scholarly journals Adhesion concept in cancer biology: local and central mechanisms (part 2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
O. A. Bocharova ◽  
V. B. Matveev ◽  
E. V. Bocharov ◽  
R. V. Karpova ◽  
V. G. Kucheryanu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic Lymphocytes ◽  
Target Tissue

The review presents the concept the key mechanism of the tumor process is a violation of adhesion interactions involving local and central mechanisms. Local features of adhesive dysregulation are demonstrated in the part 1. The second part describes the central processes. Features of local adhesive dysregulation which provides the main properties of the tumor (loss of tissue control of proliferation, anaplasia, invasion, metastasis, lack of immunological surveillance) can be controlled by central mechanisms involving the dopaminergic system which is able using immunoadhesional interactions to regulate the active phase of immune responses against the tumor interfering the process and thus interrupting the development of a malignant neoplasm initiated by a local mutation in the target tissue. The proposed concept of the adhesion key role dysregulation in the target tissue neoplasia and the processes of immunoreactivity involving the loss of central dopamine as an adhesive-damaging factor at the level of immune responses reveals among other things the stress mechanism of cancer etiology. At the same time, the central dopamine directly affects the level of dopamine in the peripheral body. The main reserves of peripheral dopamine in platelets and blood lymphocytes can serve as a guarantee of antitumor protection. Being the production of lymphocytes peripheral dopamine plays a role in the maturation of cytotoxic lymphocytes promoting their migration to tumor nodes, the formation of conjugates with tumor cells. So, dopamine participates in the active phase of immune responses against the tumor contributing to the support of adhesive interactions between immune effectors and target cells. The latter also helps to protect the body from tumor diseases which obviously shorten life.The adhesive concept of local and central control of tumor formation creates a certain perspective for improving the effectiveness of diagnosticis, prevention and treatment methods which can be a step towards solving the problem of malignant neoplasms.

scholarly journals THE MAIN PARAMETERS OF IRON METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH UROTELIAL BLADDER CANCER AT DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASM ANEMIA

10.23856/4332 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Dmytro Borysenko ◽  
Stanislav Vydyborets
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Iron Binding ◽  
Total Iron Binding Capacity ◽  
Iron Binding Capacity

The article presents information about the protein responsible for the iron depot in the body – ferritin. Its physiological role and clinical significance are demonstrated. A batophenanthroline method was used to determine the range of iron in the blood serum and the range of the total iron-binding capacity of the blood serum. The range of unsaturated iron-binding capacity of blood serum was calculated as the difference between total iron-binding capacity in blood serum and the range of iron in blood serum. The transferrin saturation coefficient of iron was defined as the ratio of the content of iron in blood serum to the total iron-binding capacity in blood serum. The range of transferrin was determined by the rate of the total iron-binding capacity in blood serum, and ferritin using the radiometric method. The dynamics of changes in ferritin content in malignant neoplasm anemia in patients with bladder cancer has been demonstrated. The conclusion about the importance of this parameter for laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency and anemia of malignant neoplasms is made.

scholarly journals Radiopharmaceuticals in Modern Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisyah Elliyanti
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Tumor Targeting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Radiopharmaceutical Therapy

Nuclear medicine plays a role in oncology. It uses tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to study physiological processes and treat diseases. The radiopharmaceuticals can be formed as radionuclides alone or radionuclides labeled with other molecules as a drug, a protein, or a peptide. The radiopharmaceutical is introduced into the body and accumulates in the target tissue of interest for therapy or imaging purposes. It offers to study cancer biology in vivo to optimize cancer therapy. Another advantage of radiopharmaceutical therapy is a tumor-targeting agent that deposits lethal radiation at tumor sites. This review outlines radiopharmaceuticals agents in current cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Modifying the Effects of Ionizing Radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tünde Szatmári ◽  
Rita Hargitai ◽  
Géza Sáfrány ◽  
Katalin Lumniczky
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Almost All

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-coated nanovesicles actively secreted by almost all cell types. EVs can travel long distances within the body, being finally taken up by the target cells, transferring information from one cell to another, thus influencing their behavior. The cargo of EVs comprises of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins derived from the cell of origin, thereby it is cell-type specific; moreover, it differs between diseased and normal cells. Several studies have shown that EVs have a role in tumor formation and prognosis. It was also demonstrated that ionizing radiation can alter the cargo of EVs. EVs, in turn can modulate radiation responses and they play a role in radiation-induced bystander effects. Due to their biocompatibility and selective targeting, EVs are suitable nanocarrier candidates of drugs in various diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, the cargo of EVs can be engineered, and in this way they can be designed to carry certain genes or even drugs, similar to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we describe the biological characteristics of EVs, focusing on the recent efforts to use EVs as nanocarriers in oncology, the effects of EVs in radiation therapy, highlighting the possibilities to use EVs as nanocarriers to modulate radiation effects in clinical applications.

STEROID HORMONE METABOLISM IN RESPONSIVE TISSUES IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S279-S294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Robel
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACT Of the information available on steroid hormone metabolism in responsive tissues, only that relating hormone metabolism to physiological activity is reviewed, i. e. metabolite activity in isolated in vitro systems, binding of metabolites to target tissue receptors, specific steroid hormone metabolizing enzymes and relationship of hormone metabolism to target organ physiological state. Further, evidence is presented in the androgen field, demonstrating 5α-reduced metabolites, formed inside the target cells, as active compounds. This has led to a consideration of testosterone as a »prehormone«. The possibility that similar events take place in tissues responding to progesterone is discussed. Finally, the role of hormone metabolism in the regulation of hormone availability and/or renewal in target cells is discussed. In this context, reference is made to the potential role of plasma binding proteins and cytosol receptors.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

scholarly journals Effects of Inbreeding on Genetic Characteristic, Growth, Survival Rates, and Immune Responses of a New Inbred Line of Exopalaemon carinicauda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jiajia Wang ◽  
Jitao Li ◽  
Qianqian Ge ◽  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Jian Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exopalaemon Carinicauda ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Genetic Detection

The Exopalaemon carinicauda could be a useful crustacean laboratory animal in many research fields. We newly established an inbred line of Exopalaemon carinicauda named EC4 inbred line by brother×sister mating and keeping to F11 generation. Trends in heterozygosity in the process of producing EC4 inbred line were examined through the characterization of polymorphisms based on gene frequencies of SNP and EST-SSR loci. The results demonstrated that the number of alleles (N), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) gradually decreased with the increase of inbreeding generations. The genetic detection results indicated that 9 (29.03%, 9/31) of the SNP loci and 15 (32.61%, 15/46) of the EST-SSR loci were homozygous in F11 generation of EC4 inbred line. The variation of the growth-related traits, the immune responses, and antioxidant status were described in experimental full-sibling inbred populations of E. carinicauda at five levels of inbreeding coefficient (F=0.785, F=0.816, F=0.859, F=0.886, F=0.908) under controlled laboratory conditions. The body weight, body length, and survival rate in EC4 inbred line of all generations were less than the control population. Inbreeding affected the antibacterial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) which decreased at the eleventh generation of EC4 inbred line. This study demonstrated that inbreeding had a negative effect on the economic traits and immune response, but our inbred line was established successfully until F11 and confirmed by genetic detection using SNP and EST-SSR loci.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Therapeutic Properties Discovered with Extraordinary SuccessOK

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Gabriella Racchetti ◽  
Jacopo Meldolesi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Properties

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the cells distributed in the stromas of the body, are known for various properties including replication, the potential of various differentiations, the immune-related processes including inflammation. About two decades ago, these cells were shown to play relevant roles in the therapy of numerous diseases, dependent on their immune regulation and their release of cytokines and growth factors, with ensuing activation of favorable enzymes and processes. Such discovery induced great increase of their investigation. Soon thereafter, however, it became clear that therapeutic actions of MSCs are risky, accompanied by serious drawbacks and defects. MSC therapy has been therefore reduced to a few diseases, replaced for the others by their extracellular vesicles, the MSC-EVs. The latter vesicles recapitulate most therapeutic actions of MSCs, with equal or even better efficacies and without the serious drawbacks of the parent cells. In addition, MSC-EVs are characterized by many advantages, among which are their heterogeneities dependent on the stromas of origin, the alleviation of cell aging, the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Here we illustrate the MSC-EV therapeutic effects, largely mediated by specific miRNAs, covering various diseases and pathological processes occurring in the bones, heart and vessels, kidney, and brain. MSC-EVs operate also on the development of cancers and on COVID-19, where they alleviate the organ lesions induced by the virus. Therapy by MSC-EVs can be improved by combination of their innate potential to engineering processes inducing precise targeting and transfer of drugs. The unique properties of MSC-EVs explain their intense studies, carried out with extraordinary success. Although not yet developed to clinical practice, the perspectives for proximal future are encouraging.

scholarly journals Proteomic Analysis of Zeb1 Interactome in Breast Carcinoma Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3143
Author(s):  
Sergey E. Parfenyev ◽  
Sergey V. Shabelnikov ◽  
Danila Y. Pozdnyakov ◽  
Olga O. Gnedina ◽  
Leonid S. Adonin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Malignant Neoplasm ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Survival Prognosis ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Wide Range

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) plays a critical role in the organism development, providing cell migration and tissue formation. However, its erroneous activation in malignancies can serve as the basis for the dissemination of cancer cells and metastasis. The Zeb1 transcription factor, which regulates the EMT activation, has been shown to play an essential role in malignant transformation. This factor is involved in many signaling pathways that influence a wide range of cellular functions via interacting with many proteins that affect its transcriptional functions. Importantly, the interactome of Zeb1 depends on the cellular context. Here, using the inducible expression of Zeb1 in epithelial breast cancer cells, we identified a substantial list of novel potential Zeb1 interaction partners, including proteins involved in the formation of malignant neoplasms, such as ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX17and a component of the NURD repressor complex, CTBP2. We confirmed the presence of the selected interactors by immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Further, we demonstrated that co-expression of Zeb1 and CTBP2 in breast cancer patients correlated with the poor survival prognosis, thus signifying the functionality of the Zeb1–CTBP2 interaction.

Telomere Length and Arsenic: Improving Animal Models of Toxicity by Choosing Mice With Shorter Telomeres

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-217
Author(s):  
Brayden Whitlock
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Toxicity Monitoring ◽  
In Captivity

Arsenic is both a chemotherapeutic drug and an environmental toxicant that affects hundreds of millions of people each year. Arsenic exposure in drinking water has been called the worst poisoning in human history. How arsenic is handled in the body is frequently studied using rodent models to investigate how arsenic both causes and treats disease. These models, used in a variety of arsenic-related testing, from tumor formation to drug toxicity monitoring, have virtually always been developed from animals with telomeres that are unnaturally long, likely because of accidental artificial selective pressures. Mice that have been bred in captivity in laboratory conditions, often for over 100 years, are the standard in creating animal models for this research. Using these mice introduces challenges to any work that can be affected by the length of telomeres and the related capacities for tissue repair and cancer resistance. However, arsenic research is particularly susceptible to the misuse of such animal models due to the multiple and various interactions between arsenic and telomeres. Researchers in the field commonly find mouse models and humans behaving very differently upon exposure to acute and chronic arsenic, including drug therapies which seem safe in mice but are toxic in humans. Here, some complexities and apparent contradictions of the arsenic carcinogenicity and toxicity research are reconciled by an explanatory model that involves telomere length explained by the evolutionary pressures in laboratory mice. A low-risk hypothesis is proposed which has the power to determine whether researchers can easily develop more powerful and accurate mouse models by simply avoiding mouse lineages that are very old and have strangely long telomeres. Swapping in newer mouse lineages for the older, long-telomere mice may vastly improve our ability to research arsenic toxicity with virtually no increase in cost or difficulty of research.

Immunometabolism of obesity and diabetes: microbiota link compartmentalized immunity in the gut to metabolic tissue inflammation

2015 ◽  
Vol 129 (12) ◽  
pp. 1083-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. McPhee ◽  
Jonathan D. Schertzer
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Gut Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

The bacteria that inhabit us have emerged as factors linking immunity and metabolism. Changes in our microbiota can modify obesity and the immune underpinnings of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Obesity coincides with a low-level systemic inflammation, which also manifests within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and liver. This metabolic inflammation can promote insulin resistance and dysglycaemia. However, the obesity and metabolic disease-related immune responses that are compartmentalized in the intestinal environment do not necessarily parallel the inflammatory status of metabolic tissues that control blood glucose. In fact, a permissive immune environment in the gut can exacerbate metabolic tissue inflammation. Unravelling these discordant immune responses in different parts of the body and establishing a connection between nutrients, immunity and the microbiota in the gut is a complex challenge. Recent evidence positions the relationship between host gut barrier function, intestinal T cell responses and specific microbes at the crossroads of obesity and inflammation in metabolic disease. A key problem to be addressed is understanding how metabolite, immune or bacterial signals from the gut are relayed and transferred into systemic or metabolic tissue inflammation that can impair insulin action preceding Type 2 diabetes.

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