scholarly journals The State Measure and Weight Service in Russia in the Early XX Century (on the Example of Kursk Verification Chamber)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-273
Author(s):  
Elena S. Kravtsova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Special Service ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
And Control

Introduction. The development of industry and agriculture as a result of the industrial revolution of the 1830s – 1850s led the government to the idea of unification and control over the system of measurement. However, the process of establishing of a special service that could deal with the issue was very slow both due to the lack of competent specialists and the underdeveloped legislative base. And only in the early 20th century special institutions started to be founded in the provincial centers of the Russian Empire – Verification Chambers, the function of which was to check and seal up all measuring devices which were in use, purchased or manufactured. Verifications procedures were carried out both locally and extensively, in addition, unscheduled revisions were also possible. From the list of work areas it is clear that initially the chambers were founded in large commerce and industry centers, and with the flow of time the practice started spreading throughout the state. Methods. The solution of research problems was provided by a complex of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of published and archival sources, hermeneutical) methods. Results. The created verification chambers used to perform important functions targeted at the development of metrology and as a result the Russian Economy: accuracy of the readings of various measuring devices, control over the sealing marks, withdrawal of the fake ones, quality of measuring tools, educational activities. Conclusion. The importance of the work of this institution is confirmed by the fact that the events of 1917 which led to the collapse of the state preserved the chambers even under the new government.

The 1912 Duma Elections: The State, the Opposition and the Clergy

Orthodoxia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
F. A. Gayda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

This article deals with the political situation around the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire in 1912 (4th convocation). The main actors of the campaign were the government, local administration, liberal opposition and the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church. After the 1905 revolution, the “official Church” found itself in a difficult situation. In particular, anti-Church criticism intensified sharply and was expressed now quite openly, both in the press and from the rostrum of the Duma. A consequence of these circumstances was that in this Duma campaign, for the first time in the history of Russian parliamentarianism, “administrative resources” were widely used. At the same time, the authorities failed to achieve their political objectives. The Russian clergy became actively involved in the election campaign. The government sought to use the conflict between the liberal majority in the third Duma and the clerical hierarchy. Duma members launched an active criticism of the Orthodox clergy, using Grigory Rasputin as an excuse. Even staunch conservatives spoke negatively about Rasputin. According to the results of the election campaign, the opposition was even more active in using the label “Rasputinians” against the Holy Synod and the Russian episcopate. Forty-seven persons of clerical rank were elected to the House — three fewer than in the previous Duma. As a result, the assembly of the clergy elected to the Duma decided not to form its own group, but to spread out among the factions. An active campaign in Parliament and the press not only created a certain public mood, but also provoked a political split and polarization within the clergy. The clergy themselves were generally inclined to blame the state authorities for the public isolation of the Church. The Duma election of 1912 seriously affected the attitude of the opposition and the public toward the bishopric after the February revolution of 1917.

scholarly journals RUSSIAN ECONOMY: WHAT IS NOT ENOUGH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES AND ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
A. V. Yaschenko
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of The Firm ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
High Tech ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Main Thing

The article attempts to assess the results of the development of the Russian economy from the moment of privatization to the present. The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that, despite significant resources, including human capital, the economy is stagnating, there are no structural reforms, and high-tech companies do not appear. The main thing is not creating conditions for business development on the principles of self-organization: entrepreneurship, initiative, personal competence and investment. Reforming the socio-economic system of the USSR has no historical analogue, and is perceived as a unique practice of testing some theoretical positions and hypotheses that guided researchers and entrepreneurs in the framework of a market economy, for example, the theory of market equilibrium, theory of the firm, theory of preferences, and others. Russia has demonstrated a kind of phenomenon, both from the point of view of theory and practice of market transformations, when it is not entrepreneurship, not the investment activity of business and the population, but the narrowly selfish interests of persons affiliated with the government, began to determine market processes, such an economy was called the «economy of individuals», And in the case of a direct focus on the state budget,» the economy of the distribution». The transformations could be based on the market experience of a large number of countries, both developed and developing (China), this has not been done. Time was lost on the creation of new jobs; in the industrial orientation of the state, there were no priorities for the development of important industries for national competitiveness. As a result, the economic growth was lost.

The Politics of Emergency Rule in Egypt

2002 ◽  
Vol 101 (651) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Singerman
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Military Law ◽  
And Control

What has warranted the Egyptian government's use of state security courts, military courts, military law, and exceptional regulation and control of political life over the course of more than five decades? Clearly, Islamist radicals who have been willing to use violence against the state and civilians outside the parameters of the law warrant strong measures…. [Yet] these laws have remained in place even as the government has claimed that its policies have vanquished the Islamist threat.

scholarly journals IS THERE CIVIL SOCIETY IN BANGLADESH?

2018 ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
M. S. Islam
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Local Levels

Сivil society is a group of people excluded from the government and the army and providing a counterbalance and control of the state at the national and local levels in the country. In Bangladesh, since independence in 1971, civil society organizations have been successfully involved in social development, but they have been criticized not to be able promote democracy in Bangladesh because of their support for political parties. Therefore, it impedes strong opposition to corruption and non-democratic activities in the country. In this article, using the historical method, the author analyzes the features and role of civil society in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals IPTEKS PERAN PENGAWASAN BPKP DALAM MENGAWAL DAN MENGOPTIMALKAN PENERIMAAN NEGARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Haryo Wiratama Adi ◽  
Inggriani Elim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Tax State ◽  
Government Bureaucracy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Apparatus ◽  
State Revenues

Non-tax state revenues are sources of Indonesian state revenues originating from levies paid by individuals or entities, where all proceeds of such revenues are managed by the government in which the proceeds from the direct or indirect benefits of services and utilization of resources and rights obtained from the state, based on taxation legislation. The purpose of this study is to ensure that government bureaucracy (governance) punishes achieving goals by implementing risk management and control. BPKP as an APIP that has authority based on the law and presidential regulation in the management of PNBP, must be proactive, initiative, anticipative to help formulate, plan, implement policies for monitoring PNBP management.Keywords: government internal control apparatus, goverment, regulation in the managemeent of PNBP

scholarly journals Mortgage of land by nobles in the state noble land bank in the Kazan province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Eduard D. Bogatyrev
Keyword(s):  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Land Bank

Introduction. The abolition of serfdom confronted Russian landowner nobles with a new reality, when the possibility of using the resource potential of extremely cheap labor of serfs was firstly limited, and then completely disappeared. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a significant part of the nobleman’s debts, as a result of which almost a quarter of them did not receive redemption payments that went to pay off the debt. In these conditions, many nobles were in a situation of lack of funds. The main source of finding these funds for the local nobility were operations with the land, its sale or pledge. In this situation, the nobility was extremely interested in obtaining a long-term loan secured by land. This led to the emergence of land banks, the largest of which was the State Noble Land Bank, which carried out mortgage lending to nobles on favorable terms. His activity was of great importance for the development of the noble economy in the new conditions. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of mainly statistical materials reflecting the activities of the State Noble Land Bank. A study of the regional characteristics of his activities reveals the features of the main trends in the development of noble land ownership in certain areas of the Russian Empire. In the research process, comparative-historical, systemic, quantitative, statistical methods and complex analysis were used. Results. During the analysis of statistical data on the territory of the Kazan province, the reasons were identified that prompted the nobles to pledge their estates and caused the emergence of land banks, reflects the performance indicators of the State Noble Land Bank with the identification of train specifics. It was revealed that the preferential terms of credit provided to the nobles allowed him to become a major player in this area and receive the lion’s share of transactions on the issuance of loans secured by noble estates. Discussion and Conclusions. As a result, this led to the fact that by the beginning of the 20th century, the most of the land belonging to the nobility of the Kazan province was mortgaged precisely in the State Noble Land Bank. His activity allowed the nobles to less loss and to solve the problems arising in the new economic conditions. But, despite the measures taken by the government to support noble land ownership, a significant part of the nobles could not overcome them and was forced to sell their land. At the same time, in general, the Kazan province during the reviewed period had the lowest rate of reduction of noble land ownership.

POLOŽAJ VLADE U USTAVNO-PRAVNOM SISTEMU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Anika Kovačević ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Relationship Of

The author analyzes the composition, affairs and tasks of the Government, as well as the Government's attitude towards the National Assembly, the President of the Republic and the state administration, in order to more precisely normative position the Government as the bearer of executive power in the constitutional system of Serbia. The Government of the Republic of Serbia, together with the state administration, represents an extremely complex, fundamentally important system for the functioning of the institutional, legal and political order of our country. Building a legitimate and efficient relationship of cooperation with these bodies, while respecting the competencies and control mechanisms of the Government provided by the Constitution and laws, is a necessary factor in further upgrading Serbia as a state governed by the rule of law, achieving the principle of separation of powers in Serbia.

scholarly journals What is China doing in policy-making to push back the negative aspects of the nutrition transition?

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1a) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengying Zhai ◽  
Dawei Fu ◽  
Shufa Du ◽  
Keyou Ge ◽  
Chunming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
State Council ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjective:To review the nutrition policies and efforts related to nutrition transition in China.Design and setting: This paper reviews the nutrition policy and activities of China to prevent and control diet-related non-communicable diseases (DR-NCDs). Data came from the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Council and some cross-sectional surveys.Results:China is undergoing a remarkable, but undesirable, rapid transition towards a stage of the nutrition transition characterised by high rates of DR-NCDs in a very short time. Some public sector Chinese organisations have combined their efforts to create the initial stages of systematic attempts to reduce these problems. These efforts, which focus on both under- and overnutrition, include the new Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents and the Chinese Pagoda and The National Plan of Action for Nutrition in China, issued by the highest body of the government, the State Council. There are selected agricultural sector activities that are laudable and few other systematic efforts that are impacting behaviour yet. In the health sector, efforts related to reducing hypertension and diabetes are becoming more widespread, but there is limited work in the nutrition sector. This paper points to some unique strengths from past Chinese efforts and to an agenda for the next several decades.Conclusions:China is trying in its efforts to prevent and control the development of DR-NCDs but effects are limited. Systematic multi-sector co-operation is needed to effectively prevent and control DR-NCDs inside and outside the health sector.

scholarly journals Penerapan E-Voting Dalam Sistem Pemilihan Umum Sebagai Optimalisasi Pelayanan Publik Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imas Novita Juaningsih ◽  
Muhammad Saef El-Islam ◽  
Adit Nurrafi
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
The State ◽  
General Election ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Government

Public services as the basic needs of the community in the form of service activities facilitated by the state are considered not optimal and effective. One of the implementations of public services, especially in terms of the implementation of democracy is in the holding of elections through conventional mechanisms facilitated by the state through the General Election Commission. There are several problems in its implementation such as high levels of fraud, human error, and budget. Based on these problems, it has implications for the damage to the principle of election and the decline in the level of community satisfaction with the implementation of elections. Considering that Indonesia has entered the era of revolution 4.0, public service reform is needed in order to effectively establish election principles. The purpose of this paper is to find out the mechanism and problem of organizing elections as one form of public service in Indonesia. The theoretical foundation that we use is good and clean governance which is a fundamental principle in the administration of public and election services. Thus, the writer uses the juridical normative research method, through a case approach, comparative approach and conceptual approach. Therefore, the authors initiated the concept of e-voting in elections as an effective and efficient solution in rebuilding people's trust in the government in terms of public services. So, based on this research it can be concluded that currently public services in the holding of elections are considered not able to run well, causing the level of public satisfaction with the holding of elections to decline. keywords: Public Service, General Election, Industrial Revolution 4.0, e-votingAbstrakPelayanan publik sebagai kebutuhan dasar masyarakat berupa kegiatan pelayanan yang di fasilitasi oleh negara dinilai belum optimal dan efektif. Salah satu implementasi pelayanan publik terutama dalam hal pelaksanaan demokrasi yaitu dalam penyelenggaraan pemilu melalui mekanisme konvensional yang difasilitasi negara melalui Komisi Pemilihan Umum. Terdapat beberapa problematika dalam penyelenggaraannya seperti tingginya tingkat kecurangan, human error, dan pendanaan yang tinggi. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut berimplikasi kepada pencederaan asas pemilu dan turunnya tingkat kepuasan masyarakat terhadap pelaksanaan pemilu. Mengingat Indonesia telah memasuki era revolusi 4.0 diperlukan reformasi pelayanan publik agar terciptanya asas-asas pemilu secara efektif. Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui mekanisme dan problematika penyelenggaraan pemilu sebagai salah satu bentuk pelayanan publik di Indonesia. Landasan teori yang penulis gunakan yaitu good and clean governance yang merupakan asas fundamental dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik maupun pemilu. Dengan demikian penulis memakai metode penelitian normative yuridis, melalui pendekatan kasus (case approach), pendekatan komparasi (comparation approach) dan pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach). Oleh karena itu penulis menggagas konsep e-voting dalam pemilu sebagai solusi yang efektif dan efisien dalam membangun kembali kepercayaan masyarakat kepada pemerintah dalam hal pelayanan publik. Maka berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dewasa ini pelayanan publik dalam penyelenggaraan pemilu dinilai belum mampu berjalan dengan baik, sehingga menyebabkan tingkat kepuasan masyarakat terhadap penyelenggaraan pemilu menurun. Sehingga penulis merekomendasikan untuk merubah penyelenggaraan pemilu secara konvensional menjadi e-voting dan merevisi Undang-undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum.Kata Kunci: Pelayanan Publik, Pemilu, Revolusi Industri 4.0, e-voting 

scholarly journals General-criminal prisons of the Russian Empire in the XIX century (on the example of the Orenburg province)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Yulia Vladimirovna Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to provide, on the basis of archival and published materials, a brief description of the state of general prisons in the Russian Empire in the 19th century on the example of the Orenburg province. In the first half of the XIX century, many prison buildings were in a dilapidated state, most of them were wooden. The prisoners suffered from overcrowding, they were not separated by sex and age, the sick were kept together with the healthy ones, they were hungry, they lived in begging. Very often the premises for prisons were private rental houses. There were no medical personnel in prisons, there were epidemics that led to a huge increase in mortality. As for the work, in the first half of the XIX century in prison locks and guards it was introduced in the rarest cases, since there were no special rooms for this. In the post-reform period, many prison premises were repaired, premises began to be rented for hospitals, the prisoners diet improved in the 1980s. The payment for arrest labor was introduced, the educational activity in prisons improved. Despite the measures taken by the government, the state of ordinary prisons in the southern Urals throughout the XIX century was still deplorable due to the fact that there was not enough money, or the local administration was not interested in improving the situation of the prisoners and the state of the prisons themselves.

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