Spatial analysis of deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis in the city of São Luís, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To characterize deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis, according to sociodemographic and operational variables, in the city of São Luís, Brazil, and to describe their spatial distribution. METHODS: This was an exploratory ecological study based on secondary data from death certificates, obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Database, related to deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis. We included all deaths attributed to pulmonary tuberculosis that occurred in the urban area of São Luís between 2008 and 2012. We performed univariate and bivariate analyses of the sociodemographic and operational variables of the deaths investigated, as well as evaluating the spatial distribution of the events by kernel density estimation. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 193 deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis in São Luís. The median age of the affected individuals was 52 years. Of the 193 individuals who died, 142 (73.60%) were male, 133 (68.91%) were Mulatto, 102 (53.13%) were single, and 64 (33.16%) had completed middle school. There was a significant positive association between not having received medical care prior to death and an autopsy having been performed (p = 0.001). A thematic map by density of points showed that the spatial distribution of those deaths was heterogeneous and that the density was as high as 8.12 deaths/km2. CONCLUSIONS: The sociodemographic and operational characteristics of the deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis evaluated in this study, as well as the identification of priority areas for control and surveillance of the disease, could promote public health policies aimed at reducing health inequities, allowing the optimization of resources, as well as informing decisions regarding the selection of strategies and specific interventions targeting the most vulnerable populations.

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The effect of the Take Charge intervention on mood, motivation, activation and risk factor management: Analysis of secondary data from the Taking Charge after Stroke (TaCAS) trial

Clinical Rehabilitation ◽

10.1177/0269215521993648 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026921552199364

Author(s):

Harry McNaughton ◽

Mark Weatherall ◽

Kathryn McPherson ◽

Vivian Fu ◽

William J Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medication Adherence ◽

Acute Stroke ◽

Short Form ◽

Randomised Trial ◽

Patient Activation ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Positive Association ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Risk Factor Management ◽

Taking Charge

Objective: To use secondary data from the Taking Charge after Stroke study to explore mechanisms for the positive effect of the Take Charge intervention on physical health, advanced activities of daily living and independence for people after acute stroke. Design: An open, parallel-group, randomised trial with two active and one control intervention and blinded outcome assessment. Setting: Community. Participants: Adults ( n = 400) discharged to community, non-institutional living following acute stroke. Interventions: One, two, or zero sessions of the Take Charge intervention, a self-directed rehabilitation intervention which helps a person with stroke take charge of their own recovery. Measures: Twelve months after stroke: Mood (Patient Health Questionnaire-2, Mental Component Summary of the Short Form 36); ‘ability to Take Charge’ using a novel measure, the Autonomy-Mastery-Purpose-Connectedness (AMP-C) score; activation (Patient Activation Measure); body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) and medication adherence (Medication Adherence Questionnaire). Results: Follow-up was near-complete (388/390 (99.5%)) of survivors at 12 months. Mean age (SD) was 72.0 (12.5) years. There were no significant differences in mood, activation, ‘ability to Take Charge’, medication adherence, BMI or BP by randomised group at 12 months. There was a significant positive association between baseline AMP-C scores and 12-month outcome for control participants (1.73 (95%CI 0.90 to 2.56)) but not for the Take Charge groups combined (0.34 (95%CI −0.17 to 0.85)). Conclusion: The mechanism by which Take Charge is effective remains uncertain. However, our findings support a hypothesis that baseline variability in motivation, mastery and connectedness may be modified by the Take Charge intervention.

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Social segregation and lethal police violence in the city of São Paulo, Brazil (2014-2015)

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva ◽

10.1590/1413-81232021269.25002020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 4275-4286

Author(s):

Marcelo Ryngelblum ◽

Maria Fernanda Tourinho Peres

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Positive Association ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Place Of Residence ◽

Police Violence ◽

Social Segregation ◽

The City ◽

Fatal Injuries

Abstract We aimed to investigate how lethal police violence (LPV) in the City of São Paulo (CSP), Brazil, is associated with socioeconomic development when we consider the victims’ place of residence and the locations of the fatal injuries. The spatial distribution of lethal police violence rate (LPVR) and its association with the human development index (HDI) was investigated using the Moran’s I (Global and Bivariate Local). Between 2014 and 2015 we found 403 police victims in the Health database and 794 victims in the Security Department. We found a non-random spatial distribution of the LPV considering the victim’s place of residence (I=+0.12; p<0.001) and the locations where the fatal injuries were inflicted (I=+0.07; p<0.001). We found a negative association between LPVR and the HDI of the place of residence (I=-0.10; p<0.001) and a positive association between LPVR and the HDI of the locations of the fatal injuries (I=+0.02; p<0.001). The results point to different dynamics of LPV in CSP. High mortality clusters are found in areas with lower HDI, when considering the victim’s address, and in areas with higher HDI, when considering the address of the violent events. LPV impacts young blacks, poorly educated residents of outskirts informing us about patterns of social segregation.

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The Porto Alegre paradox: social determinants and tuberculosis incidence

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1809-4503201400060008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (suppl 2) ◽

pp. 88-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lisiane Morelia Weide Acosta ◽

Sérgio Luiz Bassanesi

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

High Rate ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Porto Alegre ◽

High Incidence ◽

The City

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is strongly associated with social and economic factors. The city of Porto Alegre, in the South of Brazil, has one of the highest Human Development Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita of the country. One would expect that the incidence of tuberculosis in such a place were low. However, the city has very high rates of incidence, the highest among Brazilian capitals. This paradox prompted this work, whose objectives were to analyze the spatial distribution of the incidence rate of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis throughout the neighborhoods of Porto Alegre and its association with socioeconomic indicators. METHODS: Ecological non-concurrent cohort study. The units of analysis were the neighborhoods of the city. The average annual incidence of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis for the period 2000 to 2005 and seven socioeconomic variables were analyzed, with information obtained from the IBGE and the Mortality Information System. Spatial techniques and multivariate analyzes were used to check associations. Inequalities were also measured. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the incidence rate of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis is very similar, i.e., associated with the distribution of socioeconomic factors. The Relative Index of Inequality was 7.9, showing the great difference in the incidence rate between neighborhoods. CONCLUSION: Porto Alegre presents high incidence rates of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis, which distribution through the neighborhoods of the city is associated with socioeconomic factors. The city's high rate is due to the extremely high incidence rates in its poorest neighborhoods. The authors raise hypotheses and suggest interventions.

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Role of Knowledge, Sociodemographic, and Behavioral Factors on Lifetime HIV Testing among Adult Population in Nepal: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional National Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16183311 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (18) ◽

pp. 3311

Author(s):

Bimala Sharma ◽

Eun Woo Nam

Keyword(s):

Hiv Testing ◽

Adult Population ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Positive Association ◽

Behavioral Factors ◽

Hiv Knowledge ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is important to HIV prevention, treatment, and care. We aimed to assess the role of sociodemographic, behavioral factors and HIV knowledge on HIV testing among people aged 15–49 years in Nepal. The 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey data was used for secondary data analysis. Herein, 9843 women and 3017 men who had experienced coitus were included. The respondents were asked if they underwent HIV testing and received the test results in their lifetime. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied at 5% level of significance. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed separately for women and men. Of the total, 18.0% of men and 7.4% of women had been tested for HIV in their lifetime. As compared to the age of 15 to 24 years, males aged 25 to 29 years were more likely to report, whereas females aged 35 to 49 years were less likely to report HIV testing. Lower caste groups had more likelihood of reporting HIV testing than the other caste in both sexes. The odds of being tested for HIV were significantly higher among those who had higher education in both sexes. There was significant positive association between HIV testing and economic status in males whereas this association was reverse among females. The male respondents who spent more than one month away from home in the last 12 months were 1.68 times more likely to have been tested for HIV in their lifetime. Having multiple sexual partners was associated with higher odds of testing for HIV in both sexes. Having comprehensive HIV knowledge was independently associated with the reporting of higher odds of HIV testing in females. Promotion of HIV testing should consider sociodemographic factors, sexual behavior, and imparting comprehensive HIV knowledge.

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Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Miskin Melalui Program Usaha Peningkatan Pendapatan Keluarga Sejahtera (UPPKS) di Kota Padang Panjang

10.31227/osf.io/xwezu ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Muntaha Mardhatillah

Keyword(s):

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

External Constraints ◽

True Purpose ◽

The Government ◽

Foster Father ◽

Foster Fathers ◽

Creativity And Innovation ◽

The City ◽

Selection Of

This study aims to determine how the process of implementing a business program to increase the income of prosperous families in the city of Padang Panjang, identify the obstacles encountered and find out the efforts taken in overcoming obstacles in the implementation of the program. This research is motivated by the fact that not all people from the poor are included, efforts are not carried out collectively, lack of participation from prosperous family groups III plus to want to act as foster father, the amount of capital provided by the government is insufficient in the implementation of UPPKS activities and often capital in the wrong use for consumptive purposes.The method used in this research is qualitative by using descriptive methods, because the study provides a description of the situation as it should. The selection of informants is done by purposive sampling. The type of data is primary data and secondary data collected through observation, interviews and documentation studies. The validity test is done through triangulation of sources. Then the data analysis techniques used can be grouped in 3 stages, namely data reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions.Research findings indicate that the implementation of the UPPKS program is in accordance with existing procedures but has not been fully able to improve the welfare of its members and is not optimal. This can be seen with the still found obstacles in the implementation, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of the UPPKS program in the city of Padang Panjang can be categorized into two forms, namely internal and external constraints. Internal constraints include: weak oversight of the program, lack of capital sourced from the government, uneven development. And external constraints include: the use of aid that has not been maximized, the lack of creativity and innovation of some groups in finding and utilizing sources of funds, the late repayment of loans. To overcome obstacles in the process of implementing the UPPKS program, efforts were made to include prosperous families III acting as foster fathers in groups, conducting coaching, and constraints originating from program participants made efforts such as mentoring regarding the UPPKS program's true purpose, conducting a ball pick-up system on the member who is stuck in payment.

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Logit Analysis of the Relationship between Interest Rate Ceiling and Micro Lending Market in Kenya

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v10n8p105 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Onyango Barnabas Ochien ◽

Alphonce Juma Odondo

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Banking Sector ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Positive Association ◽

Logit Analysis ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Access To Credit ◽

Credit Supply ◽

Default Rate ◽

The Relationship

Interest rate ceilings have been declining over the past decades as most developing countries continue liberalizing their financial policies. Prior to 2015, Kenya’s banking sector was vibrant and highly profitable. The sector loan book grew at an impressive compound annual rate of 16% in 2011 to 35% in 2015. However, after interest rate cap in 2016, there has been a general slowdown in micro lending and rise in non-performing loans. Some studies argue that the ceiling protects consumers from exploitation and guarantees access to credit while others observe the contrary. This study sought to establish the relationship between interest rate ceiling and micro lending in Kenya. It was anchored on financial accelerator effect theory and the theory of financial repression. The study relied on secondary data from Banks and Micro Entrepreneurs. Logit models were estimated to establish the relevant relationships. It was established that interest rate ceiling had significant negative association with credit supply and default rate. However, it had a significant positive association with cost of Credit. Both Nagelkerke’s R2 and Cox and Snell’s showed that the estimated model fitted well. The Wald criterion demonstrated that credit supply, costs of credit and default rate were significantly different from zero. Thus, the independent variables were significantly affected by interest rate ceiling. It is recommended that banks pursuing policy of increasing credit supply and reducing cost of credit should advocate for the repeal of interest rate ceiling while those interested in reducing default rate should advocate for its retention.

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Geoprocessing in health area

Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/s0104-11692006000600016 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 939-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Paula Hino ◽

Tereza Cristina Scatena Villa ◽

Cinthia Midori Sassaki ◽

Jordana de Almeida Nogueira ◽

Claudia Benedita dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Spatial Representation ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Recent Issue ◽

Northeast Region ◽

Health Area ◽

John Snow ◽

Representation Techniques ◽

The City

The map's usage and the concerns about geographic distribution related with diseases are not a recent issue. A classical example is the John Snow survey -maps were used to locate cholera's cases and related them with the water supplying. The spatial representation techniques are fewer used in health sectors due to troubles in managing such information. So, the aim of this survey was to establish the disease spatial distribution in Ribeirão Preto, 2002. Secondary data were used to elaborate this study. The spatial distribution of cases was realized by using the MapInfo 7.8 software. Although many cases were concentrated in the northeast region in the city, which consists the quarters of low economical income. The results contribute to show the Tb spatial distribution in Ribeirao Preto, they also reinforce the space category as a methodological alternative to manage, to monitor and to evaluate the health actions by directing interventions to decrease the iniquities.

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The Urban Distribution of Non-Fatal Deliberate Self-Harm

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.126.4.319 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 126 (4) ◽

pp. 319-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

H. Gethin Morgan ◽

Helen Pocock ◽

Susan Pottle

Keyword(s):

Central Area ◽

Positive Association ◽

High Rate ◽

Age Group ◽

Foreign Born ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Deliberate Self Harm ◽

Accident And Emergency ◽

Self Harm ◽

The City

Summary1. The incidence of non-fatal deliberate self-harm throughout the City of Bristol during 1972 and 1973 was assessed by means of a survey of patients presenting to Accident and Emergency Departments of hospitals in the area. Fatal or repeated acts of self-harm were not included in the survey. 2. The rates for females exceeded those for males at all ages, with peak incidence of 645 per 100,000 females (age group 15–29 years) and 334 per 100,000 males (age group 25–29 years). Ninety-three per cent had taken a drug overdose of some kind. 3. The problem was found in all electoral wards of the city, though its distribution was markedly centripetal, with a central area having morbidity rates up to 2.8 times that for the city as a whole. 4. The socio-economic correlates of deliberate self-harm were examined by reference both to a series of 368 patients interviewed soon after the event and to the pattern of its distribution throughout the city. A significant positive association was found with areas of overcrowding, lack of exclusive domestic amenities and high proportion of foreign born residents, but there was no correlation with the proportion of persons living alone nor with the type of accommodation. 5. The central high rate area was found to be heterogeneous in socio-economic terms, ranging from a student and young professionals' bed-sitter area to one with a high proportion of unskilled manual labourers and New Commonwealth immigrants. 6. The aetiological implications of the ecological findings for deliberate self-harm throughout the city are discussed.

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Spatial distribution and socioeconomic context of tuberculosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-8910.2015049005470 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (0) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alessandra Gonçalves Lisbôa Pereira ◽

Roberto de Andrade Medronho ◽

Claudia Caminha Escosteguy ◽

Luis Iván Ortiz Valencia ◽

Mônica de Avelar Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Empirical Bayes ◽

Positive Association ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Final Model ◽

Private Households ◽

The City

OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial distribution of risk for tuberculosis and its socioeconomic determinants in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS An ecological study on the association between the mean incidence rate of tuberculosis from 2004 to 2006 and socioeconomic indicators of the Censo Demográfico (Demographic Census) of 2000. The unit of analysis was the home district registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Notifiable Diseases Information System) of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. The rates were standardized by sex and age group, and smoothed by the empirical Bayes method. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated by Moran’s I. Multiple linear regression models were studied and the appropriateness of incorporating the spatial component in modeling was evaluated. RESULTS We observed a higher risk of the disease in some neighborhoods of the port and north regions, as well as a high incidence in the slums of Rocinha and Vidigal, in the south region, and Cidade de Deus, in the west. The final model identified a positive association for the variables: percentage of permanent private households in which the head of the house earns three to five minimum wages; percentage of individual residents in the neighborhood; and percentage of people living in homes with more than two people per bedroom. CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis identified areas of risk of tuberculosis incidence in the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro and also found spatial dependence for the incidence of tuberculosis and some socioeconomic variables. However, the inclusion of the space component in the final model was not required during the modeling process.

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Perceived Overprotection and Its Association With Quality of Life in Dementia

GeroPsych ◽

10.1024/1662-9647/a000207 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 125-134

Author(s):

Mechthild Niemann-Mirmehdi ◽

Andreas Häusler ◽

Paul Gellert ◽

Johanna Nordheim

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Patient Autonomy ◽

Positive Association ◽

Well Being ◽

Negative Association ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

People With Dementia ◽

Mental Well Being

Abstract. To date, few studies have focused on perceived overprotection from the perspective of people with dementia (PwD). In the present examination, the association of perceived overprotection in PwD is examined as an autonomy-restricting factor and thus negative for their mental well-being. Cross-sectional data from the prospective DYADEM study of 82 patient/partner dyads (mean age = 74.26) were used to investigate the association between overprotection, perceived stress, depression, and quality of life (QoL). The analyses show that an overprotective contact style with PwD has a significant positive association with stress and depression, and has a negative association with QoL. The results emphasize the importance of avoiding an overprotective care style and supporting patient autonomy.

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