scholarly journals Meal Timing, Aging, and Metabolic Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kessler ◽  
Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Meal Timing

A growing body of evidence suggests that meal timing is an important factor for metabolic regulation and that the circadian clock tightly interacts with metabolic functions. The proper functioning of the circadian clock is critical for maintaining metabolic health. Therefore, chrononutrition, a novel discipline which investigates the relation between circadian rhythms, nutrition, and metabolism, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Circadian rhythms are strongly affected by obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other dietary-induced metabolic diseases. With increasing age, the circadian system also undergoes significant changes which contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic rhythms. Metabolic diseases are a major health concern, particularly in light of a growing aging population, and effective approaches for their prevention and treatment are urgently needed. Recently, animal studies have impressively shown beneficial effects of several dietary patterns (e.g., caloric restriction or time-restricted feeding) on circadian rhythms and metabolic outcomes upon nutritional challenges. Whether these dietary patterns show the same beneficial effects in humans is, however, less well studied. As indicated by recent studies, dietary approaches might represent a promising, attractive, and easy-to-adapt strategy for the prevention and therapy of circadian and metabolic disturbances in humans of different age.

scholarly journals Mediators of Host–Microbe Circadian Rhythms in Immunity and Metabolism

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 417
Author(s):  
Katya Frazier ◽  
Mary Frith ◽  
Dylan Harris ◽  
Vanessa A. Leone
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Networks ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Communication Modalities

Circadian rhythms are essential for nearly all life forms, mediated by a core molecular gene network that drives downstream molecular processes involved in immune function and metabolic regulation. These biological rhythms serve as the body’s metronome in response to the 24-h light:dark cycle and other timed stimuli. Disrupted circadian rhythms due to drastic lifestyle and environmental shifts appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, although the mechanisms remain elusive. Gut microbiota membership and function are also key mediators of metabolism and are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations. Recent evidence suggests rhythmicity of gut microbes is essential for host metabolic health. The key molecular mediators that transmit rhythmic signals between microbes and host metabolic networks remain unclear, but studies suggest the host immune system may serve as a conduit between these two systems, providing homeostatic signals to maintain overall metabolic health. Despite this knowledge, the precise mechanism and communication modalities that drive these rhythms remain unclear, especially in humans. Here, we review the current literature examining circadian dynamics of gut microbes, the immune system, and metabolism in the context of metabolic dysregulation and provide insights into gaps and challenges that remain.

scholarly journals When to eat? The influence of circadian rhythms on metabolic health: are animal studies providing the evidence?

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofía Moran-Ramos ◽  
Adrian Baez-Ruiz ◽  
Ruud M. Buijs ◽  
Carolina Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Behavioural Aspects

AbstractAs obesity and metabolic diseases rise, there is need to investigate physiological and behavioural aspects associated with their development. Circadian rhythms have a profound influence on metabolic processes, as they prepare the body to optimise energy use and storage. Moreover, food-related signals confer temporal order to organs involved in metabolic regulation. Therefore food intake should be synchronised with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to elaborate efficient responses to environmental challenges. Human studies suggest that a loss of synchrony between mealtime and the SCN promotes obesity and metabolic disturbances. Animal research using different paradigms has been performed to characterise the effects of timing of food intake on metabolic profiles. Therefore the purpose of the present review is to critically examine the evidence of animal studies, to provide a state of the art on metabolic findings and to assess whether the paradigms used in rodent models give the evidence to support a ‘best time’ for food intake. First we analyse and compare the current findings of studies where mealtime has been shifted out of phase from the light–dark cycle. Then, we analyse studies restricting meal times to different moments within the active period. So far animal studies correlate well with human studies, demonstrating that restricting food intake to the active phase limits metabolic disturbances produced by high-energy diets and that eating during the inactive/sleep phase leads to a worse metabolic outcome. Based on the latter we discuss the missing elements and possible mechanisms leading to the metabolic consequences, as these are still lacking.

scholarly journals The Protective Role of Butyrate against Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 682
Author(s):  
Serena Coppola ◽  
Carmen Avagliano ◽  
Antonio Calignano ◽  
Roberto Berni Canani
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Individual

Worldwide obesity is a public health concern that has reached pandemic levels. Obesity is the major predisposing factor to comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The common forms of obesity are multifactorial and derive from a complex interplay of environmental changes and the individual genetic predisposition. Increasing evidence suggest a pivotal role played by alterations of gut microbiota (GM) that could represent the causative link between environmental factors and onset of obesity. The beneficial effects of GM are mainly mediated by the secretion of various metabolites. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate and butyrate are small organic metabolites produced by fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch with vast beneficial effects in energy metabolism, intestinal homeostasis and immune responses regulation. An aberrant production of SCFAs has emerged in obesity and metabolic diseases. Among SCFAs, butyrate emerged because it might have a potential in alleviating obesity and related comorbidities. Here we reviewed the preclinical and clinical data that contribute to explain the role of butyrate in this context, highlighting its crucial contribute in the diet-GM-host health axis.

scholarly journals Special Issue “Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Diseases”

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2680
Author(s):  
Emmanuella Magriplis ◽  
Michail Chourdakis
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Mediterranean

The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been considered among the healthiest dietary patterns since a little over 50 years ago, Ancel Keys—as the key figure—provided evidence for the beneficial effects of the MD [...]

scholarly journals Circadian rhythms in mitochondrial respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. R115-R130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul de Goede ◽  
Jakob Wefers ◽  
Eline Constance Brombacher ◽  
Patrick Schrauwen ◽  
Andries Kalsbeek
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Diurnal Changes

Many physiological processes are regulated with a 24-h periodicity to anticipate the environmental changes of daytime to nighttime and vice versa. These 24-h regulations, commonly termed circadian rhythms, among others control the sleep–wake cycle, locomotor activity and preparation for food availability during the active phase (daytime for humans and nighttime for nocturnal animals). Disturbing circadian rhythms at the organ or whole-body level by social jetlag or shift work, increases the risk to develop chronic metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The molecular basis of this risk is a topic of increasing interest. Mitochondria are essential organelles that produce the majority of energy in eukaryotes by converting lipids and carbohydrates into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. To adapt to the ever-changing environment, mitochondria are highly dynamic in form and function and a loss of this flexibility is linked to metabolic diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that changes in mitochondrial morphology (i.e., fusion and fission) as well as generation of new mitochondria are dependent on a viable circadian clock. In addition, fission and fusion processes display diurnal changes that are aligned to the light/darkness cycle. Besides morphological changes, mitochondrial respiration also displays diurnal changes. Disturbing the molecular clock in animal models leads to abrogated mitochondrial rhythmicity and altered respiration. Moreover, mitochondrial-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, which plays a role in cellular signaling, has also been linked to the circadian clock. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the study of circadian rhythms of mitochondria and how this is linked to the molecular circadian clock.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Rationale and current evidence for testosterone therapy in the management of obesity and its complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (6) ◽  
pp. R167-R183
Author(s):  
Bruno Lapauw ◽  
Jean-Marc Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lifestyle Measures ◽  
Intervention Trials

Overt hypogonadism in men adversely affects body composition and metabolic health, which generally improve upon testosterone (TS) therapy. As obese men often display lower serum TS levels, in particular when they present with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), there have been claims that androgen therapy prevents or reverses obesity and improves metabolic health. This has contributed to the increase in TS prescriptions during the past two decades. In this narrative review, based on findings from larger observational studies and randomized controlled intervention trials, we evaluate whether low TS predicts or predisposes to obesity and its metabolic consequences, and whether obese men with low TS are truly hypogonadal. We further describe the mechanisms underlying the bi-directional relationships of TS levels with obesity and metabolic health, and finally assess the evidence for TS therapy in men with obesity, MetS and/or T2DM, considering efficacy, safety concerns and possible alternative approaches. It is concluded that low serum sex hormone-binding globulin and total TS levels are highly prevalent in obese men, but that only those with low free TS levels and signs or symptoms of hypogonadism should be considered androgen deficient. These alterations are reversible upon weight loss. Whether low TS is a biomarker rather than a true risk factor for metabolic disturbances remains unclear. Considering the limited number of sound TS therapy trials have shown beneficial effects, the modest amplitude of these effects, and unresolved safety issues, one cannot in the present state-of-the-art advocate TS therapy to prevent or reverse obesity-associated metabolic disturbances. Instead, the focus should remain on lifestyle measures and management of obesity-related consequences.

Melatonin and Oxidative Stress in the Diabetic State: Clinical Implications and Potential Therapeutic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 4178-4190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Espino ◽  
Ana B. Rodríguez ◽  
José A. Pariente
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Association Studies ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Living Organisms

All living organisms exhibit circadian rhythms, which govern the majority of biological functions, including metabolic processes. Misalignment of these circadian rhythms increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. Thus, disruption of the circadian system has been proven to affect the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this context, the pineal indoleamine melatonin is a signaling molecule able to entrain circadian rhythms. There is mounting evidence that suggests a link between disturbances in melatonin production and impaired insulin, glucose, lipid metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. Besides, several genetic association studies have causally associated various single nucleotide polymorphysms (SNPs) of the human MT2 receptor with increased risk of developing T2DM. Taken together, these data suggest that endogenous as well as exogenous melatonin may influence diabetes and associated metabolic disturbances not only by regulating insulin secretion but also by providing protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) since pancreatic β-cells are very susceptible to oxidative stress due to their low antioxidant capacity.

scholarly journals Dancing to circadian rhythms: microbes and metabolism

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Mrinalini C. Rao ◽  
Eugene B. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Distant Organ ◽  
Host Metabolism

Since the turn of the 21st century, two advances in biology have revolutionized our thinking of human metabolism. First, is the in-depth characterization of a previously recognized, but hitherto poorly defined organ system, the gut microbiome. This microbial organ exquisitely interacts with the diet which greatly influences its metabolic functions to impact host metabolism through the production of small bioactive molecules that continuously enter the bloodstream to act at local and distant organ tissues. Equally important, the host metabolism can also modulate the gut microbiome setting up the two as intricate and well-suited partners. Second, is the recognition that most of the cells and organs of the body are dependent on circadian rhythms, systemic timekeepers that play a major role in regulating behavioural and physiological functions to manage energy balance. In conditions of metabolic health, circadian rhythms are the beat to which the two well-matched partners, microbes and metabolism, dance. When these partners are out of step or mismatched, negative consequences may develop that promote metabolic disturbances and disease. Thus, unravelling this complex choreography becomes key to understanding how to maintain metabolic health and to correct missteps that may lead to the development of conditions like diet-induced obesity.

scholarly journals Glycine Metabolism and Its Alterations in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Alves ◽  
Arthur Bassot ◽  
Anne-Laure Bulteau ◽  
Luciano Pirola ◽  
Béatrice Morio
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Glycine Metabolism ◽  
One Carbon Metabolism

Glycine is the proteinogenic amino-acid of lowest molecular weight, harboring a hydrogen atom as a side-chain. In addition to being a building-block for proteins, glycine is also required for multiple metabolic pathways, such as glutathione synthesis and regulation of one-carbon metabolism. Although generally viewed as a non-essential amino-acid, because it can be endogenously synthesized to a certain extent, glycine has also been suggested as a conditionally essential amino acid. In metabolic disorders associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLDs), lower circulating glycine levels have been consistently observed, and clinical studies suggest the existence of beneficial effects induced by glycine supplementation. The present review aims at synthesizing the recent advances in glycine metabolism, pinpointing its main metabolic pathways, identifying the causes leading to glycine deficiency—especially in obesity and associated metabolic disorders—and evaluating the potential benefits of increasing glycine availability to curb the progression of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disturbances. This study focuses on the importance of diet, gut microbiota, and liver metabolism in determining glycine availability in obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals TGR5 Signaling in Hepatic Metabolic Health

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlena M. Holter ◽  
Margot K. Chirikjian ◽  
Viraj N. Govani ◽  
Bethany P. Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Gallstone Formation ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Hepatic Insulin Signaling ◽  
The Impact

TGR5 is a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor that is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis. While the role of TGR5 signaling in immune cells, adipocytes and enteroendocrine L cells in metabolic regulation has been well described and extensively reviewed, the impact of TGR5-mediated effects on hepatic physiology and pathophysiology in metabolic regulation has received less attention. Recent studies suggest that TGR5 signaling contributes to improvements in hepatic insulin signaling and decreased hepatic inflammation, as well as metabolically beneficial improvements in bile acid profile. Additionally, TGR5 signaling has been associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis, and improved liver function. Despite the beneficial effects of TGR5 signaling on metabolic health, TGR5-mediated gallstone formation and gallbladder filling complicate therapeutic targeting of TGR5 signaling. To this end, there is a growing need to identify cell type-specific effects of hepatic TGR5 signaling to begin to identify and target the downstream effectors of TGR5 signaling. Herein, we describe and integrate recent advances in our understanding of the impact of TGR5 signaling on liver physiology and how its effects on the liver integrate more broadly with whole body glucose regulation.

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