scholarly journals LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF THE INTERPRETATION OF AESOP’S FABLES IN CREATIVY UKRAINIAN WRITERS AND TRANSLATORS (ON THE MATERIAL OF TRANSLATIONS BY YURII MUSHAK)

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Nataliia Кorolova ◽  
Bohdana Korobova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
Stylistic Elements ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Artistic Skill

Ancient fable is one of the most notable phenomena of European literature. Many monuments of this genre are distinguished by high artistic skill and have not lost their aesthetic value to these days. Short stories with a moral component, the protagonists of which were the representatives of animate or inanimate nature, were known in ancient times. Aesop is considered the founder of fable’s genre, according to the legend he first made them in literary processing. The most commonly among the works of the ancient Greek fabulist there are the themes of hypocrisy and human recklessness, lies and greed, fame and its consequences. The traditional structure of fables usually has two components – a morality and a narrative, and its main elements are an instructive, figurative, concise presentation, the introduction to the plot of various species of animals, plants, natural phenomena, gods, etc., which endowed with traditional allegorical image. The events described in the fables have an instructive content, in which the negative social phenomena and the human traits are ridiculed with help of allegory. Each fable of the legendary master is a separate episode, not related to the rest of the fables. The article defines the concept of a fable, provides a theoretical justification for choosing the object of study, takes into account a state of the linguistic researches of a chosen topic, outlines the artistic features of the genre, determines a compositional, stylistic and speech structure of Aesop’s fables and their translations into Ukrainian. Yuri Mushak’s translations are distinguished by the desire to preserve the artistic features of Aesop’s fables with a detailed transfer of their individual linguistic and stylistic elements. At the same time, the translator manages to bring his translations closer to the living conditions and morals of the Ukrainian people, he widely uses abbreviations or, conversely, additions to the text, replacement, concretization, and so on.

scholarly journals MYTHICAL WORD AND MYTH IN ANCIENT GREEK TRADITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Karina Ivanova ◽  
Oleh Sadovnikov ◽  
Yana Balabay
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The World ◽  
Greek Tradition ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind

The term "myth" is a category of our thinking, used to combine the attempts to explain natural phenomena, creations of oral literature, philosophical constructions and cases of linguistic processes in the mind of the subject. Myth is a living word, myth was experienced, and this experience determined the essence of the myth for man in the period of transformation of thinking from figurative into conceptual. Man of ancient times didn't separate himself from society, both society from nature and cosmos as an embodiment of various and numerous gods. "Myth" was used to confirm the existence of something unknown or something that couldn't be verified, but there is trust in this unknown, based on translation. "Logos" was used to denote a word generated by mind, as a word referred to some higher, metaphysical one. The word "epic" was understood as an objective metrical narrative, in which a poetic illusion, an appropriate deception, illogicality were allowed. "Myth", "logos" and "epic" were filled with different semantic meanings. The semantic nuances in the word "myth" appeared in periods of weakening the power of myth and lately, when myth, as a sacred word, was opposed to religion, science and philosophy. The mythical word weakened by religious dogmas and definitions, empirical data of science and the logic of philosophical constructions, which created a new attitude to the myth and its definition. According to the Greek tradition the word "myth" was formed as a multifaceted concept with a number of semantic nuances. The word itself was less understood, while more felt, reflecting the irrational aspects of human perception of the world or some parts. The myth was determined not by the word itself, but by the attitude to the description of experiences or events conveyed by him, formed in stories, with the addition of emotions, signs and symbols, combining verbal and nonverbal means of information.

scholarly journals FROM PROMETHEUS TO AMRAN: ON THE CHAINED HERO IN THE OSSETIAN EPIC

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Н. АБИСАЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
National Myths ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Difference

В статье рассмотрен один из мотивов осетинского Даредзановского эпоса – мотив прикованного героя, еще в древности вошедший в мифологию, фольклор, литературу многих народов и получивший название «мотив Прометея». Образ Прометея относится к «вечным образам» мировой художественной культуры. История прикования и освобождения Прометея и в древнегреческой мифологии, и в трагедии Эсхила позиционируется как топонимически привязанная к Кавказу. Именно здесь сюжет о наказанном Богом и прикованном богатыре получил распространение в национальных мифах и эпических преданиях – грузинских, осетинских, кабардинских, абхазских, вайнахских, армянских и др. Эти лаконичные предания об Амиране-Амране, по мнению Вс.Ф. Миллера, – кульминационные во всех источниках, рассказывающих об этом герое. Рассмотрены как древнегреческий Прометей, так и кавказские, в первую очередь осетинские, прикованные герои, представленные в работах Вс.Ф. Миллера, Г.Н. Потанина, Дз. Гатуева, Д.А. Калоевой, З.Г. Тменовой, Ю.А. Дзиццоты, Х.Ф. Цгоева и др. Образ Амирана сравнивается с соответствующими ему героями кавказских эпосов. При всей схожести мотивов богоборчества и наказания героя прикованием к скале или столбу нельзя не отметить отличия осетинского Амирана от остальных. В Даредзановских сказаниях он героическая личность, истинный богатырь, совершающий множество подвигов, побеждающий великанов, помогающий всем нуждающимся. Сын племянницы Бога, герой близок к народу, он побеждает врагов не только ради демонстрации силы, ловкости, хитрости, но и для спасения родных и друзей. В отличие от большинства кавказских прикованных героев, освобождение Амирана не предвещает гибель мира, напротив, осетинский Амиран, в случае освобождения, даст людям свободу и счастье. Многие мотивы в преданиях об Амране соотносятся с мотивами Нартовского эпоса. Амиран-Амран приравнивается к любимым героям осетинской Нартиады – Сослану, Батразу, Урузмагу, Шатане. В работе его образ рассмотрен для подтверждения объективной закономерности подобной репрезентации осетинского героя. The article deals with one of the motives of the Ossetian Daredzanian epic − the motive of the chained hero, which in ancient times entered the mythology, folklore, literature of many peoples and was called the "Prometheus motive". The image of Prometheus belongs to the "eternal images" of world art culture. The history of the chaining and liberation of Prometheus, both in ancient Greek mythology and in the tragedy of Aeschylus, is positioned as toponymically tied to the Caucasus. It was here that the plot about the God-punished and chained hero became widespread in national myths and epic legends − Georgian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Abkhaz, Vainakh, Armenian, etc. These laconic legends about Amiran-Amran, according to Vs.F. Miller, are culminating in all the sources telling about this hero. Both the ancient Greek Prometheus and the Caucasian, primarily Ossetian, chained heroes presented in the works of Vs.F. Miller, G.N. Potanin, Dz. Gatuev, D.A. Kaloeva, Z.G. Tmenova, Yu.A. Dzizzoity, Kh.F. Tsgoev and others. The image of Amiran is compared with the corresponding heroes of the Caucasian epics. With all the similarity of the motives of fighting against God and the punishment of the hero by being chained to a rock or a pillar, one cannot fail to note the difference between the Ossetian Amiran and the others. In Daredzan's legends, he is a heroic person, a true hero who performs many feats, conquers giants, and helps all those in need. The son of the niece of God, the hero is close to the people, he defeats enemies not only for the sake of demonstrating strength, dexterity, cunning, but also to save family and friends. Unlike most of the Caucasian chained heroes, the release of Amiran does not portend the death of the world, on the contrary, the Ossetian Amiran, if liberated, will give people freedom and happiness. Many motives in the legends about Amran correlate with the motives of the Nartov epic. Amiran-Amran is equated with the favorite heroes of the Ossetian Nartiada - Soslan, Batraz, Uruzmag, Shatana. In the work, his image is considered to confirm the objective regularity of such a representation of the Ossetian hero.

scholarly journals Water as a weapon in ancient times: considerations of technical and ethical aspects

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1490-1498
Author(s):  
L. J. Del Giacco ◽  
R. Drusiani ◽  
L. Lucentini ◽  
S. Murtas
Keyword(s):  
Water Contamination ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Impact

This paper addresses the issue of how water played a role in ancient conflicts, from the poisoning of water sources to flooding, to stop the advance of enemy armies. It deals with military actions quoted by several ancient Greek and Roman authors, who in some cases narrate these experiences first-hand. Although many abhorred such actions, they were considered tactical expedients to resort to, as cited by the war manuals of the time. The analysis starts from the ‘manual’ Strategemata of Sextus Julius Frontinus, in addition to other references left by historians and chroniclers of different periods. It continues with the evaluation of the impact of the intentional actions of water contamination described by the ancient authors, according to present toxicological and health knowledge.

scholarly journals Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson’s disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Xenakis Blonder
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Cultural Perspectives ◽  
Paralysis Agitans ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Jean Martin Charcot ◽  
British Physician

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting up to 10 million people worldwide according to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation. Epidemiological and genetic studies show a preponderance of idiopathic cases and a subset linked to genetic polymorphisms of a familial nature. Traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda recognized and treated the illness that Western Medicine terms PD millennia ago, and descriptions of Parkinson’s symptomatology by Europeans date back 2000 years to the ancient Greek physician Galen. However, the Western nosological classification now referred to in English as “Parkinson’s disease” and the description of symptoms that define it, are accredited to British physician James Parkinson, who in 1817 authored The Shaking Palsy. Later in the nineteenth century, French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot re-labeled paralysis agitans “Parkinson’s disease” and over a century of scientific research ensued. This review discusses European, North American, and Asian contributions to the understanding and treatment of PD from ancient times through the twentieth century.

Space in Ancient Times

Space ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 11-51
Author(s):  
Barbara Sattler
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Way

This chapter tells the story of the way in which, in ancient Greek thought, space first came to be established as an independent and unified dimension. The story begins with prephilosophical as well as philosophical understandings of space, in which spatial notions are often not clearly distinguished from time and matter. This leads to difficulties accounting for motion and change. While Plato’s Timaeus conceives of time and space for the first time as two independent magnitudes, this chapter shows that they are assumed to be different to such a degree that it is unclear how they could be related to each in an account of motion and change. The task of distinguishing time and space in a way that they can, nevertheless, be intelligibly related, is finally accomplished in Aristotle’s Physics. There, time and space are both conceived as (distinct) continua, which can be combined.

Philosophy

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Jenny Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Cultural Constructs ◽  
Chinese Thought ◽  
Greek Thought ◽  
Universal Applicability ◽  
Single Set

G. E. R. Lloyd's economically persuasive study addresses the question of the universalism or relativism of rationality. Drawing careful comparisons, primarily between ancient Greek and Chinese thought, but also more widely, Lloyd introduces a range of disciplinary perspectives and specific points of focus. In doing so, he challenges his reader to think critically about their own assumptions and concepts. In particular, he asks us to consider the degree to which our own broad concepts, especially oppositions such as between rationality and irrationality, are themselves informed by their derivation from ancient Greek thought. His first chapter (‘Aims and Methods’) introduces his central commitments. Rationality and irrationality are not universal across societies in such a way that they can be judged by a single set of criteria. But nor are they just cultural constructs, so that the possibility of mutual intelligibility collapses. The truth lies somewhere in between, in the recognition of the heterogeneity to be identified in what is shared across cultures. Lloyd argues that ancient China is a particularly useful foil for a consideration of these questions, since it provides a perspective from beyond the reach of the Graeco-Roman legacy. His subtle middle road is further supported by his second chapter (‘Rationality Reviewed’), which summarizes some influential accounts of rationality and considers the ‘state of play’ across a variety of disciplines, including palaeontology, child development, and psychology, all of which present evidence of continuities between societies. The next four chapters approach the question of the diversity and commonality of reason from a range of perspectives, including cosmology, metaphysics, language, epistemology, and religion. In the case of cosmology, for example, Lloyd argues that we can identify a difference between the Greeks’ tendency to focus on the thing that is ‘Nature’, and the Chinese interest in natural phenomena and processes, absent a concept of ‘Nature’ itself. He is careful to note the difficulty of generalizing across all Greek or all Chinese thinkers. We can, however, identify a significantly similar belief in the two societies: that understanding the cosmos matters for the sake of the life you live as a result of that knowledge. In the case of the binary ‘Seeming and Being’ (as discussed in Chapter 4), Lloyd argues that the Chinese shared with the Greeks an awareness that appearances can be deceptive. However, their conception of the fundamental binary yin and yang is one of interdependence rather than sharp differentiation, such as we sometimes see in Greek thought between Being and Becoming. Throughout the volume, Lloyd argues for the need to recognize both the similarities and the differences identified as a result of careful comparative study. He ends with a recommendation for his readers to reconsider the universal applicability of certain key Western concepts, without resorting to a claim that it is impossible to recognize or communicate similarities. We must, he suggests, work from a position that demonstrates ‘due recognition both of the commonalities in human cognitive capacities, and of the differences in their deployment’ (96).

Determinism, Predictions, and Probabilism

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
Francois Dépelteau
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Biological Determinism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Social Cause ◽  
Social Causes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter addresses determinism, which has been the predominant mode of perceiving the universe in modern sciences. The basic assumption is that any event is the effect of an external cause. Generally speaking, biological determinism focuses on the biological causes of events, whereas social sciences focus on the social causes. This mode of perceiving the social universe is typically associated with positivism and, more specifically, social naturalism — or the idea that there is no significant difference between social phenomena and natural phenomena. In this logic, it is assumed that social scientists can and should discover ‘social laws’ — or universal relations of causality between a social cause and a social effect. However, determinism in the social sciences has been criticized since its very beginning. In response to these critiques, many social scientists have adopted various forms of ‘soft’ determinism. The chapter then considers social predictions and probabilism.

scholarly journals Implikasi Erupsi Gunung Agung Terhadap Sosial Ekonomi Pelaku Pariwisata di Kelurahan Ubud, Kecamatan Ubud, Kabupaten Gianyar,Bali

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I Kadek Diana Putra ◽  
Luh Putu Kerti Pujani
Keyword(s):  
Social Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Employee Education ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Education Investment ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Employee Welfare ◽  
The Village

Mount Agung eruption has a significant influence on the tourism sector. The tourism sector becomes the main sector of the Ubud community. This study aims to determine the implications of Mount Agung eruption on socio- economic tourism actors in the village of Ubud in the accommodation and restaurant business. This research is important to do because it is useful for tourism actors who are directly involved in the tourism sector so that it can deal with natural phenomena that unpredictable events occur. The research method in this report is using qualitative and quantitative data types. Sources of data used are primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview, and documentation. Informant determination technique used is purposive sampling. Data analysis used is descriptive qualitative. The first thing to do is to observe for social phenomena and then to categorize the information obtained, then explain the categorization, then explain the categorization relationship and draw the general conclusion. The results of this research indicate that the implications of the Gunung Agung eruption on socio-economic tourism actors in Ubud Village include occupation of accommodations, restaurant visits, shortening employee work hours, employee income, employee welfare, family employee education investment, additional employee work that work in accommodation restaurant business. Keywords: Implication of Eruption, Social Economy, Tourism Actors

scholarly journals Cerebral localization of the mind and higher functions The beginnings

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Higher Mental Functions ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.

THE TERMINOLOGY FOR BEAUTY IN THE ILIAD AND THE ODYSSEY

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Hugo Shakeshaft
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
General Term ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Cultural Consciousness ◽  
Beauty Salon ◽  
Common Parlance ◽  
The Common

An ancient Greek proverb declares: ‘beautiful things are difficult’. One obvious difficulty arises from their almost limitless variety: sights, sounds, people, natural phenomena, man-made objects and abstract ideas may all be beautiful, but what do these things have in common? It is not just beauty's breadth of application, then, that makes it difficult, but the way in which its meaning varies depending on context. The beauty of a child may mean something quite different from the beauty of an old and wizened face, let alone the beauty of a supermodel. In common parlance, beautiful may be used as a general term of approbation alongside others like lovely or fine, while in academic discourse, the word beauty has a life of its own: since the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline in the mid eighteenth century, beauty has been constantly theorized and responded to in different ways that have laden the term with its own peculiar historical baggage. And although some of these philosophical reflections on beauty may have trickled into the common cultural consciousness, in general they seem a far cry from beauty's most ubiquitous incarnation in modern Western society, in the cosmetics industry; to put it another way, if you go into a beauty salon in search of a Kantian ideal of disinterested contemplation, I suspect you will be disappointed.

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