scholarly journals Cinnamon oil downregulates virulence genes of poultry respiratory bacterial agents and revealed significant bacterial inhibition: An in vitro perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1707-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohammed Erfan ◽  
Sherif Marouf
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Vitro Effect

Background and Aim: Respiratory bacterial agents represent one of the most harmful factors that ordinarily threaten the poultry industry and usually lead to great economic losses. Meanwhile, there is a global demand to avoid the highly emerging antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in edible meat. Whereas, the use of alternatives became of great priority, especially for those substances extracted from natural plant origin. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil as a herbal extract on different respiratory bacterial agents. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty biological samples were collected through targeted surveillance for respiratory diseased poultry farms representing three governorates, from which bacterial isolation and identification, DNA sequencing of representative strains were performed. Furtherly, phenotypic and genotypic evaluation of the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil was performed by minimum inhibitory concentration, agar disk diffusion, and virulence genes expression real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Cinnamon oil gave rise to acceptable degrees of virulence genes downregulation of 0.15, 0.19, 0.37, 0.41, 0.77, and 0.85 for Staphylococcus aureus sed gene, Escherichia coli stx1 gene, Avibacterium paragallinarum HPG-2 gene, Pasteurella multocida ptfA gene, Mycoplasma gallisepticum Mgc2 gene, and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale adk gene, respectively. Phenotypically, using agar disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution susceptibility, cinnamon oil showed also tolerable results as it stopped the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, P. multocida, and A. paragallinarum with varying zones of inhibition. Conclusion: The encountered results declared the successful in vitro effect of cinnamon oil that recommends its application for living birds for future use as a safe antibacterial in the poultry industry.

Vibrio harveyi virulence gene expression in vitro and in vivo during infection in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
S Peeralil ◽  
TC Joseph ◽  
V Murugadas ◽  
PG Akhilnath ◽  
VN Sreejith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi ◽  
Penaeus Monodon ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression

Luminescent Vibrio harveyi is common in sea and estuarine waters. It produces several virulence factors and negatively affects larval penaeid shrimp in hatcheries, resulting in severe economic losses to shrimp aquaculture. Although V. harveyi is an important pathogen of shrimp, its pathogenicity mechanisms have yet to be completely elucidated. In the present study, isolates of V. harveyi were isolated and characterized from diseased Penaeus monodon postlarvae from hatcheries in Kerala, India, from September to December 2016. All 23 tested isolates were positive for lipase, phospholipase, caseinase, gelatinase and chitinase activity, and 3 of the isolates (MFB32, MFB71 and MFB68) showed potential for significant biofilm formation. Based on the presence of virulence genes, the isolates of V. harveyi were grouped into 6 genotypes, predominated by vhpA+ flaB+ ser+ vhh1- luxR+ vopD- vcrD+ vscN-. One isolate from each genotype was randomly selected for in vivo virulence experiments, and the LD50 ranged from 1.7 ± 0.5 × 103 to 4.1 ± 0.1 × 105 CFU ml-1. The expression of genes during the infection in postlarvae was high in 2 of the isolates (MFB12 and MFB32), consistent with the result of the challenge test. However, in MFB19, even though all genes tested were present, their expression level was very low and likely contributed to its lack of virulence. Because of the significant variation in gene expression, the presence of virulence genes alone cannot be used as a marker for pathogenicity of V. harveyi.

scholarly journals Effects of essential oils from thyme, cinnamon and clove on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum acutatum

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasa Duduk ◽  
Aleksa Obradovic ◽  
Mirko Ivanovic
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Volatile Phase ◽  
Vitro Effect

Effects of the volatile phase of thyme, cinnamon and clove essential oils on Colletotrichum acutatum were investigated. Mycelial disc was placed in the center of the Petri dish (V=66 ml) containing PDA. Different volumes of either non- or ethanol-diluted essential oils were placed on the inner side of the dish cover to obtain final concentrations of 153, 107, 76, 46, 15, 14, 12, 11, 7.6, 3.82, 1.53, 0.153 and 0.0153 ?l/L of air. The dishes were sealed with Parafilm and incubated in up-side-down position. After 7 days of incubation, mycelial growth was recorded by measuring the colony diameter. If no mycelial growth was recorded, the disc was transferred to a new PDA plate in order to evaluate whether the activity was either fungistatic or fungicidal. Mean growth values were obtained and then converted to inhibition percentage of mycelial growth compared with the control treatment. All the tested essential oils inhibited mycelial growth of C. acutatum in the dose dependent manner. Mycelial growth was totally inhibited by thyme oil in the concentration of 76 ?l/L of air. The same results were obtained by cinnamon and clove oil in the concentration of 107 ?l/L of air. Thyme and cinnamon oil had fungicidal effect in concentrations of 107 and 153 ?l/L respectively. The results obtained provide evidence on the antifungal in vitro effect of the tested essential oils as potential means for the control of C. acutatum.

scholarly journals Virulence, agr groups, antimicrobial resistance and epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. e186701
Author(s):  
Felipe Mendes Zorzi ◽  
Luiz Francisco Zafalon ◽  
Franklin Bispo Santos ◽  
Arthur Ferreira Borges ◽  
Ticiano Gomes Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Group Ii

Fifty-two Staphylococcus aureus recovered from papillary ostium and milk samples collected from cows with subclinical mastitis and milking environments in three small dairy herds located in southeastern Brazil were subjected to PCR identification based on the thermonuclease (nuc) gene. All the strains were submitted to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and we investigated the sequence types (STs), agr groups (I-IV), virulence genes encoding for Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs), biofilm-associated proteins, bi-component toxins, pyrogenic toxin superantigens, and enterotoxins. Screening for oxacillin resistance (2-6 μg/ml oxacillin), beta-lactamase activity assays, and PCR for the mecA/mecC genes detected 26 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 26 mec-independent oxacillin-nonsusceptible S. aureus (MIONSA). While MSSA isolates were found to be susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested, or only resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, MIONSA isolates were multidrug-resistant. ST126-agr group II MSSA isolates were prevalent in milk (n=14) and carried a broad set of virulence genes (clfA, clfB, eno, fnbA, fiB, icaA, icaD, lukED, hla, and hlb), as well as the ST126-agr group II MIONSA isolated from milking liners (n=1), which also carried the eta gene. ST1-agr group III MIONSA isolates (n=4) were found in papillary ostium and milk, but most MIONSA isolates (n=21), which were identified in both papillary ostium and milking liners, were agr-negative and assigned to ST126. The agr-negative and agr group III lineages showed a low potential for virulence. Studies on the characterization of bovine-associated MSSA/MIONSA are essential to reduce S. aureus mastitis to prevent economic losses in dairy production and also to monitor the zoonotic potential of these pathogens associated with invasive infections and treatment failures in healthcare.

scholarly journals In Vitro Assessment of Anticoccidials: Methods and Molecules

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Martina Felici ◽  
Benedetta Tugnoli ◽  
Andrea Piva ◽  
Ester Grilli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Avian Coccidiosis

Avian coccidiosis is a disease causing considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. It is caused by Eimeria spp., protozoan parasites characterized by an exogenous–endogenous lifecycle. In vitro research on these pathogens is very complicated and lacks standardization. This review provides a description of the main in vitro protocols so far assessed focusing on the exogenous phase, with oocyst viability and sporulation assays, and on the endogenous phase, with invasion and developmental assays in cell cultures and in ovo. An overview of these in vitro applications to screen both old and new remedies and to understand the relative mode of action is also discussed.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of low doses of Chlorhexidine and Clotrimazole against Candida spp.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijun Feng ◽  
Huarui Li ◽  
Dongfang Ai ◽  
Hua Yan ◽  
Guangjing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Vitro Effect

Abstract Objectives Systemic diseases or oral situation changes can result in oral infections like candidiasis. Mouthwash is the most prevalent method to prevent or cure these infections. To formulate a more effective mouthwash, we combined Clotrimazole with a low dose of Chlorhexidine to investigate the in vitro effect against Candida spp.Methods and Materials Combinations of Chlorhexidine (0.03-16ug/ml) and Clotrimazole (0.03-16ug/ml) were tested against Candida spp. by microdilution chequerboard technique and disk diffusion method.Results From the chequerboard combination assay, the MICs of Chlorhexidine and Clotrimazole against Candida spp. decreased from >16µg/ml to 2–1µg/ml and from 2-0.25µg/ml to 0.5–0.125µg/ml, respectively, demonstrating favorable synergistic effects against 21 (84%) strains of Candida spp. The disk diffusion method showed an increase in halo size for the combination group when compared to the Clotrimazole alone group.Conclusions Studies have shown that combinations of antiseptic and antifungal agents are effective in nature. In our study, we found that low concentrations of Chlorhexidine can enhance the antifungal effect of Clotrimazole against Candida spp.. We predict that the mechanism of this synergism could be due to the increased penetration of Clotrimazole brought about by the binding of Chlorhexidine to the cell membrane. Further studies to determine the mechanism and in vivo effects could increase its probable usage in clinical studies.

scholarly journals In vitro evaluation of the acaricidal activity of propolis against cattle ticks

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e10510716203
Author(s):  
Alyne Madja dos Santos Silva ◽  
Édimo Fernando Alves Moreira ◽  
Ana Paula Espindula ◽  
Lorena Ferreira Benfica ◽  
Rosemar Alves de Carvalho Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Homogeneous Weight ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Hatching Percentage ◽  
Vitro Effect

Propolis is a natural substance that is produced by bees and has been used since ancient times for its pharmacological properties. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusis responsible for great economic losses by cattle breeding programs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of propolis extracts on engorged female ticks. The experiment was performed at the Uberaba IFTM. A completely randomized experimental design was used, including eight treatments and five replicates, with a total 40 experimental units, each consisting of 10 engorged females of homogeneous weight. The experimental units were immersed in alcoholic propolis extracts that were diluted with distilled water to the following concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70%. A regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between propolis extract concentration and weight of eggs laid (WEL), hatching percentage (HP), and reproductive efficiency (RE). This demonstrates the viability of propolis as an alternative for the control of cattle ticks, with the 70% extract concentration being most efficientand most effective for controlling R. microplus under laboratory conditions.

Identification of Salmonella gallinarum virulence genes in a chicken infection model using PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis

Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (12) ◽  
pp. 3957-3968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devendra H. Shah ◽  
Mi-jin Lee ◽  
Jin-ho Park ◽  
John-hwa Lee ◽  
Seong-kug Eo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Bacterial Genome ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Salmonella Gallinarum

Salmonella gallinarum (SG) is a non-motile host-adapted salmonella that causes fowl typhoid, a severe systemic disease responsible for significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. This study describes the application of a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis system to identify in vivo-essential genes of SG. Ninety-six pools representing 1152 SG mutants were screened in a natural-host chicken infection model. Twenty presumptive attenuated mutants were identified and examined further. The identity of the disrupted gene in each mutant was determined by cloning of the DNA sequences adjacent to the transposon, followed by sequencing and comparison with the bacterial genome database. In vitro and in vivo competition indices were determined for each identified mutant and a total of 18 unique, attenuating gene disruptions were identified. These mutations represented six broad genomic classes: Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1), SPI-2, SPI-10, SPI-13, SPI-14 and non-SPI-encoded virulence genes. SPI-13 and SPI-14 are newly identified and designated in this study. Most of the genes identified in this study were not previously believed or known to play a role in the pathogenesis of SG infection in chickens. Each STM identified mutant showed competitiveness and/or virulence defects, confirmed by in vitro and in vivo assays, and challenge tests. This study should contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in progression of disease caused by SG, and identification of novel live vaccine candidates and new potential antibiotic targets.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Seven Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolates from Poultry Farms in Pennsylvania, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Byukusenge ◽  
Ruth H. Nissly ◽  
Lingling Li ◽  
Traci Pierre ◽  
Tammy Mathews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infectious Coryza ◽  
Avibacterium Paragallinarum ◽  
Poultry Farms

ABSTRACT Avibacterium paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza, causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry due to increased culling rates in growing chickens and decreased egg production in layers. We present the complete genome sequences of seven strains of Avibacterium paragallinarum isolated from poultry farms in Pennsylvania during 2019.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Fish Pathogenic Bacteria to Various Medicinal Herbs

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Muniruzzaman ◽  
MBR Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Medicinal Herbs ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Edwardsiella Tarda ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition

The sensitivity of certain local medicinal herbs was evaluated against pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Edwardsiella tarda bacteria of fish during the period from April 2001 to March 2002. A suspension of freshly cultured experimental bacteria (2 x 107 CFU / ml) was prepared and 0.1 ml of this suspension was spread over the tryptic soya agar (TSA) plates. Then crude extract (0.1ml / plate) of each herb was inoculated in the middle of the cultured plate to detect the response. The herbal extract was categorized as high, medium and low inhibitory responded by observing the clear zone of inhibition. Fine extract of the high inhibitory responded herbs was applied under in vitro conditions against the bacteria tested. Twenty-one (80.76%), twenty-four (92.30%) and twelve (46.15%) species of the herbs tested showed antibacterial effect against A. hydrophila, P. fluorescens and E. tarda, respectively. Among them, high inhibitory responded herbs were 38.09% for inhibition of A. hydrophila and P.  fluorescens and 38.33% for E. tarda. However, the extract collected from bulb of Allium sativum for inhibition of A. hydrophila and P.  fluorescens and the decoction obtained from leaves of Calotropis gigantea for E. tarda were detected to be the most promising herbs considering effectiveness with  minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) among all of the herbs tested. Key words: Sensitivity; pathogenic bacteria; herbal extract; minimal inhibitory concentration doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v2i1.1941 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2004). 2 (1) : 75-82

scholarly journals Use of Plant Extracts as an Effective Manner to ControlClostridium perfringensInduced Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Diaz Carrasco ◽  
L. M. Redondo ◽  
E. A. Redondo ◽  
J. E. Dominguez ◽  
A. P. Chacana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Intestinal Pathogens

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens includingClostridium perfringens(CP), the causative agent of NE. However, the use of AGPs in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance through food-borne microorganisms, which has led to the ban of AGPs in many countries. This scenario has challenged the poultry industry to search for safer alternative products in order to prevent NE. In this context, the utilization of natural plant extracts with antimicrobial properties appears as a promising and feasible tool to control NE in chicken. In this paper, we review the scientific studies analyzing the potential of plant extracts as alternative feed additives to reduce NE in poultry, with focus on two types of plant products that arise as promising candidates: tannins and essential oils. Some of these products showed antimicrobial activity against CP and coccidiain vitroandin vivoand are able to increase productive performance, emulating the bioactive properties of AGPs.

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