scholarly journals Circadian rhythms in mitochondrial respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. R115-R130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul de Goede ◽  
Jakob Wefers ◽  
Eline Constance Brombacher ◽  
Patrick Schrauwen ◽  
Andries Kalsbeek
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Diurnal Changes

Many physiological processes are regulated with a 24-h periodicity to anticipate the environmental changes of daytime to nighttime and vice versa. These 24-h regulations, commonly termed circadian rhythms, among others control the sleep–wake cycle, locomotor activity and preparation for food availability during the active phase (daytime for humans and nighttime for nocturnal animals). Disturbing circadian rhythms at the organ or whole-body level by social jetlag or shift work, increases the risk to develop chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The molecular basis of this risk is a topic of increasing interest. Mitochondria are essential organelles that produce the majority of energy in eukaryotes by converting lipids and carbohydrates into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. To adapt to the ever-changing environment, mitochondria are highly dynamic in form and function and a loss of this flexibility is linked to metabolic diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that changes in mitochondrial morphology (i.e., fusion and fission) as well as generation of new mitochondria are dependent on a viable circadian clock. In addition, fission and fusion processes display diurnal changes that are aligned to the light/darkness cycle. Besides morphological changes, mitochondrial respiration also displays diurnal changes. Disturbing the molecular clock in animal models leads to abrogated mitochondrial rhythmicity and altered respiration. Moreover, mitochondrial-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, which plays a role in cellular signaling, has also been linked to the circadian clock. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the study of circadian rhythms of mitochondria and how this is linked to the molecular circadian clock.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythm: Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Andy W. C. Man ◽  
Huige Li ◽  
Ning Xia
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Every organism has an intrinsic biological rhythm that orchestrates biological processes in adjusting to daily environmental changes. Circadian rhythms are maintained by networks of molecular clocks throughout the core and peripheral tissues, including immune cells, blood vessels, and perivascular adipose tissues. Recent findings have suggested strong correlations between the circadian clock and cardiovascular diseases. Desynchronization between the circadian rhythm and body metabolism contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases including arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. Circadian rhythms are involved in controlling inflammatory processes and metabolisms, which can influence the pathology of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis. Circadian clock genes are critical in maintaining the robust relationship between diurnal variation and the cardiovascular system. The circadian machinery in the vascular system may be a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The research on circadian rhythms in cardiovascular diseases is still progressing. In this review, we briefly summarize recent studies on circadian rhythms and cardiovascular homeostasis, focusing on the circadian control of inflammatory processes and metabolisms. Based on the recent findings, we discuss the potential target molecules for future therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular diseases by targeting the circadian clock.

scholarly journals Interaction between photoperiod and variation in circadian rhythms in tomato

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanli Xiang ◽  
Thomas Sapir ◽  
Pauline Rouillard ◽  
Marina Ferrand ◽  
Jose M Jimenez-Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Phase Shift ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Transcriptomic Profiling ◽  
Isogenic Lines

Many biological processes follow circadian rhythmicity and are controlled by the circadian clock. Predictable environmental changes such as seasonal variation in photoperiod can modulate circadian rhythms, allowing organisms to adjust to the time of the year. Modification of circadian clocks is especially relevant in crops to enhance their cultivability in specific regions by changing their sensibility to photoperiod. In tomato, the appearance of mutations in EMPFINDLICHER IM DUNKELROTEN LICHT 1 (EID1, Solyc09g075080) and NIGHT LIGHT-INDUCIBLE AND CLOCK-REGULATED GENE 2 (LNK2, Solyc01g068560) during domestication delayed its circadian rhythms, and allowed its expansion outside its equatorial origin. Here we study how variation in circadian rhythms in tomato affects its perception of photoperiod. To do this, we create near isogenic lines carrying combinations of wild alleles of EID1 and LNK2 and perform transcriptomic profiling under two different photoperiods. We observe that EID1, but not LNK2, has a large effect on the tomato transcriptome and its response to photoperiod. This large effect of EID1 is likely a consequence of the global phase shift elicited by this gene in tomato's circadian rhythms.

scholarly journals Meal Timing, Aging, and Metabolic Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kessler ◽  
Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Meal Timing

A growing body of evidence suggests that meal timing is an important factor for metabolic regulation and that the circadian clock tightly interacts with metabolic functions. The proper functioning of the circadian clock is critical for maintaining metabolic health. Therefore, chrononutrition, a novel discipline which investigates the relation between circadian rhythms, nutrition, and metabolism, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Circadian rhythms are strongly affected by obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other dietary-induced metabolic diseases. With increasing age, the circadian system also undergoes significant changes which contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic rhythms. Metabolic diseases are a major health concern, particularly in light of a growing aging population, and effective approaches for their prevention and treatment are urgently needed. Recently, animal studies have impressively shown beneficial effects of several dietary patterns (e.g., caloric restriction or time-restricted feeding) on circadian rhythms and metabolic outcomes upon nutritional challenges. Whether these dietary patterns show the same beneficial effects in humans is, however, less well studied. As indicated by recent studies, dietary approaches might represent a promising, attractive, and easy-to-adapt strategy for the prevention and therapy of circadian and metabolic disturbances in humans of different age.

scholarly journals Astrocyte Clocks and Glucose Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Barca-Mayo ◽  
Miguel López
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Whole Body

The endogenous timekeeping system evolved to anticipate the time of the day through the 24 hours cycle of the Earth’s rotation. In mammals, the circadian clock governs rhythmic physiological and behavioral processes, including the daily oscillation in glucose metabolism, food intake, energy expenditure, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. The results from a series of studies have demonstrated that environmental or genetic alterations of the circadian cycle in humans and rodents are strongly associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that astrocyte clocks have a crucial role in regulating molecular, physiological, and behavioral circadian rhythms such as glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Given the concurrent high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and circadian disruption, understanding the mechanisms underlying glucose homeostasis regulation by the circadian clock and its dysregulation may improve glycemic control. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the tight interconnection between the timekeeping system, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. We focus specifically on the involvement of astrocyte clocks, at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels, in the regulation of glucose metabolism.

scholarly journals A Synthetic Chrono Genetic Therapy Gene for Consecutive Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Maryam Anosh ◽  
Zukhruff Majeed ◽  
Nida Qamar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

Chronotherapy, the delivery of therapeutic interventions personalized to patient's circadian rhythms, has shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects. Patients exhibit diurnal changes in cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis that lead to inflammatory flares and enhanced disease severity in the early morning. There has been important work showing the administration of anti-inflammatory treatments in the early morning, immediately before the inflammatory flare, in reducing symptoms of RA. Using synthetic biology, we developed chronotherapy-based gene chromogenic therapies that produce our prescribed transgene downstream of the core circadian clock component, Per2. We transduced these lentiviral chromogenic therapies into murine-induced pluripotent stem cells and developed tissue-engineered cartilage as our model system for timed drug delivery. Our anti-inflammatory chromogenic could produce interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in an oscillatory manner tracking with circadian rhythms in vitro. Additionally, the tissue-engineered pellets could entrain host circadian rhythms when implanted into mice and produce different levels of IL-1Ra in the serum at other times of the day. The chromogenic synthetic gene provides a novel cell therapy driving by the circadian clock for controlled biologic delivery at prescribed times of the                      day.

scholarly journals Why Lungs Keep Time: Circadian Rhythms and Lung Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 391-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Nosal ◽  
Anna Ehlers ◽  
Jeffrey A. Haspel
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Daily Cycles ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Lung Immunity

Circadian rhythms are daily cycles in biological function that are ubiquitous in nature. Understood as a means for organisms to anticipate daily environmental changes, circadian rhythms are also important for orchestrating complex biological processes such as immunity. Nowhere is this more evident than in the respiratory system, where circadian rhythms in inflammatory lung disease have been appreciated since ancient times. In this focused review we examine how emerging research on circadian rhythms is being applied to the study of fundamental lung biology and respiratory disease. We begin with a general introduction to circadian rhythms and the molecular circadian clock that underpins them. We then focus on emerging data tying circadian clock function to immunologic activities within the respiratory system. We conclude by considering outstanding questions about biological timing in the lung and how a better command of chronobiology could inform our understanding of complex lung diseases.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythms and the Gastrointestinal Tract: Relationship to Metabolism and Gut Hormones

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Martchenko ◽  
Sarah E Martchenko ◽  
Andrew D Biancolin ◽  
Patricia L Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Gut Hormone

Abstract Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological rhythms within organisms that have developed over evolutionary time due to predefined environmental changes, mainly the light-dark cycle. Interestingly, metabolic tissues, which are largely responsible for establishing diurnal metabolic homeostasis, have been found to express cell-autonomous clocks that are entrained by food intake. Disruption of the circadian system, as seen in individuals who conduct shift work, confers significant risk for the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the first point of contact for ingested nutrients and is thus an essential organ system for metabolic control. This review will focus on the circadian function of the GI tract with a particular emphasis on its role in metabolism through regulation of gut hormone release. First, the circadian molecular clock as well as the organization of the mammalian circadian system is introduced. Next, a brief overview of the structure of the gut as well as the circadian regulation of key functions important in establishing metabolic homeostasis is discussed. Particularly, the focus of the review is centered around secretion of gut hormones; however, other functions of the gut such as barrier integrity and intestinal immunity, as well as digestion and absorption, all of which have relevance to metabolic control will be considered. Finally, we provide insight into the effects of circadian disruption on GI function and discuss chronotherapeutic intervention strategies for mitigating associated metabolic dysfunction.

Abstract 391: Endogenous Drp1 Modulates Cardiac Respiration Through mPTP and Independent of Fission

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiliang Zhang ◽  
Sara Bisetto ◽  
Shey-Shing Sheu ◽  
Wang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Dominant Negative Mutant ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Mouse Heart ◽  
Rat Cardiomyocytes ◽  
Adult Cardiomyocytes ◽  
Mitochondrial Ros

Background: The cardiac mitochondria exhibit a stable morphology with a rather low level of dynamic changes. However, fission and fusion proteins, such as dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) are abundant in the heart. Whether these proteins bear other functions in the heart than mitochondrial dynamics regulation are largely unknown. We hypothesize that endogenous DRP1 in the heart regulates mitochondrial respiration independent of fission. Methods: Mitochondrial respiration was determined by measuring the OCR with Seahorse assay or Clark type electrode in adult rat cardiomyocytes or mitochondria isolated from adult mouse heart. Confocal imaging was used to quantify mitochondrial morphology in adult cardiomyocytes and H9C2 myoblasts. To evaluate the role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), we monitored superoxide flashes (SOF) and laser-induced mPTP openings, and used cyclophilin D knockout mice (CypD KO). Mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ were also monitored. Results: Inhibiting the DRP1 GTPase activity by Mdivi-1 or overexpression of the dominant-negative mutant (DRP1-K38A) induced mild mitochondrial morphological changes in adult cardiomyocytes, and inhibited mitochondrial respiration. Modulation of fission/fusion by overexpressing DRP1 or treating cells with S3, a compound facilitates fusion, exhibited significant morphological changes, but failed to influence respiration. Therefore, endogenous DRP1 activity may regulate respiration in the heart and this effect is dissociated with morphological changes. Further, inhibiting DRP1 activity attenuated the frequency of SOF, indicating decreased transient mPTP openings, delayed laser-induced permanent mPTP opening, and increased mitochondrial Ca2+. Inhibiting DRP1 activity decreased mitochondrial ROS levels. The role of DRP1 inhibition on respiration absents in CypD KO myocytes, suggesting the involvement of mPTP in the modulation of respiration by endogenous DRP1. Conclusion: These results suggest that endogenous DRP1 positively regulates respiration in the heart. This effect is likely independent of its role in mitochondrial fission. DRP1 regulation of respiration may involve transient opening of mPTP and contribute to mitochondrial Ca2+ and ROS signaling.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation and Circadian Molecular Timing

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brenna ◽  
Urs Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Clock Proteins ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Response To Environmental Change ◽  
External Stimuli

Endogenous circadian rhythms are biological processes generated by an internal body clock. They are self-sustaining, and they govern biochemical and physiological processes. However, circadian rhythms are influenced by many external stimuli to reprogram the phase in response to environmental change. Through their adaptability to environmental changes, they synchronize physiological responses to environmental challenges that occur within a sidereal day. The precision of this circadian system is assured by many post-translational modifications (PTMs) that occur on the protein components of the circadian clock mechanism. The most ancient example of circadian rhythmicity driven by phosphorylation of clock proteins was observed in cyanobacteria. The influence of phosphorylation on the circadian system is observed through different kingdoms, from plants to humans. Here, we discuss how phosphorylation modulates the mammalian circadian clock, and we give a detailed overview of the most critical discoveries in the field.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythms in Cyanobacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Cohen ◽  
Susan S. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interactive Network ◽  
Cyanobacterial Species ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Pcc 7942

SUMMARYLife on earth is subject to daily and predictable fluctuations in light intensity, temperature, and humidity created by rotation of the earth. Circadian rhythms, generated by a circadian clock, control temporal programs of cellular physiology to facilitate adaptation to daily environmental changes. Circadian rhythms are nearly ubiquitous and are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Here we introduce the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock in the model cyanobacteriumSynechococcus elongatusPCC 7942. We review the current understanding of the cyanobacterial clock, emphasizing recent work that has generated a more comprehensive understanding of how the circadian oscillator becomes synchronized with the external environment and how information from the oscillator is transmitted to generate rhythms of biological activity. These results have changed how we think about the clock, shifting away from a linear model to one in which the clock is viewed as an interactive network of multifunctional components that are integrated into the context of the cell in order to pace and reset the oscillator. We conclude with a discussion of how this basic timekeeping mechanism differs in other cyanobacterial species and how information gleaned from work in cyanobacteria can be translated to understanding rhythmic phenomena in other prokaryotic systems.

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