PUBLIC-POLITICAL SITUATION IN THE FAR EAST: CHINESE IN THE SOVIET CONSTRUCTION. 1920-1940th YEARS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. BUGAI
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Management Culture ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Far East ◽  
State Construction ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
The Individual

In the 1990's – 2018 years. In the relations between the two states,  radical changes took place in various spheres of management,  culture and relations at the individual level of the population of  Russia and China. To a greater extent, these were positive links,  having common goals, complementing and enriching each other.  These contacts were formed historically between the Chinese and  the peoples in Russia - the USSR, since 1917, they have moved to a  new level. The Chinese acted in the ranks of those who supported  the councils, and those of the Chinese who lived on the territory of  the Soviet country became also true participants in the ongoing  socio-political processes, changes, as well as changes in the culture  of peoples, the Soviet, party and national-state construction. Of course, as in this case, there were both difficult periods in relations,  sometimes turning into an acute confrontational confrontation,  rather, at the interstate level, and light, which was more closely  connected with the relations of the Chinese, Russian and other peoples of China and Russia. The Chinese, especially the border  provinces, settled for permanent settlement in Russia, and  participated in the events that took place during the transformation.  Therefore, in order to study these processes, a deeper  understanding of their significance for the modern Russian- Chinese  world, it is important to know the history of different aspects of life,  the processes of formation of friendly relations between neighboring  states. Very valuable will be the appeal to the experience of the past, which could be both a positive and negative practice that took place  during the development of relations between the Chinese and the  local population of the Far East. What can be useful to get and use  from this experience, which could help bring peoples closer together, improve their situation, create acceptable living conditions, and  provide a basis for the security of states.

The Decline of Manila as the Spanish Entrepôt in the Far East, 1785–1826: Its Impact on the Pattern of Southeast Asian Trade

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Seasonal Rhythm ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Traditional Pattern

A pattern of trade completely new to the traditional structure of Southeast Asian trade emerged in the eastern extremity of Southeast Asia following the permanent settlement of the Spaniards at Manila in 1571. The new addition was based upon the Manila-Acapulco trade with its two supply lines originating from the ports of Fukien province in China, and the Coromandel and Malabari Coasts in India. Two hundred years later, this trade with Manila as the entrepot, had become a well-defined system, and very much a part of the traditional pattern of Southeast Asian trade. The mercantilist regulations obtaining in Manila, the seasonal rhythm of shipping movements, the goods carried along the routes and the dependent trades outside the Spanish systems had moulded the character of the Manila trade.

Institutional Transfer: The Beginnings of Insurance in Southeast Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Borscheid ◽  
Niels-Viggo Haueter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Credit Crisis ◽  
The Far East ◽  
America South ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

At the turn of the nineteenth century, modern insurance started to spread from the British Isles around the world. Outside Europe and the European offshoots in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, it began to compete with other forms of risk management and often met with stiff opposition on religious and cultural grounds. Insurance arrived in Southeast Asia via British merchants living in India and Canton rather than through agencies of European firms. While the early agency houses in Bengal collapsed in the credit crisis of 1829–1834, the firms established by opium traders residing in Macau and Hong Kong, and advised by insurance experts in London, went on to form the foundations of the insurance industry in the Far East. Until the early twentieth century, they sought to use the techniques of risk management that they had developed in Europe to win Europeans and Americans living in Southeast Asia as clients, along with members of the local population familiar with Western culture.

Pellagra and the Nutritional Neuropathies: A Neuropathological Review

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (410) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Leigh
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Far East ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Individual

It is now well recognized that many of the syndromes previously described as pellagra, such as nutritional retrobulbar neuropathy, the ataxic, and burning feet syndromes, may occur as isolated manifestations of nutritional deficiency. The term “pellagra,” as it is often used, is no more than a generic title embracing a wide variety of nutritional disorders. The clinical status of the individual deficiency syndromes has been elucidated of late years in America (Spies et al., 1939; Harris, 1941), and with particular regard to the neurological disorders, in groups of prisoners of war in the Far East (Denny Brown, 1947) and Middle East (Spillane, 1947). The majority of the pathological studies of pellagra were completed in the era before advancing biochemical knowledge provided the impetus to further these clinical studies, and this is reflected in the great diversity of neuropathological changes described as “pellagrous.” The extensive literature contains many excellent studies of cases dying from malnutrition, and it now seems possible to attempt a correlation between the pathological findings and the more recently described individual syndromes. A review, therefore, of the neuropathological changes encountered in “pellagra” might be not untimely.

scholarly journals Problems and Perspectives of Single-Industry Towns in the Far East

2019 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Владимир Григорьев ◽  
Vladimir Grigoryev
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Single Industry ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Specific Deposit

The research features the topical problem of formation and functioning of single-industry towns. The paper gives the quantitative parameters of some single-industry towns of the Russian Federation and the Far East, as well as the main factors of their development and related problems, such as unemployment, demography, migration, and absence of residents-investors. For example, a program of complex development of single-industry towns has been developed and implemented in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with the main focus on creating new jobs. As a result, industrial enterprises are expected to attract at least 10,000 people from the local population by 2020. The author offers some possible solutions and substantiates the expediency of feasibility studies when choosing a method of development of each specific deposit. The studies should be based on the production capacity of the future enterprise. The obtained data predict when the local deposits will be exhausted and, thus, the prospective operation life of the settlement. Only after that, either stationary settlement or rotational team method can be chosen.

scholarly journals Between “own” and “alien”: linguistic and artistic realities, problems and perspectives of the literatures of the indigenous peoples of the North and the Far East

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 246-255
Author(s):  
Aleksei A. Arzamazov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Far East ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
The North ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
The Individual

The article discusses linguistic and artistic realities, problems and perspectives of the literatures of the indigenous peoples of the North and the Far East. The author fixes the widespread writing of works in Russian, comprehends the reasons for the linguistic transition, raises the question of the theoretical and substantive expansion of the concept of “national literature”, emphasizes the importance of the individual author's ethnocultural component. The author considers as a landmark projection of the development of “minority” national literatures the method of including elements of the “native” language in a Russian-language poem, an appeal to the topic “native language”, the experience of accidentally recognizing one's own in the sounds of a genetically non-native language. Special attention is paid to the problem of literary translation into Russian, some scenarios of distortion of texts in translations and reduction precedents of important mythological contexts are presented. The conclusions obtained during the analysis of a large corpus of poetic texts from the Nenets, Dolgan, Even, Chukchi, Koryak, Nanai literatures can be of significant analytical interest in a comparative aspect.

‘Hong Kong can afford a typhoon or two’: British discussions of revolving storms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Chi Chi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Significant Element ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
British Press ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract This article examines the way in which the British press reported on typhoons that affected Hong Kong during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Typhoons were a significant element in the narration of the British Empire, featuring frequently in British accounts of their involvements in the Far East, where Hong Kong was its only colony. I suggest that these accounts need to be considered alongside the consolidation of the ‘tropics’ as a region in British perceptions, and in doing so, this article opens discussions of the study of tropicality to the consideration not just of climate, but also of the significance of singular weather events. This article argues that the cultural representations of typhoons in the British press were a tool of ‘othering’. In particular, there were two significant shifts around the 1880s in these reports. First, the term ‘typhoon’ became tied to these types of storms that affected Hong Kong. Second, the stories that were told about typhoon events emphasized British heroism and colonial management. Both these shifts in reporting stripped away the weather wisdom that British sailors had earlier identified in the local population.

scholarly journals On the Specificity of the Use of Eastern Asian Written Sources on the History of the Khitan and Their States (10th – 13th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Gennady G. Pikov
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The State ◽  
State Structure ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Construction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Synthetic Work

The article focuses on the need to consider classical medieval texts not only as sources of historical information, but also as author's works subject to a certain methodology and using a variety of historiographical technologies and ideological schemes. The specific subject of the study is the two main sources on the history of the Eastern and Western Khitans (“Khitan Guo Chi” / “History of the Khitan state” and “Liao Shi” / “History of the [dynasty] Liao”), who created the largest state structures in the pre-Mongol period. “Khian Guo Zhi” is more of a history of the Khitan ethnos, whereas “Liao Shi” is a history of the dynasty, i.e., of the state construction. As a result, we have the maximum possible penetration in those days into the two most important topics-the people as a geopolitical actor and the state as a civilizational-state structure. Their authors carried out impressive synthetic work to prove certain postulates. These are, strictly speaking, not scientific approaches, but ideological, existing, moreover, often in the form of Philistine fabrications. These sources raise a particularly significant problem of the origin of the Khitan, their dynasty, civilizational affiliation of the Khitan, the Khitan determination of the place in a nomadic world, the specifics of socio-economic and social system of the state of Liao, Khitan influence on the social development of the far East and East Asian regions. In them, the Chinese civilizational paradigm was applied to the fullest extent possible, the essential worldview settings of classical Chinese historiography are traced: Sino-centrism, sedentary centrism, Han-fan dichotomies and culture – nature. As a result, these works had a significant impact on the development of the two most common approaches to studying the history of Khitan, which are considered as classical barbarians who constantly attacked China and for this purpose created their own quasi-state, but under the influence of Chinese civilization “grew” to the level of the traditional dynasty.

Strategic Priorities of Pacific Russia's Development

2015 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
V. Larin
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Political Resources ◽  
The Government

The article aims to put forward new approaches to encouraging the development of Russia's Eastern regions. Firstly, the author describes Pacific Russia as a specific social and economic territory. He insists that in its strategic planning the government has to take into account not only the region’s vast territory and unfavorable climate, but its economic and social orientation towards Asia-Pacific region. Secondly, the author analyzes underlying causes of previous failures to speed up Pacific Russia’s development. Two factors have stimulated policy towards Russia Pacific: the desire to strengthen Moscow’s control over this region and to ensure Russia presence in the APR. Infrastructure improvement, increase of local population, and a stronger binding of this region to European center were the three main pillars of this policy. Traditional instruments such as administrative and political resources and program-oriented planning have been used. The Kremlin actions to implement its goals have yielded some positive results, especially in the field of Russia’s advance into the Asia-Pacific and its trade with Northeast Asian countries. However, the efficiency of politico-administrative and intellectual efforts was extremely low, and the purpose to make the Far East a Russia’s steady foothold in the Asia Pacific region has not been achieved. Finally, the author claims that from the standpoint of Russia's national interests the development of Pacific Russia region is preferably a strategic rather than an economic project. If Moscow really intends to convert this chronically problematic region into a successful one it has to give up to perceive the region as an appendage of European motherland and to rethink the ideology of its development. Author calls to abandon the idea of socio-economic development of the whole territory of the Far East and to prefer a “zonal development model” with the stress on strategic goals, individual policies for each zone and anthropocentric approach to regional development. Zonal development is based on the recognition of unique functions performed by different territories of Pacific Russia, so these areas should become the subjects of a differentiated policy. Anthropocentric approach means preferential federal investment into human capital, as well as special attention to the local people interests and potential as the resources of Russian policy in the APR. Acknowledgements. The article has been supported by a grant of Russian Science Foundation, project № 14-18-00161 “Far Eastern Resource of Russia’s Integration into APR: experience and potential of regional and border interaction”.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the Motives and Goals of the First Colonizers of Siberia Based on the Materials of the Russian Colonization of the Far East

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Chernyshov Sergey A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The Far East ◽  
External Threat ◽  
Emotional Component ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
Individual Actions

The article reconstructs individual characteristics of the subjects of the initial colonization of Siberia and the Far East and episodes of their advance to new lands. The main methodological approach of the research is the principle of historicism, as well as the principle of “activity constitutes”, widespread in psychological science, according to which identical activities and external conditions should give rise to similar worldview systems. On the basis of this premise, the possibility of judgments by analogy is substantiated in relation to the motives and goals of the first colonizers of Siberia based on the materials of the development of the Far East by the Russians. On the basis of materials of personal origin, the author examines the strategies of legitimizing individual actions of the pioneers through forcing the factor of external threat, as well as using the idea of “state good”. The colonialists use these arguments as a justification for their own actions in the east. At the same time, the acts of colonization undertaken by them have an adventurous connotation characterized by actions with a pronounced emotional component of the decisions made. The problems of relations with aborigines are considered separately. It is concluded that the idea of “peaceful peasant colonization”, which has a civilizing significance for the local population is untenable, as well as the conventionality of the transition of the aborigines under the authority of the Moscow government, which is fully realized by the pioneers.

scholarly journals THE EARLY METAL AGE IN EASTERN EURASIA. THE ISSUE OF CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.В. Конькова
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Far East ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Metal Artifacts ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Eastern Sayan

Статья посвящена исследованию одной из малоизученных проблем механизмов распространения металла из центров его получения/изготовления на периферию. В Центральной Азии металл появляется с III тыс. до н. э. Далее на восток (Забайкалье, Приморье, Якутия, Манчжурия, Корея) металлические вещи проникают в конце II - начале I тыс. до н. э. Территории Саяно-Алтая, Монголии и Забайкалья богаты месторождениями металлов. Далее к востоку богатые металлами районы входят в Тихоокеанский металлогенический пояс. Описаны имитации металлического оружия (копий и кинжалов), изготовленные из местного сланца. Выделены три хронологические группы: предметы сейминско-турбинского облика, карасукского облика и кинжалы тагарского типа. Результаты спектрального и металлографического исследования металлических изделий с территории юга Дальнего Востока России указывает на развитые традиции металлообработки, не имеющие местных корней. Изучение изотопов свинца показало, что металл изделий происходит с территории Восточных Саян или из Западного Прибайкалья. Предложен вывод о том, что длительное взаимодействие групп населения, пришедших на Дальний Восток с запада и обладавших металлом, с местным населением не привело к кардинальным изменениям в технологическом развитии дальневосточных племен, несмотря на наличие богатых рудных ресурсов. The paper explores one of the understudied issues related to the spread of metal from extraction/production centers to the periphery. Metal appeared in Central Asia in III mill. BC. Subsequently, metal items penetrated the eastern regions (Trans-Baikal region, Primorye, Yakutia, Manchuria, and Korea) at the end of II - early I mill. BC. The Sayan-Altai region, Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal region are rich in metal deposits. The regions rich with metals located further to the east form part of the Pacific metallogenic belt. The paper describes imitations of metal weapons (spearheads and daggers) made from local shale rock. Three chronological groups of such replicas were singled out: items of the Seyma-Turbino type, items of the Karasuk type, and daggers of the Tagar type. The spectral and metallographic studies of metal artifacts from the southern Far East of Russia demonstrate developed traditions of metalworking that do not have local origin. In accordance with the data of lead isotope analysis, the metal the artifacts were made from, originated from the eastern Sayan Mountains or the western Baikal region. We may reasonably infer from this analysis that the population groups bringing metal had come to the Far East from the west. Yet long-term relations between them and the local population did not lead to drastic changes in the technological development of the Far East peoples despite abundance of rich ore deposits.

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