scholarly journals Proximate, GC-FID, and micronutrient analysis of ex-tracts of azadirachta indica

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Amadi Benjamin ◽  
Emelieze Mary ◽  
Ogunka-Nnoka Charity ◽  
Agomuo Nnabugwu ◽  
Amadi Peter
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Different extraction media applied on the pulverized leaves of Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) were analyzed for its proximate, phytochemical, and micronutrient compositions, predominantly using the gas chromatographic technique. The results showed that the ethanol extract contained the highest amounts of carbohydrates and fibre. No significant difference (p>0.05) was recorded for the protein and ash content of both ethanol and methanol extracts, while the moisture and fat contents occurred highest in aqueous and methanol extracts respectively. The phytochemical screening revealed the absence of glycosides in all the extracts while steroids were found only in methanol and ethanol extracts. The aqueous extracts contained greater amounts of epicate chin (13.42%), lunamarine (5.81%), tannin (19.18%) and phytates (0.27%), but lacked anthocyanin, phenol and kaempferol, while rutin (77.54%), ribalinidine (2.06%), oxalate (1.23%), anthocyanin (1.16%), and sparteine (0.05%) occurred highest in the ethanol extract. Only sparteine was lacking in the methanol extract. No significant difference was recorded between the aqueous and ethanol extracts for the vitamin A, D, C, and B2­ contents, while except for vitamin B3 (0.22mg/100g) and vitamin K (0.08mg/100g), 08mg/100g), the methanol extracts contained the least amounts of the vitamins evaluated. Manganese, zinc, copper, calcium and lead contents of the methanol extract were significantly higher than those of the other extracts while the aqueous extract contained the highest amount of sodium. This study has provided the scientific backing for the application of a specific extraction medium during the exploitation of distinct phytochemicals, while water, ethanol, and methanol should be the preferred extraction media for vitamins, proximate and dietary mineral contents respectively. 

scholarly journals In Vitro Efficacy of Aqueous and Methanol Extract of Cassia siamea Against the Motility of Caenorhabditis elegans

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Haladu Ali Gagman ◽  
Nik Ahmad Irwan Izzauddin Nik Him ◽  
Hamdan Ahmad ◽  
Shaida Fariza Sulaiman ◽  
Rahmad Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Cassia Siamea ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Significant Difference

Gastrointestinal nematode infections can cause great losses in revenue due to decrease livestock production and animal death. The use of anthelmintic to control gastrointestinal nematode put a selection pressure on nematode populations which led to emergence of anthelmintic resistance. Because of that, this study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of aqueous and methanol extract of Cassia siamea against the motility of C. elegans Bristol N2 and C. elegans DA1316. Caenorhabditis elegans Bristol N2 is a susceptible strain and C. elegans DA1316 is an ivermectin resistant strain. In vitro bioassay of various concentrations of (0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mg mL–1) aqueous and methanol extracts of C. siamea was conducted against the motility of L4 larvae of C. elegans Bristol N2 and C. elegans DA1316. The L4 larvae were treated with 0.02 μg mL–1 of ivermectin served as positive control while those in M9 solution served as negative control. The activity of the extracts was observed after 24 h and 48 h. A significant difference was recorded in the extract performance compared to control at (P < 0.001) after 48 h against the motility of the larvae of both strains. The methanol extracts inhibited the motility of C. elegans Bristol N2 by 86.7% as well as DA1316 up to 84.9% at 2.0 mg mL–1 after 48 h. The methanol extract was more efficient than aqueous extract (P < 0.05) against the motility of both strains of C. elegans. Cassia siamea may be used as a natural source of lead compounds for the development of alternative anthelmintic against parasitic nematodes as well ivermectin resistant strains of nematodes.

scholarly journals Comparison of Color Change to pH Range and Acid-Base Titration Indicator Precision Test of Multiple Ethanol Extracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1446
Author(s):  
Lilis Tuslinah ◽  
Anna Yuliana ◽  
Dian Arisnawati ◽  
Lina Rahmawati Rizkuloh
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Synthetic Indicators ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Base Titration ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Ph Range

Natural indicators using anthocyanin compounds can be an alternative to synthetic indicators on acid-base titration because anthocyanin is an organic compound that is unstable with changes in pH. The extraction was carried out with ethanol because the compounds of anthocyanin were polar. This study was to ensure an ethanol extract of some plants could be used as an acid-base indicator that had a pH range of color change and the value of the equality parameter was not significantly different from the phenolphthalein indicator. The research method is to collect research journals on making natural indicators from ethanol extracts of various plants compared to phenolphthalein indicators so that secondary data from these journals can be processed statistically. Research results and conclusions: Based on the results of statistical data processing using the t-test there was no difference in the average pH of the phenolphthalein indicator with the average pH of ethanol extracts of adam air leaves (Rheo discolor), white frangipani flowers and Clitoria teratea L., with a significance value > 0.05 and the equality test (precision) had the requirements of good equality. HIGHLIGHTS Natural indicators are needed as a substitute for synthetic indicators in determining acid-base titrations; one of them is anthocyanin dye Research journals on making natural indicators from ethanol extracts of various plants compared to phenolphthalein indicators so that secondary data from these journals can be processed statistically There was no significant difference between the average pH of the phenolphthalein indicator and the average pH of the ethanol extract of Adam's Eve Leaves, ethanol extracts of white Cambodia flowers and ethanol extracts of Telang flowers in producing color changes GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Ekstraksi dan Formulasi Suspensi Oral Teripang Holothuria scabra sebagai Sumber Antioksidan

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ardi Ardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Oral Suspension ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

<strong>Extraction and Oral Suspension Formulation of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra as Source of Antioxidants.</strong> Sea cucumbers have long been utilized in the food and medicine for Asia and Middle East communities. Indonesia is one of the main suppliers in the trade of sea cucumbers in Asia. Sea cucumber utilization in Indonesia is generally done only in the form of raw materials. Holothuria scabra is one of the sea cucumber that can be explored as a potential source of antioxidants. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of sea cucumber H.scabra in extract and suspension. Sea cucumber was extracted with methanol 96% and ethanol 96%, then both antioxidant activity was tested. Extract with higher antioxidant activity were made into oral suspension preparation for further evaluation of the stability (organoleptic, pH, microorganisms) and antioxidant testing. The results showed that ethanol extracts had higher antioxidant activity of methanol extract, but still lower than ascorbic acid. Based on the calculation, IC<sub>50 </sub>of methanol extract was 316.85 ppm and ethanol extract was 130.54 ppm, while ascorbic acid showed IC<sub>50</sub> 34.06 ppm. The most stable formula (F1a) shows that there is still an antioxidant activity that is equal to 42.11 %.

scholarly journals Some hematological parameters of Wistar rats treated with Chromolaena odorata leave extracts

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henshaw Uchechi Okoroiwu ◽  
Ifeyinwa Maryann Okafor ◽  
Emmanuel Kufre Uko ◽  
Item Justin Atangwho
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the different extracts of Chromolaena odorata leave on the hematopoietic system of Wistar rats. Solvent extraction was used for the ethanol and aqueous extractions while decoction method was used for the crude extraction. Fifty Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 140-180 g were used for this study. They were divided into ten groups each containing five rats. The animals were fed the extracts by oral gavage once daily for 21 days. Blood sample was collected via cardiac artery. Hematological parameters were analyzed using automation method. The ethanol extract gave the highest extract yield. The aqueous, ethanol and crude extraction had median lethal toxicity (LD50) of 2738.6 mg/kg, 1581.1 mg/kg and 224.7 mg/kg, respectively. Significant difference (P<0.05) in the total white blood cell count was observed in the 75 mg/kg ethanol and 300 mg/kg crude extracts when compared with control group. Significant difference (P<0.05) in the hemoglobin concentration was observed in the 150 mg/kg ethanol extracts when compared with the control group. Significant difference (P<0.05) in the packed cell volume was seen in the 75 mg/kg aqueous, 150 mg/kg aqueous and 75 mg/kg ethanol extracts in respect to the control group. The mean cell volume, the mean platelet volume and platelet large cell ratio of the 75 mg/kg aqueous extract were significantly different (P<0.05) when compared with the control group. The present study showed possible treatment-induced hematopoietic function of C. odorata leave extracts.

scholarly journals The antimicrobial activity of Prunella vulgaris extracts

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohaddese Mahboubi ◽  
Atefeh Mahboubi ◽  
Nastaran Kazempour
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Prunella Vulgaris ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Summary Prunella vulgaris ( Labiatae family) or self-heal is traditionally used for different ailments such as eye pain and inflammation, headache, dizziness, sore throat and wound healing. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of extracts (methanol, ethanol and aqueous) were determined by a spectrophotometer. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by micro broth dilution assay. The total phenolic content of P. vulgaris extracts were higher in aqueous extract (156.5 mg GAC/g) followed by ethanol extract and methanol extract. The TFC content of P. vulgaris methanol extract (82.8 mg QE/g) was higher than ethanol extract (22.7 mg QE/g) and aqueous extract (16.2 mg QE/g). The antimicrobial activity of methanol or ethanol extracts was higher than aqueous extract from P. vulgaris. The sensitivity of microorganisms to different extracts is related to type of pathogens. There is no positive relation between total phenolic content and its antimicrobial activity. Prunella vulgaris ethanolic extract as a source of phenolic and flavonoid contents can be used as an antimicrobial agent.

scholarly journals Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Salvia amplexicaulis Lam. extracts

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Alimpic ◽  
Mariana Oaldje ◽  
V. Matevski ◽  
P.D. Marin ◽  
Sonja Duletic-Lausevic
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid

This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant DPPH free radical-scavenging activity, and the total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol and methanol extracts of Salvia amplexicaulis Lam. in the whole plant and different parts, leaves, stems and flowers. The largest amounts of extract yield were obtained from the flowers, 14.14% and 12.00 % (w/w) in the ethanol of methanol extracts, respectively. The ethanol extract of leaves (16.07 ?g/ml) and methanol extract of the whole plant (21.28 ?g/ml) showed the highest activity against the DPPH radical. The ethanol extract of the leaves was the richest in phenols (222.40 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (49.81 mg QE/g), whereas the methanol extract of the whole plant contained the highest amount of phenolics (180.89 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (38.15 mg QE/g). A very strong linear correlation between antioxidant activity and the phenolic content of the extracts was established. The obtained results suggest that S. amplexicaulis could be regarded as an important source of natural antioxidants.

scholarly journals PROFIL KADAR MDA PADA TUMOR KULIT MENCIT (Mus musculus) SEBAGAI AKIBAT PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRSAK (Annona muricata L) DAN EKSTRAK METANOL BENALU TEH (Scurulla atropurpurea Bl. Dancer)

el–Hayah ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kholifah Holil
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Skin Tumors ◽  
Skin Tumor ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Tumor Diseases ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

<em>Malondialdehyde (MDA) is widely used as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Increased levels of MDA have been associated with a variety of tumor diseases , one of is a skin tumor. To cope with this disease use several medicinal plants which are leaves of soursop (Annona muricata L) and tea parasite (Scurulla atropurpurea Bl. dancer) . This study aims to determine the profile of MDA in mouse skin tumors as a result of ethanol extract of leaves of soursop and methanol extract of tea parasite. The sample used in this study were mouse skin tumors derived from mice induced by using 7.12 - Dimethilbenz(α)Antrasen (DMBA) and ethanol extract of leaves of soursop and methanol extract of tea parasite. While the observation parameters are obtained via MDA spectrophotometer method. The result of this research showed that the levels of MDA in mouse skin tumors induced ethanol extract of leaves of soursop and methanol extract of tea parasite is different. Lowest MDA levels (34.95nmol/g) contained in the DS3 that comes from DMBA-induced mice 25μg/100μl of acetone and ethanol extracts of soursop leaf 60mg/kg </em>

scholarly journals PENETAPAN RENDEMEN EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU MAWAR (Syzygium jambos L. Alston) BERDASARKAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI ETANOL DENGAN METODE MASERASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Eka Siswanto Syamsul ◽  
Olanda Anugerah ◽  
Risa Supriningrum
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Syzygium Jambos ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Guava Leaf

Syzygium jambos is a medicinal plant. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in ethanol concentration on yield of guava leaf extract by maceration method. The research conducted was experimental research. The research phase includes sample collection, determination, manufacture of simplicia, extraction by maceration with variations in ethanol concentration, determination of yield, phytochemical screening and determination of drying losses. Phytochemical screening results showed that 50% of ethanol extracts of positive rose guava contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids / terpenoids, 70% ethanol and 90% positives contained flavonoids, tannins and steroids / terpenoids. The yield of rose guava ethanol extract was 50% (23.01% ± 0.372), 70% ethanol (21.96% ± 1.181) and 90% ethanol (16.57% ± 0.384). LSD test results showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the 90% to 50% and 70% groups.

scholarly journals In vitro, antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanol roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces extracts from two localities in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 292-297
Author(s):  
Ghislain Maffo Tazoho ◽  
Esther Etengeneng Agbor ◽  
Inocent Gouado
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Fighting against malnutrition and diseases such as oxidative stress diseases via a food-based approach could be achieved through identification, valorization, and promotion of local foods rich in macro- and micronutrients and phytochemical components. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of agro-ecological conditions on the antioxidant capacity of the Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous and methanol calyces extracts. Material and methods: The total phenolic content, the free radical DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities were evaluated in aqueous and methanol Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces extract samples from two localities (Dschang [western highland zone] and Ngaoundéré [high Guinean savanna zone]) in Cameroon. Results: The results obtained showed that these extracts contain an important amount of total phenolic compounds with no significant difference (P>0.05) between aqueous and methanol extracts and also between the origins of calyces. The extracts showed their ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ as well as their ability to reduce the free radical, DPPH•. Concerning the FRAP results, at the concentration of 12.5µg/mL, the absorbance of AEN (Aqueous Extract from Ngaoundéré locality) recorded the value (0.33±0.05) meanwhile at a far higher concentration of 200 µg/mL, the absorbance of MEN (Methanol Extract from Ngaoundéré locality) was the highest (1.39±0.06). The CI50 of methanol extracts was significantly low (P<0.05) compared to that of aqueous extracts. The value ranges were 11.31±0.15, 14.69±0.84, 18.07±0.63, 20.50±0.54, and 21.50±0.54 µg/mL for ascorbic acid, MEN (Methanol Extract from Ngaoundéré locality), MED (Methanol Extract from Dschang locality), AEN (Aqueous Extract from Ngaoundéré locality), and AED (Aqueous Extract from Dschang locality) respectively. Conclusion: These findings show that the antioxidant activity of methanol extract is higher than that of aqueous extract. Hibiscus calyces from the two localities could be used as a natural antioxidant in the treatment of oxidative stress diseases. Keywords: Roselle calyces, aqueous and methanol extracts, antioxidant capacity.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effect of Artemisia Aerial Parts Extracts on Candida albicans growth and Shear Bond Strength of Soft Denture Liner

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Ayaat Nasser Abdul Nour ◽  
Amal Abdul Latif Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oil Extract ◽  
Soft Denture Liner ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

After a period of use in the oral cavity the bond between denture base and soft denture liner weaken or fails creating a suitable environment for fungal colonization. Traditional medical plants that have antifungal agents are considered more safe and with few side effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oil and ethanol extracts of Artemisia aerial parts on Candida albicans growth and shear bond strength of soft denture liner. Candida albicans species were isolated and diagnosed, oil and ethanol extracts of Artemisia were prepared, the effect of the extracts on Candida albicans were tested by agar well diffusion test and micro dilution test. Finally, 30 specimens of soft denture liner were prepared for testing shear bond strength by Universal Instron machine before and after incorporation of the extracts. The results showed that all the concentrations of oil extract inhibit the growth of Candida albicans except (12.5 mg/ml) and there were significant differences (P≤0.05) between all concentrations compared with Nystatin except between (100 and Nystatin) mg/ml in which there were no significant difference.  In ethanol extract only the concentrations (100 and 75) mg/ml inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and there were significant differences between all concentrations (P≤0.05) with Nystatin, while shear bond strength was increased in ethanol extract and there were significant differences with the control (P≤0.05), but it was not affected in oil extract and there were no significant differences with the control (P>0.05). Interestingly, it’s concluded that oil and ethanol extracts of Artemisia aerials parts had an effect on Candida albicans, while shear bond strength was not affected by oil extract but increased in ethanol extract.

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