: Experiments, Data Analysis and Kinetics Model

10.21203/rs.3.rs-944553/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Ihsan Sofyan ◽

Muhammad Ma'ruf ◽

Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah ◽

Azwar Manaf

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Kinetics Equation ◽

Yield Data ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Yield Value ◽

Biomass Materials ◽

Organic Catalyst

Abstract Biodiesel is one of the biomass materials or renewable energy, which is needed today to replace fuel from fossil energy, which can reduce global warming and has a high renewability cycle. Biodiesel is obtained from plants, so it is also known as biofuel. One type of biodiesel group is CME (Coconut Methyl Ester) which is biodiesel obtained from coconut oil as raw material. In this study, a synthesis of used coconut oil and methanol has been carried out with an organic catalyst based on coconut coir called the ASK catalyst. The results of transesterification have provided some important information, including: the yield are 15-19,5% after usage of the ASK catalyst consisting of amorphous phase and crystalline phase ClK0,8Na0,2, with the density and viscosity of products are 790-800 kg/m3 and 0,6-1 mm2/s. Yield data obtained are then used to build the kinetics equation. The equation is 𝑌 = 1 − e^(-k'tn), with the value of n = 1 and k' for temperatures of 50oC and 60oC were 0,20 and 0,21, respectively, and a minimum activation energy of Q = 1,1 kJ/mol, which can determine reaction time needed at a specified temperature to achieve a certain yield value.

Download Full-text

Performance and Emission Characteristics of a CRDe SUV Fueled With Neat Biodiesel (B-100) From Jatropha, Pongamea Source and Diesel Fuel

ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/ices2009-76066 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Murali Manickam ◽

Mithun Kadambamattam ◽

Gajarlawar Nilesh ◽

Ghodke Pundlik ◽

Mathew Abraham

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽

Raw Material ◽

Oxidation Catalyst ◽

Injection Timing ◽

Exhaust Gas ◽

Gas Temperature ◽

Performance And Emission ◽

Exhaust Gas Emission

Present investigation addresses the use of neat, indigenous biodiesel (B100) in a sports utility vehicle (SUV) with second generation common rail technology. Current research determines the effect of biodiesel (B100) on performance & emission of modern diesel engine, equipped with diesel oxidation catalyst. Biodiesel used in this study were Pongamea Methyl Ester (PME) & Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) derived from vegetable oil. Fuel related aspects for these two raw material and its effects on engine characteristics were discussed. Both engine & vehicle level tests had been carried out with the aim of obtaining performance characteristics such as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, brake power, exhaust gas temperature, & emissions such as CO, THC, NOx, smoke opacity to evaluate and compute the behaviors of diesel engine running on PME & JME. Comparative vehicle performance like drivability, gradeability and noise was also measured between biodiesel and diesel. Experimental results revealed that significant reduction in power was observed through out the operating range in both JME & PME, because of its lower heating value. Between this two biodiesel, there was a visible difference in power drop. Engine exhaust gas emission like Hydrocarbon (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), & Smoke emission reduce significantly, when engine runs with biodiesel (JME & PME) meanwhile using of B100 causes increase in Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. Particulate matter was significantly lower than those of a vehicle running on fossil diesel. However loss in power, when using biodiesel has been regained by increasing the fuelling & optimizing the combustion parameters like rail pressure, injection timing & duration. Based on the study it is observed that B100 can be used as fuel in diesel engine without any hardware modification, but only by remapping the CRDe system.

Download Full-text

PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI DAN JUMLAH KATALIS PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI LIMBAH LEMAK SAPI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI KULIT TELUR AYAM

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i1.1458 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wendi ◽

Valentinoh Cuaca ◽

Taslim

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Beef Tallow ◽

Low Cost ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Acid Catalyzed ◽

Methyl Ester Content

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters from vegetable oils or animal fats. Beef tallow waste is the non-edible raw material with low cost production and the availability is huge in the cattle production. The objective of the study was to utilize beef tallow waste for biodiesel production using solid oxide catalyst which derived from the industrial eggshells. The materials calcined with temperature 900oC and time 2 hours, transformed calcium species in the shells into active CaO catalysts.The oil contained high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 1.86%. The FFA content of the oil was reduced by acid-catalyzed esterification. The product from this stage was subjected to produce biodiesel. Transesterification process reacts oil and methanol to produce methyl ester and glycerol. The produced methyl ester on the upper layer was separated from the glycerol and then washed. Effect of various process variables such as amount of catalyst and temperature were investigated. The biodiesel properties like methyl ester content, density, viscosity, and flash point was evaluated and was found to compare well with Indonesian Standard (SNI). Under the best condition, the maximum yield of 82.43% beef tallow methyl ester was obtained by using 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to beef tallow oil at 55oC, for a reaction time 1.5 hours in the presence 3 wt% of CaO catalyst. The results of this work showed that the use of beef tallow is very suitable as low cost feedstock for biodiesel production.

Download Full-text