scholarly journals The Word-formation Category of Abstract Nouns in the Old Germanic Languages

2014 ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Irina Vladimirovna Novitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Germanic Languages

LEXICOGRAPHICAL PORTRAIT OF THE LEXEME «POGRYAZNUT’» (X - XVII CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Е.Ю. Долгова
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Russian Language

Статья посвящена описанию глагола «погрязнуть» по лексикографическим источникам, фиксирующим словарный состав русского языка X - XVII вв. В работе используется метод лингвистического портретирования, позволяющий объединить данные этимологических и исторических словарей и увидеть динамику развития семантического, словообразовательного, сочетаемостного и стилистического потенциала языковой единицы в диахронии. В статье подробно изложены материалы этимологических и исторических словарей русского языка, приведены и описаны многочисленные варианты употребления имперфектива грязнуть и перфектива погрязнуть, зафиксированные в словарях, содержащих лексику древнерусского и старорусского периодов: гр#зъти, гр#зhти, гр#зити, гр#знqти, погрязати - погр#зти, погр#зити, погр#знqти. Установлено, что в древнерусском языке глагол гр#зноути (гр`t#знuти) имел прямое номинативное значение «погружаться, тонуть» и редко употреблялся в памятниках письменности. Многозначным и наиболее частотным был положительный, результативный член глагольной видовой пары перфектив погрязнуть (погр#зноути). В статье приведены все лексико-семантические варианты глагола и примеры словоупотреблений, зафиксированные в словарях, отражающих лексику X - XVII веков. В статье приведены синонимы и многочисленные дериваты глагола погрязнуть , в том числе рассмотрена семантика абстрактных существительных, образованных от глагола погрязнуть ( погрязение, погрязнение, погрязновение ) и отражающих влияние церковнославянского языка на книжно-письменный литературный язык древнерусского и старорусского периодов. Лексикографический портрет лексемы погрязнуть проявляет неоднозначность в трактовке некоторых значений в разные исторические периоды. Проведенный анализ позволяет сравнить значения лексемы, увидеть их отличительные особенности и сделать вывод о существовании самостоятельных стереотипных образов, существующих в сознании носителей языка в X - XVII веках. The article is devoted to the description of the verb "to wallow" from lexicographic sources that fix the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. The method of linguistic portraiture is used to combine data from etymological and historical dictionaries and see the dynamics of the development of the semantic, word-formation and stylistic potential of the language unit in the diachrony. The article details the materials of etymological and historical dictionaries of the Russian language, presents and describes numerous variants of the use of an imperfective “gryaznut’” and a perfective “pogryaznut’”, recorded in dictionaries containing the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. It has been established that in the ancient Russian language, the imperfective “gryaznut’” had a direct nominative meaning of "dive, sink" and was rarely used in monuments of writing. The multi-valued and most frequency used was the positive, effective perfective “pogryaznut’”. The article presents all lexical and semantic variants of the verb and examples of word usage recorded in dictionaries that reflect the vocabulary of the X - XVII centuries. The article presents synonyms and numerous derivatives of the verb, including the semantics of abstract nouns formed from the verb “pogryaznut’” and reflecting the influence of the Church Slavonic language on the book-written literary language of the old Russian period. The lexicographic portrait of the lexeme “pogryaznut’” shows ambiguity in the interpretation of certain meanings in different historical periods. The analysis allows us to compare the meanings of the lexeme, see their distinctive features and conclude that there are independent stereotypical images that exist in the minds of native speakers in the X - XVII centuries.

scholarly journals Markering af propriumsfunktion ved omvendt ledstilling

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-110
Author(s):  
Line Sandst
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Time Factor ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
The Common ◽  
Germanic Languages

In this article, I discuss a type of proper name that is rarely discussed among linguistics and name researchers, however often found among the category of commercial names in the linguistic landscapes in cities. The proper name type differs from other proper name types due to its in Danish unconventional structure of having the part of the compound that describes the locality as the first part of the expression, e.g. Café Sommersko, and not as the last part of the compound, e.g. *Sommerskocaféen that is the common structure in Danish and other Germanic languages. I argue that the unconventional word formation evokes the instant notion of proper name status, hence has the ability to bypass the time factor that expressions needs in order to obtain proper name status. Therefore, the unconventional expression can be used to exploit the untapped linguistic possibility in Danish language for name givers to form instant proper names.

Choosing between A+N compounds and lexicalized A+N phrases: The position of French in comparison to Germanic languages

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristel Van Goethem
Keyword(s):  
Hard Disk ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
N Compounds

It has been demonstrated in the literature on Germanic languages that lexicalized A+N phrases may have the same naming function as A+N compounds ( Jackendoff 1997 , 2002 ; Booij 2002 ; Hüning 2004 , forthcoming a ; Schlücker 2008 ). However, these languages may show particular preferences for either the former or the latter naming strategy, even when both strategies are available. In German A+N compounding is, comparatively speaking, very productive, whereas it is said to be no longer productive in English, which generally uses A+N phrases for the same function (e.g. Festplatte – hard disk). Dutch seems to take an intermediary position: here, both word formation processes are productive; but compared to German, Dutch shows a stronger preference for lexicalized A+N phrases (cf. De Caluwe 1990 ; Booij 2002 ; Hüning forthcoming a ). The central aim of this paper is to situate French on this lexicon-grammar continuum. This, however, requires first of all the formulation of a univocal definition of compounding, since the notion generally receives a less restrictive interpretation in Romance languages than it does in Germanic languages. It will be shown that French has a strong preference for lexicalized A+N phrases: even when both German and Dutch use A+N compounds, French – like English – generally still opts for the syntactic naming strategy (e.g. Schnellzug – sneltrein – fast train – train rapide).

Finnish -Ariderivatives: A diachronic study of a new word-formation pattern

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-63
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Very Old ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Formation Pattern ◽  
Diachronic Study ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Over Time

Among the characteristic features of the Finnish language is the use of numerous derivational affixes and diverse word-formation options. Although Finnish has very old derivational elements, fairly recent suffixes and even completely new ways of forming words are also found. It is typical of word-formation options that they change, and that their frequency and popularity varies over time. In this diachronic study, the focus is on one of the most recent suffixes used in the Finnish language, the agentive-Arisuffix (e.g.kaahari‘reckless driver’,kuohari‘gelder of animals’). What makes the-Ariderivatives special is that the type has been adopted on the model of words borrowed from the Germanic languages. Historically these are descended from the Latin derivational element -ārius, which was adopted widely in the European languages. The main purpose of the present study was to find out whether, from a diachronic perspective, the -Ari-derived agent nouns actually represent an independent derived semantic category in Finnish. Another purpose was to characterize the process whereby the-Arisuffix was adopted in Finnish: at what point do these derived forms actually first occur in Finnish, and how has the use of the derivational element been manifested at different times. A final significant task of the study was to clarify the potential reasons and motivations for this morphological borrowing.

scholarly journals Modelling of the analytical development of the Gothic future tense form

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-147
Author(s):  
Andriy Botsman ◽  
◽  
Olga Dmytruk ◽  
Valeria Bondarenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Rotational Model ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Future ◽  
Latent Features ◽  
Analytical Development ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Model Components ◽  
Germanic Languages

The purpose of this article is to give the model, which demonstrates the development of the Future tense forms in the Gothic language. The initial stage of modelling the Future tense development includes the description of components according to their constituent features. It gives the possibility of tracing the gradual analytisation of corresponding grammatical form, and finding out latent features, which are characteristic for differentiated grammatical forms creating and building the set of Germanic future tense formal structures. The subject of the investigation are peculiarities of formation mechanism of temporal verb forms for projecting the action into the future. To describe the future action the Gothic language used forms of the Present tense involving phrase or upper phrase context. Within the Present tense forms a prefixal word formation model was found. The Greek future tense was translated involving prefixal and present forms in the Gothic language. The Gothic optative was involved to render the future tense. The present tense forms gain future meaning under the influence of aspect-tense specificity, which is recognized as futurelizing factor. Functions of the aspect-tense specificity may be performed with phrase or upper phrase context and syntactical structures with definitely represented semantics. Distinguished present tense constructions create the primary pivot, which is a basis for further development of the Gothic future tense forms. Gothic analytical structures with participle or infinitive were formed involving inchoative, strong, preterite present verbs. These structures are recognized as compound verbal predicates. Analytical structures cover the pivot creating coaxial cylinders. The whole model may be recognized as divergent-rotational because representing the Gothic future tense forms model itself "moves" along the temporal axis. Multilevel model structure demonstrates the fact that analytical forms are changeable in the gravitation. The comparison of divergent-rotational model components and peculiarities of their arrangement indicates and the caudal development of the Future tense forms in the Gothic language. Tendencies found and distinguished as initial, primary in the Gothic language happen in the process of development of the Old Germanic languages. These tendencies are reflected in the Modern Germanic languages, too.

scholarly journals ABSTRACT DEVERBAL FORMATIONS WITH BASES OF GREEK ORIGIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Nataliya SOTIROVA-MILCHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Loan Words ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Specific Position ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Special Category

The object of analysis here are the deverbal abstract nouns with roots of Greek origin and Bulgarian suffix. Most of them are motivated by fully adapted verbs borrowed from Greek and of particular interest from the perspective of word formation are the secondary derivatives formed from denominative verbs motivated by Greek nous and adjectives. The transformation of borrowed words into productive bases, which are combined with local word-forming suffixes, is the final stage of the complex process of lexical borrowing, which follows the stage of morphological adaptation of borrowed words, i. e. their grouping into a certain lexical-grammatical type. Many of them have formed large groups of derivatives. Being composed of elements of different languages, the new lexemes are hybrid in nature regarding their word-formation and their separation into a special category reflects the new status of the Greek bases of the borrowings. The hybrid formations of this type are the final result of the assimilation of the Greek loan words into the Bulgarian language, which is why they occupy a specific position in the Bulgarian lexical und. The use of some of them is dialect or archaic, but they all contribute to the enrichment of the vocabulary and the ways of expression in Bulgarian.

scholarly journals Nationally marked neolexemes in T. Melnychuk’s poetry (structural-semantic aspect)

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Folk Song ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Semantic Aspect ◽  
Individual Style

The article studies the individual authorial neologisms in T. Melnychuk’s linguistic world. A structural-semantic analysis of the neolexemes that have a national-cultural colouring is given. The main attention is paid to the examples of noun word formation as a powerful corpus of the poet’s lexical neologisms. Occasional diminutive innovations with a folk-based component in their stem are outlined. It is established that the diminutive lexemes are actively formed by the suffix formants -ат(а), -ят(к)(о, а), -оньк(о), -еньк(о), -ен(ят)(а), -ен(ятк)(о), by means of which nouns denoting the state of being not fully grown are made. The author consciously breaks word formation rules and combines the above suffixes with motivating nouns that denote lifeless thing, thus making occasional words (бриндушата, калинята, скибенята). This way the poet spiritualises his images, which is a characteristic feature of folk songs. The formation of certain lexical innovations (горенятко, снігурчата) is studied, whose derivational direction can only be defined via context. Diminutives are found in compound nouns formed by combining a numeral and a noun denoting a typical folk stylised linguistic pet form. At the level of expressive word formation, the artist forms compound words in pet forms of negatively connotated abstract nouns (трижурбонька, трилишенько etc). Juxtaposite innovations are proved to be active word formative means in the author’s linguistic world, among them hendiadys forms (казочка-перев’язочка, колисонька-висонька etc), whose specific modelling in folk song tradition is a specific feature of lullabies. It is shown that active use of ethnocultural linguistic signs, making them more structurally and semanticaly complex, their modern combination and interpretation form the main feature of T. Melnychuk’s individual style.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OSSETIAN AND ENGLISH WORDS FOR “SWEETHEART” AND “FRIEND”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Т. ГУТИЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
English Language ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Germanic Languages

Географическое соседство сарматов-аланов с тевтонцами на континенте, объеди- нение носителей иранских и германских языков для многочисленных военных походов и захватнических экспедиций должны были приводить к многоуровневому взаимовлиянию этих языков в период античности и раннего Средневековья. Это обусловило то, что не- которые явления следует рассматривать не в контексте генетического родства данных индоевропейских языков, а в свете позднейших языковых контактов. Фонетическое и се- мантическое сходство между осетинской лымæн / lymæn и английской лексемой leman в отсутствие параллелей в других индоевропейских языках позволяют предполагать факт сепаратного заимствования. Больший возраст осетинской лексемы, ее более широкий се- мантический объем, исторические данные о времени и формах контактов между предками носителей обоих языков указывают на возможность заимствования английским языком слова leman из сарматского, аланского. Кроме того серьезным аргументом в пользу заим- ствованного характера английского слова leman является нарушение узуального морфоло- гического регламента для слов со словообразовательным элементом -man и развитие им регулярной формы множественного числа lemans. Данное обстоятельство не позволяет согласиться с традиционной трактовкой слова leman как результата словосложения двух корней в раннесреднеанглийский период. Morphological features of the English word leman contradict to its etymological interpretation, which categorizes it as a compound native word. Its semantic and phonetic similarity with the Ossetic word лымæн / lymæn give solid ground for classifying it as a direct loan from the Iranian language. The geographical proximity of the Sarmatians-Alans and the Teutons on the continent, the union of the speakers of Iranian and Germanic languages for numerous military campaigns and expeditions could not but lead to a multi-level mutual influence of these languages in the period of antiquity and the early Middle Ages. This accounts for the fact, that some phenomena should be viewed not in the context of the genetic relatedness of these Indo-European languages, but in the light of their later language contacts. The phonetic and semantic similarities between the Ossetian lymæn / lymæn and the English lexeme leman in the absence of parallels in other Indo-European languages prompt to regard this fact as separate borrowing. The greater age of the Ossetian lexeme, its wider semantic volume, historical data on the time and forms of the contacts between the ancestors of the speakers of both languages indicate the possibility of borrowing by the English language of the word leman from the Sarmatian, Alanian. Moreover, a serious argument in favor of the borrowed character of the English word leman is a violation of the usual morphological rules for words with the word-formation element -man and the development of the regular plural form: lemans. This fact contradicts with the traditional interpretation of the word leman as a result of the composition of two roots in the early Middle English period.

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