Does watching violent electronic and social media content lead to increased levels of aggression? A survey among adolescents in an urban slum of metropolitan Karachi

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Tahir ◽  
Lubna Ansari Baig ◽  
Zaeema Ahmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Media Literacy ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
P Value ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Violent Content

AbstractObjectivesIncreased levels of aggression and desensitization of adolescents has been witnessed as a result of exposure to violent social/electronic media content. It is imperative for policymakers to study such behavioral outcomes in order to make sound policies regarding media literacy. The objective of the study therefore was to assess relationship between violent electronic/social media exposure and level of aggression.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among adolescents aged 9–19 years in peri-urban slum of Karachi. Content-based Media Exposure scale and Buss and Perry questionnaire, internationally validated tools were used to collect data. Level of aggression was the main outcome variable which was analyzed.ResultsFour hundred and twenty-two adolescents participated in the survey. Usage of television was significantly higher in the younger age group whereas the effect of watching violent content among the adolescents varied. It was observed that 153 (36.3%) respondents felt stressed and 24 (5.7%) felt aggressive after watching violent content on electronic and social media. The contents showing people who fight (39.6 ± 5.6, p-value<0.05), who steal (39.5 ± 7.5, p-value=<0.05) and destroyed someone else’s belongings (40.6 ± 7.6, p-value=<0.05) had a significant effect on the level of aggression. Regression analysis predicted a strong positive association of exposure of violent content with level of aggression (β=0.43).ConclusionsThe usage of violent content on social and electronic media was popular among adolescents, and produced negative effects on the behavior of adolescents. Measures should be taken to introduce media literacy of the children in Pakistan, especially in the peri-urban slums.

scholarly journals Reactions to Unsolicited Violent, and Sexual, Explicit Media Content Shared over Social Media: Gender Differences and Links with Prior Exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4296
Author(s):  
Laura Louise Nicklin ◽  
Emma Swain ◽  
Joanne Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Sexual Content ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Violent Media ◽  
Violent Content ◽  
Explicit Content

While there has been extensive research into consumption of “traditional” forms of explicit sexual and violent media (within pornography, videogames and movies), the informal exchange and viewing of explicit real-world violent and sexual content via social media is an under-investigated and potentially problematic behaviour. The current study used an online survey (n = 225: 169f, 55m, 1x, mean age 30.61 (SD 12.03)) to explore self-reported reactions to unsolicited explicit violent and sexual content that participants had received from friends or contacts. In line with our predictions based on previous studies of fictional explicit content, we found effects of both gender and prior exposure on these reactions. Specifically, females rated both sexual and violent explicit content as significantly less funny and exciting and more disturbing than males did. Amongst males, those with high previous exposure rated violent content as more exciting than those with lower or no prior experience. Regardless of gender, participants with higher exposure to sexual content rated it as funnier than those with mild or no exposure, and those with higher exposure to violent content rated it as more amusing and more exciting. However, contrary to what desensitization theories would predict, prior exposure did not attenuate how disturbing explicit content (of either a sexual or a violent nature) was rated. Multiple avenues for further investigation emerged from this preliminary cross-sectional study, and we suggest priorities for further qualitative or longitudinal work on this novel topic.

scholarly journals Association between Social Media Exposure to Food and Beverages with Nutrient Intake of Female Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cholida Adiba ◽  
Siti Fatimah Pradigdo ◽  
Martha Irene Kartasurya
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Standard Deviations

Communication technology development has influenced adolescent food choices and intakes. This study aimed to investigate the association between social media exposure to food and beverage content and nutrient intake among female adolescents. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional design. The targeted population was 104 female students aged 14–18 years old at 'XY' High School in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Eighty-one subjects were chosen by clustered random sampling. Data were collected by interviews using structured questionnaires and a 3x24-hour recall method. Data analyses were conducted by chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression. The median and standard deviations of social-media, the duration, frequency, and the number of accounts were 2.3±3.00 hours/access, 2.0±2.00 times/day, and 3.6±2.46 accounts/access, respectively. Mean and standard deviations of adequacy levels for energy 107.4±15.39% and protein 124.8±25.8%. Duration of social-media exposures (p-value = 0.040) and body image (p-value= 0.040) were associated with food selection. Food selection was associated with energy (p-value = 0.003) and protein (p-value = 0.002) adequacy levels. After controlling for body image, social-media exposure duration > 2.3 hours had an OR of 3.4 for selecting the accessed foods. It was concluded that social media exposure duration was associated with food selection, which was then associated with energy and protein intakes.

scholarly journals Media and sustainable apparel buying intention

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orpha de Lenne ◽  
Laura Vandenbosch
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Efficacy Beliefs ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Using the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between different types of media and the intention to buy sustainable apparel and test whether attitudes, social norms, and self-efficacy beliefs may explain these relationships. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 681 young adults (18-26 years old). Findings Exposure to social media content of sustainable organizations, eco-activists, and sustainable apparel brands, and social media content of fashion bloggers and fast fashion brands predicted respondents’ attitudes, descriptive and subjective norms, and self-efficacy beliefs regarding buying sustainable apparel. In turn, attitudes, descriptive norms, and self-efficacy beliefs predicted the intention to buy sustainable apparel. Fashion magazines predicted the intention through self-efficacy. Specialized magazines did not predict the intention to buy sustainable apparel. Research limitations/implications Results should be generalized with caution as the current study relied on a convenience sample of young adults. The cross-sectional study design limits the ability to draw conclusions regarding causality. Actual behavior was not addressed and needs to be included in further research. Practical implications The present study hints at the importance of social media to affect young consumers’ intentions to buy sustainable apparel. Sustainable apparel brands should consider attracting more young social media users to their social media pages. Originality/value This study is one of the first to examine the potential of different media to promote sustainable apparel buying intention.

scholarly journals Determinants of minimum acceptable diet among young children in an urban slum: a community-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Kavita Kunhipurayil ◽  
Manissha Srivastav
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Child health and growth deteriorate as a result of inadequate quantities and frequencies of complementary feeding.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban field practice area of a tertiary medical college hospital among 280 children by systematic random sampling method. Children belonging to 12-23 months were included while sick child, children whose mother/guardian did not give consent were excluded.Results: The proportion of children who met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) were 52.8 % (95% CI) and 52% (95% CI), respectively. Out of 280 children, 90 i.e. (32.1 %) children had achieved the recommended Minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Maternal education (Chi square value=11.2; CI 95%); socioeconomic status (Chi square value=57.4; CI 95%) were positively associated with dietary diversity. Higher percentage of male children (44.8 %) achieved minimum acceptable diet as compared to female children (20.5%); (chi square value=18.8, CI 95%). The percentage of children receiving MDD and MMF was more among children of higher socioeconomic class (p value 0.0001) and from nuclear family (p value=0.45). The birth order of the child was inversely related to the attainment of MAD. (p value=0.0001).Conclusions: Results of the study strongly suggest that poor dietary diversity and meal frequency is associated with numerous factors and their interplay is a multitude of combinations rather than a single cause.  

scholarly journals Penggunaan media sosial dan peran orang tua terhadap kejadian pernikahan dini

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-451
Author(s):  
Asnuddin Asnuddin ◽  
Asrini Mattrah
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Use Of Social Media

Social media use: The role of parents' perceptions about social media impact in early marriageBackground: Early marriage is a marriage that is conducted at adolescence, the factors causing early marriage are socio-cultural factors, economic pressure, level of education, difficulty in getting a job, social media, religion and views and beliefsPurpose: To find out the influence of social media and the role of parents on the incidence of early marriageMethod: A quantitative research using descriptive analytical research method with cross sectional study design with variable use of social media with the criteria for the results "active and inactive". For the variable of the role of parents with 2 outcome criteria, namely "influential and not influential". And for the variable incidence of early marriage, there are 2 criteria, namely age 14-16 years and age 17-19 years, the questionnaire used has been through the validity of previous researchers. Then the results of the data obtained were analyzed in the SPSS program using the Chi Square testResults: From the Chi Square test results for social media variables obtained p value = 0.001, then the value of p = 0.001 <0.05 (α) while the role of parents variable Chi Square test results obtained p value = 0.022, therefore the value of p = 0.022 <0.05 (α).Conclusion: Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that, there is a significant influence between the use of social media and the role of parents in the event of early marriage Keywords: Social media; Parents, Early marriagePendahuluan: Pernikahan usia dini adalah perkawinan yang dilakukan pada usia remaja, faktor penyebab pernikahan usia dini adalah faktor sosial budaya, desakan ekonomi, tingkat pendidikan, sulit mendapat pekerjaan, media sosial, agama serta pandangan dan kepercayaan.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh media sosial dan peran orang tua terhadap kejadian pernikahan dini di Kecamatan Marioriawa Kabupaten Soppeng Metode: Penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional study dengan variabel penggunaan media sosial dengan kriteria hasil “aktif dan tidak aktif”. Untuk variabel peran orang tua dengan 2 kriteria hasil yaitu “berpengaruh dan tidak berpengaruh”. Dan untuk variabel kejadian pernikahan dini ada 2 kriteria  yaitu umur 14-16 tahun dan umur 17-19 tahun,  kuesioner yang di gunakan sudah melalui uji validitas peneliti sebelumnya. Kemudian hasil data yang di dapatkan dianalisis di program SPSS dengan menggunakan uji Chi SquareHasil: Dari hasil uji Chi Square untuk variabel media sosial didapatkan nilai p=0,001, maka nilai p=0.001<0.05 (α) sedangkan variabel peran orang tua hasil uji Chi Square didapatkan nilai p=0,022, oleh karena itu nilai p=0.022<0.05 (α).Simpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat di simpulkan bahwa, Ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara penggunaan media sosial dan peran orang tua terhadap kejadian pernikahan dini

scholarly journals The challenges in control COVID-19 in Injibera, Awi Zone, North East Amhara, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Amsalu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Housing Status ◽  
North East ◽  
Control Virus

Abstract Background: In the globe, on April 2021, 130 million coronavirus cases, around 2.8 million were deaths, 102 million were recovered and 105.2 million were closed cases of COVID-19 reported. On April 2021, the world population were 7.9 billion of which United Nations estimates were 1.65% COVID-19 cases included the Ethiopia in report. The main objective of the study was identify the challenges of in control COVID-19.Methods: The cross-sectional study design was used November to February 2021 in Injibera from Ethiopia. The total 385 respondents using simple random sampling were interviewed. The chi-square test of association and ordinal logistic regression was applied to identify the effect of predictor variables on challenges in control COVID-19.Results: Out of 385 respondents 277(71.95%) were high challenges in control COVID-19 in Injibera. There was a significant relationship with social media and challenges of in control virus (p-value = 0.047). The variables considered social media, housing status and influence were significant relationship with challenges of in control virus (p-value < 5%). Facebook users were the responsible causes of challenges in control COVID-19 (p-value = 0.023). The more social media followed, decreased the occurrence of challenges in control virus. In addition, a unit increase rented, the challenges in control virus decreased by 0.60 times (p-value = 0.009).Conclusion: Winning against the coronavirus together with world couldn’t be a marathon. COVID-19 couldn’t be won without collective global and local effort. It would also need serious thinking, discipline and war against the only virus. COVID-19 war needs in control, the globe should be faced free, coordination and discover scientific methods together.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anaemia and its epidemiological correlates among women of reproductive age group in an urban slum of Mumbai

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 2841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushali R. Lilare ◽  
Durgesh Prasad Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
P Value ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rich Food

Background: Anaemia is a major public health problem affecting children, adolescent, women of reproductive age groups and lactating mothers worldwide. As per NFHS-IV data, prevalence of anaemia in India is 53%. This study was done to assess the prevalence of anaemia and its epidemiological correlates among women in reproductive age groups in an urban slum of Mumbai. Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban slum in Mumbai. Total 315 women in the reproductive age groups (15-49 years) were enrolled in the study. Samples were selected by stratified random sampling from various sectors. All respondents were interviewed and haemoglobin estimation was done with Sahli’s method. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0 and chi-square test was used to find out the association between two qualitative variables. Results: The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anaemia was 37.1%, 9.5% and 2.9% respectively. The factors associated with anaemia were education (p value=0.0001), socio-economic status (p value=0.001), consumption of iron rich food (p value=0.0001) and interval between two successive pregnancy in years (p value=0.0001). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that education, socioeconomic status, consumption of iron rich food, interval between successive pregnancies affect the overall blood haemoglobin level on a long run. Community awareness regarding education and schooling of girls will help to increase the education level of women and would indirectly help to increase the health awareness and decrease the prevalence of anaemia. 

scholarly journals Early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among women ever used implanon in Mettu district, Oromia regional state, southwest Ethiopia, 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Tesfaye ◽  
Ebissa Negara ◽  
Kenbon Bayisa
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background Implanon is an effective form of long-acting reversible contraceptive used to prevent conception with a clinical failure rate of less than one per 100 users. However, in sub-Saharan countries the utilization of implanon was very low. Regardless of low utilization; its early discontinuation is very common in most developing countries including Ethiopia. Objectives To assess the prevalence of early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among women ever used implanon in Mettu district. Methods A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted from October 11 to December 4, 2020 G C. A total of 430 women were included in the study by systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered into epi data version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive analysis was computed to describe descriptive results. Logistics regression was computed to see the relative effect of factors on the outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratio was calculated with 95% confidence intervals to show strength of association and p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. The finding of the study was presented using narrations, tables and chart. Result The total proportion of early implanon discontinuation among 430 mothers was 19.3%. Women who did not counseled about the presence of alternatives methods [AOR = 2.28: 95% CI (1.22–4.26)], women who experienced dizziness after insertion of implanon [AOR = 1.90: 95% CI (1.06–3.43)] and being having menstrual disturbance after insertion of implanon [AOR = 2.17: 95% CI (1.16–4.08)] were significantly associated with early implanon discontinuation. Women who were counseled about the advantage of implanon [AOR: 0.49: 95% CI (0.28–0.87)] were protective from early implanon discontinuation. Conclusion and recommendation Early implanon discontinuation among mothers was found to be high. Hence, effective counseling on advantages and side effects of implanon and proper management of the side effects should be made to increase implanon retention.

scholarly journals Paparan Media Sosial terhadap Perilaku Seksual Remaja

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Siti Fatimah Mooduto ◽  
Nurnaningsih Ali Abdul ◽  
Magdalena M Tompunuh
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adolescent Sexual Behavior ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Internet Users

Internet users are dominated by teenagers, ie 80 percent, with an age range of 15-19 years. The internet is used not only for educational needs but also for entertainment, shopping, social media, and so on. More than 500 million adolescents aged 10-14 years in developing countries have had sex for the first time under the age of 15 years. Increased adolescent sexual behavior has an impact on the high number of underage marriages. This study aims to prove whether there is an effect of social media exposure on adolescent sexual behavior in high school. The research site used is in the first place with the highest number of teenage pregnancies, namely 14 people. This type of research is an analytic survey with a cross-sectional study approach, using a chi-square statistical test. The sample in this study was 40 respondents. The results showed that x 2 calculated the value of p = 0.000 (<0.05), which means that there is an influence of social media exposure on adolescent sexual behavior in high school.

scholarly journals Association of Household Socioeconomic Status, Neighborhood Support System and Adherence to Dietary Recommendation among Persons with T2DM, a Facility-based Cross-sectional Study in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Be-Ikuu Doglikuu ◽  
Abubakari Abdulai ◽  
Mehdi Yaseri ◽  
Elham Shakibazadeh ◽  
Abolghassem Djazayery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Support System ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recommendation ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Social Support System ◽  
Household Socioeconomic Status

Abstract Background: Dietary recommendation help persons with diabetes adopt healthy eating habits to achieve optimal glycemic control. Socioeconomic-status and neighborhood support system could influence adherence to dietary recommendation. The purpose of our study is to assess the association of household-socioeconomic status and neighborhood-support system with adherence to dietary recommendation among persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Facility-based cross-sectional-survey was conducted among 530 individuals with T2DM in Brong Ahafo region, Ghana. Six hospitals were randomly selected and persons with T2DM consecutively recruited from the selected hospitals into the study. Structured-questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic variables. Adherence to dietary recommendation was the outcome -variable, and was assessed using perceived dietary adherence questionnaire. Results: Age (years) (P-value=0.01), place of residence (P-value =0.01), educational level (P-value =0.01) and occupation (P-value =0.01) were significantly correlated with socioeconomic status (P-value 0.01). Age (years) regression coefficient (β) -0.089, 95%CI (-0.12, -0.001), Being married β0.103, 95%CI (0.002, 0.02), moderate and low-social support system β 0.309, 95%CI(0.17, 0.38) and β-0.192, 95%CI(-0.26, -0.06) respectively, and high-socioeconomic status β 0.197, 95%CI(0.06, 0.25) were significantly associated with adherence to dietary recommendation.Conclusion: We found that social-support system and socioeconomic-status could be associated with adherence to dietary recommendation. Therefore, health workers should consider that patients’ social support system and socioeconomic status could be modifiable factors for optimum adherence.

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