scholarly journals Haemato-biochemical alterations and acute toxicity study of hydro-methanol root extract of Anacardium occidentale in cockerels

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 10727
Author(s):  
Jacinta N. OMEKE ◽  
Onyinyechukwu A. AGINA ◽  
John I. IHEDIOHA ◽  
Aruh O. ANAGA ◽  
Wilfred S. EZEMA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Different Doses

The study evaluated the haemato-biochemical alterations and acute toxicity of hydro-methanol root extract of Anarcaduim occidentale (AO) in cockerels. Forty chickens randomly assigned into four groups (A, B, C and D) of 10 birds each were used for the experiment. Groups A, B, C and D received 3000, 1500 and 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract and distilled water respectively. Relative weights, haematology, serum biochemistry, gross and histopathological features of the lymphoid organs of chickens were studied. No significant (P>0.05) variation was observed in their body weights. The white blood cell count of group A chicken were significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of groups B and C chickens. Serum biochemistry tests revealed significant (P<0.05) variations at different doses for the alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, uric acid, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus activities when compared to the control group.  Gross and histopathological examinations showed no overt alterations in the tissues examined. It was observed that varied doses of root extract of Anarcaduim occidentale caused significant decrease in haematology and serum biochemistry parameters of chickens and no obvious lesions in internal organs.

scholarly journals Antihyperglycemic effect of turmeric aqueous root extract and morphological changes in the pancreas of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-S) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Samuel I. Ogenyi ◽  
Ezinne Imoko ◽  
Anthony A. Ngokere ◽  
Amalachukwu O. Ike
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Introduction: The study aims to evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of turmeric and the histological changes in the pancreas of adult Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of [A-D] ten rats per group. Group A was normal control, group B was diabetic control, group C was treated with 300mg/kg weight of extract and group D was 500mg/kg body weight. All animals had access to food and water ad libitum.  Aqueous extract of turmeric was administered orally, once daily for 14 days. The rats were then anaesthetized with dichloromethane before sacrifice and sample collection. Pancreatic tissues were processed, stained using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) method. Blood glucose estimation was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Results: The mean body weights of the rats across groups were not statistically significant. Similarly, blood glucose levels across groups revealed a progressive statistically significant increase from group A to D and from day one to day 17. Pairwise comparison of group A with B, C and D showed a statistically significant increase but a comparison of Group B with C and D were not significant. Discussion: There was progressive body weight increase of the rats from day one to the final day across all groups and reduction in the blood glucose levels of the animals treated with 300mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weights, after seven days of treatment, but these, progressively increased with time even with treatment. The overall pancreas features indicate moderate inflammatory changes. Keywords: turmeric, anti- hyperglycemia, alloxan, Wistar rats

Glycine and L-Arginine supplementation ameliorates gastro-duodenal toxicity in a rat model of NSAID (Diclofenac)-gastroenteropathy via inhibition of oxidative stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinleye Stephen Akinrinde ◽  
Halimot Olawalarami Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Significant Amelioration ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract Objectives This study examined the possible protective roles of exogenous glycine (Gly) and L-Arginine (l-Arg) against Diclofenac (DIC)-induced gastro-duodenal damage in rats. Methods Rats were divided into Group A (control), Group B (DIC group) and Groups C–F which were pre-treated for five days with Gly1 (250 mg/kg), Gly2 (500 mg/kg), l-Arg1 (200 mg/kg) and l-Arg2 (400 mg/kg), respectively, before co-treatment with DIC for another three days. Hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses were then carried out. Results DIC produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in PCV (13.82%), Hb (46.58%), RBC (30.53%), serum total protein (32.72%), albumin (28.44%) and globulin (38.01%) along with significant (p<0.05) elevation of serum MPO activity (83.30%), when compared with control. In addition, DIC increased gastric H2O2 and MDA levels by 33.93 and 48.59%, respectively, while the duodenal levels of the same parameters increased by 19.43 and 85.56%, respectively. Moreover, SOD, GPx and GST activities in the DIC group were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the stomach (21.12, 24.35 and 51.28%, respectively) and duodenum (30.59, 16.35 and 37.90%, respectively), compared to control. Treatment with Gly and l-Arg resulted in significant amelioration of the DIC-induced alterations although l-Arg produced better amelioration of RBC (29.78%), total protein (10.12%), albumin (9.93%) and MPO (65.01%), compared to the DIC group. The protective effects of both amino acids against oxidative stress parameters and histological lesions were largely similar. Conclusions The data from this study suggest that Gly or l-Arg prevented DIC-induced gastro-duodenal toxicity and might, therefore be useful in improving the therapeutic index of DIC.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF POTASH ADMINISTRATION ON THE BODY WEIGHT OF PREGNANT WISTAR RATS

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
VIDONA WB ◽  
ADUEMA WADIONI ◽  
AKUNNEH-WARISO C ◽  
AMAH AK
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pregnant Animal ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Different Doses

Objective: Potash known as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is a mixture of salt with other components, including impurities which coexist in mineral and salt is highly consumed in various forms by pregnant women. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of potash on the weight index of pregnant Wistar rats. Methods: A total of 25 albino Wistar rat with weights ranging from 180 to 300 g were used and allocated into five groups of five animals each (four females and one male) designated as Groups A, B, C, D, and E. The experimental Groups B, C, D, and E were administered through oral route different doses of potash of 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg, respectively, after pregnancy was detected by checking for mucus plug in the vagina. Group A served as the control group and was administered distilled water only. The animals were allowed for 1 week for acclimatization under normal temperature (270–300°C), which they were being fed with normal feed (grower’s mash) and water ad libitum for 1 week. Results: The result showed a significant (p˂0.05) reduction in weight with the highest level seen with the 1200 mg/kg group when compared to the control. Conclusion: Therefore, the effect of potash alters the physical activity and decreases weight, by implication may induce growth retardation of the Wistar rats which is not healthy for a pregnant animal.

scholarly journals Acute Oral Toxicity of Vetom 21.77 Based on Duddingtonia Flagrans in Broiler Chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
Elmira R. Rafikova
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Weight Coefficient ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Different Doses

AbstractA 14-d study was undertaken to test the acute toxicity of a new preparation Vetom 21.77 based on the predacious fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. A total of 40 healthy 5-day-old broiler chickens (Hubbard F15, 100 ± 5 g), that had previously gone through a required 5-days adaptation to the environment, were orally dosed with the drug for 5 consecutive days at different doses, after which their health status was assessed daily up to the end of the experiment. According to the results, no substantial changes in the physiological state of the chickens were detected during the experiment. Internal organs weighing revealed no statistically significant differences between the groups, though weight coefficient values of internal organs of treated chickens slightly exceeded those of the control group. Some haematological parameters were significantly higher in the treatment group, without going beyond reference ranges. All chickens used in the experiment survived the study. The preparation has not produced any toxic effect even at a higher dose (4000 µL/kg bw/day). It is concluded that Vetom 21.77 pertains to preparations of IV toxicity class.

The effect of different doses of bevacizumab and irinotecan on tumor growth of nude mice bearing human colon cancer DLD-1.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 518-518
Author(s):  
Luo Cong
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Nude Mice ◽  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Colon Cancer ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Different Doses

518 Background: Anti-angiogenic therapy is an important therapeutic strategy in advanced colorectal cancer. However, the anti-angiogenic drug,such as bevacizumab(avastin) is expensive. So, clarifying whether different doses of avastin play the same effect in vivo is urgently needed. The aim of the study was to observe the different doses of avastin in combination with irinotecan in human colon tumor growth in nude mice and tumor angiogenesis. Methods: 21 nude mice inoculated with DLD-1 human colon cancer cells were randomly divided into four groups: sterile saline control (group A), 5mg/kg avastin plus irinotecan chemotherapy group (group B), 10mg/kg avastin plus irinotecan group (group C), and irinotecan chemotherapy group (group D). Drugs were administered in the first 1,5,9 days, mice were sacrificed in the 10th day after treatment, the tumor growth inhibitory rate was calculated and the tumor microvessel density (MVD) were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: The tumor inhibition rate in groups B, C, and D were 62.85%, 47.91%, 39.59% respectively. A, B, C, and D groups’ MVD were 7.000 ± 0.71, 4.940 ± 0.58, 5.080 ± 1.25, 5.557 ± 2.04, The MVD in group B and C were significant different compared with group A by Dunnett's test, and the MVD expression difference between D, A groups and B, C groups did not reach statistical significance (P values were 0.086,0.083). Tissue necrosis was found in each group after HE staining of tumor tissue. Among them, the control group, mostly mild to moderate necrosis, and the necrosis area were increased after drug treatment. But there were no statistical differences of the necrotic area in drug treated groups graded by rank sum test (χ2 = 4.73, P = 0.193). And cell apoptosis was obviously seen in treated groups. Conclusions: Different doses of avastin with irinotecan inhibited the tumor growth on DLD-1 xenografted nude mice, Synergistic effects were observed in combination therapy, From cell morphology changes after staining with HE, we speculated that the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, and cell apoptosis increasing. The effect of 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg bevacizumab on tumor volume and MVD had no significant differences.

Activity, acute and Sub-acute toxicity and safety assesment of the hydroalcholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Özdek ◽  
Y. Baþbuðan ◽  
S. Yýldýrým ◽  
M. Boða ◽  
M. Fýrat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Ld50 Value

Diplotaenia turcica is widely utilized in conventional treatment in the east of Turkey. Due to the insufficient data on the safety profile, the acute and sub acute toxicity of Diplotaenia turcica was determined. Furthermore, total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of the extract were determined. The acute toxicity of hydroalcoholic root extract of Diplotaenia turcica (HREDT) was evaluated in mice after administration of single oral dose at the 5000 mg/kg (acute model) and rat after 28 days orally administration at the dose range of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg (subacute model). According to result, the LD50 value of HREDT was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. In sub acute toxicity study, no statistically significant differences were observed in the values of hematological and pathological parameters in comparison with control group. It was determined that the glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL levels exerted a significant effect depending on the HREDT doses. The results from the present study found out that HREDT did not produce any toxic effects or deaths in animals for both single and chronic administration. Additionally, HREDT showed moderate antioxidant activities and exhibited relatively notable total phenolic content.

scholarly journals Neurodegenerative Observations on the Cerebral Cortex of Adult Wistar Rats Following Mercury Chloride Induced Cortical Damage in Adult Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
A. J. Ajibade ◽  
P. B. Fakunle ◽  
T. S. Owolabi
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Brain

Background: Mercury is a widespread environmental and industrial pollutant that is used in food preservation, cosmetics, pharmaceutical companies and laboratories. The aim of this present study was to investigate the possible effects of mercury chloride (HgCl2) exposure on the cerebral cortex of adult wista rats; and also to evaluate the effects of mercury on biochemical parameters. Materials and Methods: Thirty six (36) adult wistar rats of both sexes, weighing between 110 g-300 g were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D with nine animals per group. The animals in groups B, C, and D were administered mercury chloride orally at the concentration of 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4mg and 0.5 mg/kg body weights respectively while group (A) served as control and was given distilled water. The administration lasted for a period of 21 days.  The brain was carefully removed and weigh immediately with sensitive balance, part of it was homogenized for biochemical analysis (MDA, GSH and NO). The remaining part was then fixed in 10% formol calcium fluid and processed for histopathological studies using H and E stains. Results: The results revealed a decrease in animal body weights from all the groups in comparison with the control group (A) which showed an insignificant decrease (P>0.05), group B showed an insignificant decrease (P>0.05) while group C and D showed statistically significant decrease (P<0.05). The brain weights revealed statistically insignificant decrease in the treated groups when compared with the control group. The biochemical evaluation revealed a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) in the level of MDA (Malondialdehyde) in the treated groups when compared with the control group, GSH (Glutathione) revealed statistically significant decrease (P<0.05) in the treated groups and NO (Nitric Oxide) revealed statistically significant increase (P<0.05) in the treated groups as compared to the control group. The histological observation revealed degenerative changes in the cortex of treated groups that were characterized by clustered Pyknotics pyramidal neurons that appear with fragmented cytoplasm and condensed nuclei within soma. Perineural spaces were seen surrounding degenerating neurons. Axons and dendrites are scarcely appreciable around neurons in these groups. Conclusion:  The findings from this study showed that ingestion of mercury chloride has potentially deleterious effects on brain as shown in the histopathology, cellular loss in the brain of wistar rat.

scholarly journals A study of acute toxicity of dry extracts of the earth almond (chufa) tubers and herb

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
S. M. Marchyshyn ◽  
L. V. Slobodianiuk ◽  
I. M. Ivasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Subcutaneous Layer ◽  
And Control

The aim of the work – to study the acute toxicity of dry extracts obtained from herb and tubers of the earth almond. Materials and methods. The objects of research were dry extracts obtained from herb and tubers of the Cyperus esculentus L. (chufa). Acute toxicity of dry extracts, obtained from the earth almond herb and tubers, was studied with V. B. Prozorovskyi’s method on 42 white nonlinear mice of both sexes weighing 21–25 g, divided into groups (each comprising 3 males and 3 females). The studied extracts were administered once intraperitoneally in doses of 1000 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg. The animals were observed for 14 days. Results. Single intraperitoneal administration of dry extracts obtained from herb and tubers of the earth almond at doses of 1000 mg/kg, 3000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg did not affect the dynamics of mice’s body weight in comparison with the control group. Experimental and control animals gained weight in accordance with physiological norms. External examination of the animals showed no signs of pathological changes in their condition: the hair and skin were clean, the subcutaneous layer of adipose tissue was moderate, signs of skin damage and inflammatory lesions were not observed on the mucous membranes. Besides, visual estimation of the internal organs condition showed no signs of pathological changes. Conclusions. According to the results of acute toxicity determination based on the classification by K. K. Sydorov, dry extracts obtained from herb and tubers of the earth almond, can be attributed to class VI toxicity – almost harmless substances, LD50 >5000 mg/kg.

scholarly journals Impact evaluation of the efficacy of different doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a randomised, controlled, dose comparison trial in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2021-000304
Author(s):  
Sidrah Nausheen ◽  
Atif Habib ◽  
Maria Bhura ◽  
Arjumand Rizvi ◽  
Fariha Shaheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth Outcomes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is a public health problem in Pakistan and is prevalent among most women of reproductive age in the country. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy is suggested to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and vitamin D deficiency in both the mother and her newborn.MethodsWe conducted a double-blinded, randomised controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of different doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on biochemical markers (serum 25(OH)D, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase) in women and neonates, and on pregnancy and birth outcomes (gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, low birth weight, preterm births and stillbirths).ResultsPregnant women (N=350) in their first trimester were recruited and randomised to three treatment groups of vitamin D supplementation: 4000 IU/day (group A, n=120), 2000 IU/day (group B, n=115) or 400 IU/day (group C, n=115). Women and their newborn in group A had the lowest vitamin D deficiency at endline (endline: 75.9%; neonatal: 64.9%), followed by group B (endline: 84.9%; neonatal: 73.7%) and then the control group (endline: 90.2%; neonatal: 91.8%). Vitamin D deficiency was significantly lower in group A than in group C (p=0.006) among women at endline and lower in both groups A and B than in the control group (p=0.001) in neonates. Within groups, serum 25(OH)D was significantly higher between baseline and endline in group A and between maternal baseline and neonatal levels in groups A and B. Participant serum 25(OH)D levels at the end of the trial were positively correlated with those in intervention group A (4000 IU/day) (β=4.16, 95% CI 1.6 to 6.7, p=0.002), with food group consumption (β=0.95, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.89, p=0.047) and with baseline levels of serum 25(OH)D (β=0.43, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.58, p<0.0001).ConclusionThe evidence provided in our study indicates that vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU/day was more effective in reducing vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and in improving serum 25(OH)D levels in mothers and their neonates compared with 2000 IU/day and 400 IU/day.Trial registration numberNCT02215213.

Growth patterns in sheep: the effects of weight losses on compensatory growth and feed intake in Corriedale sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. V. Butler-Hogg ◽  
N. M. Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group B

SUMMARYThe growth and feed intakes of Corriedale wether sheep when grown from 30 to 50 kg body weight by five different growth paths are described.Group A (control) grew continuously (fed ad libitum). After reaching ca; 40 kg body weight, group B and C animals lost 21% of their initial body weight over 9 and 18 weeks and at 122 and 63 g/day, respectively, and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight. Group D and E animals were ca. 50 kg body weight when weight loss was imposed and they lost body weight at similar rates (125 and 157 g/day) respectively. Animals in group D lost 34% of their initial body weight over 18 weeks and began realimentation at 30 kg body weight (the same as groups B and C). Group E animals lost 23% of their initial body weight over 9 weeks to begin realimentation at 35 kg body weight. Except during periods of weight loss, animals were fed ad libitum. Compensatory growth was observed in all groups which had lost weight, with early recovery growth rates 1·6–1·8 times higher than control sheep of the same weight.Rate of body-weight loss did not induce any significant differences in response to realimentation but results (groups B and C) suggest that the more rapid the loss, the more rapid will recovery be during realimentation. When sheep at different body weights lost the same proportion of their initial body weights, the heavier sheep (group E) attained final slaughter weight quicker than the lighter sheep (group B). When the proportion of body weight lost to reach a particular lower body weight was varied (groups B and D), the greater weight loss was associated with higher and more persistent growth rates during realimentation.After weight loss, ad libitum dry-matter intake was significantly lower during the first 10 kg of gain during realimentation in all treatment groups (B, C, D, E) than in control group A. There were no differences between treatment groups in recovery of dry-matter intake.Gross efficiency in all treatment groups was higher than in the control group A during the first 10 kg of recovery of body weight, but it then declined rapidly. This increase in gross efficiency was considered to be due to a combination of increased growth rates, reduced feed intakes and lower maintenance requirements. When the complete growth paths from 30 to 50 kg were considered, there were no significant differences in total feed consumed by the sheep following the five different growth paths.

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